Phospholipase A2 (original) (raw)
Phospholipase A2 (korrekt: Phosphatidylcholin-2-acylhydrase, kurz PLA2) heißen Enzyme, die Fettsäuren vom C2-Atom von Phosphoglyceriden abspalten. Sie sind damit unverzichtbar für Eukaryoten beim Abbau dieser Stoffe, aber auch als Anfangsreaktion bei der Biosynthese der Prostaglandine. Außerdem enthalten die Gifte der Schlangen, Waranartigen, Insekten, Dornenkronenseesterne und mancher Weichtiere diese Enzyme. Säugetiere besitzen mindestens vier PLA2-Typen, der Mensch hat 16 Isoformen. Mutationen im PLA2G6-Gen können zur seltenen erblichen Neurodegeneration mit Eisenablagerung im Gehirn und zum Karak-Syndrom führen.
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| dbo:abstract | Fosfolipáza A2 (PLA2, EC 3.1.1.4) je enzym, řazený mezi fosfolipázy, schopný katalyzovat hydrolýzu molekuly glycerofosfolipidu mezi acylovou skupinou a druhým uhlíkem (C2) glycerolu. Ke své funkci fosfolipázy A2 vyžadují vápníkové ionty. Fosfolipázy A2 mají významné role v buněčné signalizaci pomocí lipidových molekul. Regulují např. metabolismus, složení buněčných membrán či buněčnou smrt. Dále mají důležitou funkci pro tvorbu arachidonové kyseliny a díky tomu regulují tak fundamentální procesy, jako je zánět, alergie, bolest, dilatace a konstrikce cév včetně hospodaření s vodou. Celá řada hadích jedů funguje na principu fosfolipáz A2. (cs) La fosfolipasa A2 (en anglès: Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s)) són enzims que alliberen àcids grassos des del segon grup de carboni del glicerol. Aquesta fosfolipasa particular específicament reconeis l'enllaç sn-2 acil dels fosfolípids i de forma catalítica hidrolitza l'enllaç alliberant àcid araquidònic i . A través de modificació per , l'àcid araquidònic és modificat en compostos actius anomenats . Els eicosanoides inclouen prostaglandines i , els quals estan classificats com mediador anti-inflammatoris i inflammatoris mediators. El PLA2 es troben en els teixits dels mamífers i també en insectes i en el verí de les serps verinoses. Com a resultat hi ha dolor i inflamació local quan pica una serp verinosa. També hi ha fosfolipasa A1 procariòtica. (ca) Phospholipase A2 (korrekt: Phosphatidylcholin-2-acylhydrase, kurz PLA2) heißen Enzyme, die Fettsäuren vom C2-Atom von Phosphoglyceriden abspalten. Sie sind damit unverzichtbar für Eukaryoten beim Abbau dieser Stoffe, aber auch als Anfangsreaktion bei der Biosynthese der Prostaglandine. Außerdem enthalten die Gifte der Schlangen, Waranartigen, Insekten, Dornenkronenseesterne und mancher Weichtiere diese Enzyme. Säugetiere besitzen mindestens vier PLA2-Typen, der Mensch hat 16 Isoformen. Mutationen im PLA2G6-Gen können zur seltenen erblichen Neurodegeneration mit Eisenablagerung im Gehirn und zum Karak-Syndrom führen. (de) Une phospholipase A2 (PLA2) est une hydrolase qui libère spécifiquement l'acide gras estérifiant l'hydroxyle du carbone 2 du glycérol d'un phosphoglycéride pour donner un lysophospholipide : Les phospholipases A2 se trouvent dans la plupart des tissus des mammifères ainsi que dans les venins d'insectes et de serpents. Ces derniers contiennent de grandes quantités de mélittine, un peptide de 26 résidus d'acides aminés qui joue le rôle d'activateur des phospholipases A2. Lorsque l'acide gras libéré de la position 2 du glycérol est l'acide arachidonique, la métabolisation de celui-ci par une cyclooxygénase ou une lipoxygénase conduisent à des eicosanoïdes, parmi lesquels des prostaglandines et des leucotriènes, qui sont des médiateurs de l'inflammation. C'est l'une des raisons des réactions inflammatoires violentes qui accompagnent les morsures de serpents et les piqûres d'insectes. Certaines isoformes des phospholipases A2 pourraient favoriser la genèse de l’athérome, d’autres seraient protectrices. Il existe également une phospholipase A2 procaryotique qu’on trouve chez les bactéries et les mycètes. (fr) The enzyme phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4, PLA2, systematic name phosphatidylcholine 2-acylhydrolase) catalyse the cleavage of fatty acids in position 2 of phospholipids, hydrolyzing the bond between the second fatty acid “tail” and the glycerol molecule: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate This particular phospholipase specifically recognizes the sn2 acyl bond of phospholipids and catalytically hydrolyzes the bond, releasing arachidonic acid and lysophosphatidic acid. Upon downstream modification by cyclooxygenases or lipoxygenases, arachidonic acid is modified into active compounds called eicosanoids. Eicosanoids include prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are categorized as anti-inflammatory and inflammatory mediators. PLA2 enzymes are commonly found in mammalian tissues as well as arachnid, insect, and snake venom. Venom from bees is largely composed of melittin, which is a stimulant of PLA2. Due to the increased presence and activity of PLA2 resulting from a snake or insect bite, arachidonic acid is released from the phospholipid membrane disproportionately. As a result, inflammation and pain occur at the site. There are also prokaryotic A2 phospholipases. Additional types of phospholipases include phospholipase A1, phospholipase B, phospholipase C, and phospholipase D. (en) La Fosfolipasi A2, abbreviata in PLA2, è un enzima che permette il rilascio degli acidi grassi in posizione 2 dei fosfolipidi. Nello specifico, la PLA2 riconosce il legame sn-2 acil dei fosfolipidi e ne induce la catalisi idrolitica rilasciando acido arachidonico e lisofosfolipidi permettendo l'inizio della . La fosfolipasi è un enzima che può essere riscontrato, con le dovute differenze strutturali, nei mammiferi, negli insetti e nei veleni dei serpenti. Il rilascio della PLA2 è fondamentale nel responso infiammatorio. Il rilascio e l'attività di tale enzima è regolato dalla sua fosforilazione e dai livelli di calcio. Quando la PLA2 è fosforilata dalla a livello della serina-505 la PLA2 si trasforma nella forma attivata. Quando poi la fosforilazione è accoppiata all'influsso di ioni calcio la PLA2 migra verso la membrana cellulare dove catalizza la liberazione di acido arachidonico. La fosforilazione della PLA2 può essere mediata anche dalla stimolazione di un ligando con alcuni recettori. Si distinguono tre classi appartenenti alla famiglia delle PLA2: PLA2 secretorie (sPLA2), PLA2 citosoliche (cPLA2) e PLA2 Ca+2 indipendenti. Le sPLA2 o PLA2 a basso peso molecolare (p.m. 14-18 Kda) sono enzimi secreti dal pancreas o presenti nei liquidi biologici (liquido sinoviale, essudati) e nel veleno dei serpenti (vipera, cobra, serpente a sonagli). Le cPLA2 sono enzimi citoplasmatici ad alto p.m. (80-110 Kda). La liberazione intracellulare di acido arachidonico (AA) indotta dai recettori è mediata principalmente dalla cPLA2, perché questa forma idrolizza di preferenza fosfolipidi contenenti AA. AA è il precursore della sintesi degli eicosanoidi, una rilevantissima classe di mediatori, che comprende prostaglandine, trombossano, leucotrieni e lipossine. L'attivazione della PLA2 avviene in risposta alla formazione di messaggeri intracellulari, per cui non si verifica un rapporto così diretto con l'attivazione recettoriale come accade per le PLCbeta. La cPLA2 è regolata dalla concentrazione intracellulare di Ca+2 e dalla fosforilazione da parte della MAPK. Concorre alla stimolazione della fosfolipasi anche la proteina regolatrice PAP. La sensibilità della PLA2 al Ca+2 è dovuta alla presenza nella molecola di domini C2. In risposta all'aumento del Ca+2 intracellulare, la PLA2 migra dal citoplasma alle membrane del nucleo e del reticolo endoplasmatico, grazie alla interazione dei domini C2 con i fosfolipidi di membrana. Il Ca+2 legato a C2 si comporta da ponte molecolare tra la PLA2 e i fosfolipidi anionici e soprattutto neutralizza le loro cariche negative, permettendo interazioni idrofobiche tra il dominio C2 e le membrane endocellulari. Altri enzimi coinvolti nella produzione di eicosanoidi sono localizzati sulle membrane interne, in particolare ciclossigenasi, 5-lipossigenasi, 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) e leucotriene C-sintetasi. I glucocorticoidi debbono parte della propria azione antinfiammatoria alla inibizione della trascrizione di cPLA2 e alla stimolazione della produzione di lipocortina 1, una proteina che inibisce la cPLA2. (it) ホスホリパーゼA2 (phospholipase A2, PLA2, [EC 3.1.1.4]) はグリセロリン脂質のsn-2位のエステル結合を加水分解する酵素の総称である。脂肪酸とを遊離する。アラキドン酸を遊離することで、炎症性のメディエーターであるプロスタグランジンやロイコトリエン合成の起点となる。 (ja) Fosfolipas A2 är ett enzym i gruppen fosfolipaser som bryter ner fosfolipider i cellmembranet. I vissa fall frigörs arakidonsyra, som i sin tur kan omvandlas till eikosanoider, till exempel prostaglandiner och leukotriener. Denna biokemi-relaterade artikel saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att lägga till den. (sv) Nome aceito: Fosfolipase A (2).Nome(s) Alternativo(s): Lecitinase A, Fosfatidase, Fosfatidolipase, Fosfatidilcolina 2-acil-hidrolase, Fosfolipase A2. Reação catalisada (pt) Фосфолипаза A2 (КФ 3.1.1.4, англ. phospholipase A2) — тип фосфолипазы, гидролизующей цепь фосфолипида в sn-2 положении. При действии фосфолипазы А2 на фосфолипид образуется 2-лизофосфолипид и жирная кислота. В sn-2 положении фосфолипида могут находиться различные жирные кислоты, включая арахидоновую и эйкозапентаеновую кислоты. (ru) |
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| dbp:caption | Bee venom phospholipase A2 sPLA2. (Middle plane of the lipid bilayer - black dots. Boundary of the hydrocarbon core region - red dots . Layer of lipid phosphates - yellow dots. ) (en) Phospholipase Cleavage Sites. Note that an enzyme that displays both PLA1 and PLA2 activities is called a Phospholipase B (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | Phospholipase A2 (korrekt: Phosphatidylcholin-2-acylhydrase, kurz PLA2) heißen Enzyme, die Fettsäuren vom C2-Atom von Phosphoglyceriden abspalten. Sie sind damit unverzichtbar für Eukaryoten beim Abbau dieser Stoffe, aber auch als Anfangsreaktion bei der Biosynthese der Prostaglandine. Außerdem enthalten die Gifte der Schlangen, Waranartigen, Insekten, Dornenkronenseesterne und mancher Weichtiere diese Enzyme. Säugetiere besitzen mindestens vier PLA2-Typen, der Mensch hat 16 Isoformen. Mutationen im PLA2G6-Gen können zur seltenen erblichen Neurodegeneration mit Eisenablagerung im Gehirn und zum Karak-Syndrom führen. (de) ホスホリパーゼA2 (phospholipase A2, PLA2, [EC 3.1.1.4]) はグリセロリン脂質のsn-2位のエステル結合を加水分解する酵素の総称である。脂肪酸とを遊離する。アラキドン酸を遊離することで、炎症性のメディエーターであるプロスタグランジンやロイコトリエン合成の起点となる。 (ja) Fosfolipas A2 är ett enzym i gruppen fosfolipaser som bryter ner fosfolipider i cellmembranet. I vissa fall frigörs arakidonsyra, som i sin tur kan omvandlas till eikosanoider, till exempel prostaglandiner och leukotriener. Denna biokemi-relaterade artikel saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att lägga till den. (sv) Nome aceito: Fosfolipase A (2).Nome(s) Alternativo(s): Lecitinase A, Fosfatidase, Fosfatidolipase, Fosfatidilcolina 2-acil-hidrolase, Fosfolipase A2. Reação catalisada (pt) Фосфолипаза A2 (КФ 3.1.1.4, англ. phospholipase A2) — тип фосфолипазы, гидролизующей цепь фосфолипида в sn-2 положении. При действии фосфолипазы А2 на фосфолипид образуется 2-лизофосфолипид и жирная кислота. В sn-2 положении фосфолипида могут находиться различные жирные кислоты, включая арахидоновую и эйкозапентаеновую кислоты. (ru) La fosfolipasa A2 (en anglès: Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s)) són enzims que alliberen àcids grassos des del segon grup de carboni del glicerol. Aquesta fosfolipasa particular específicament reconeis l'enllaç sn-2 acil dels fosfolípids i de forma catalítica hidrolitza l'enllaç alliberant àcid araquidònic i . A través de modificació per , l'àcid araquidònic és modificat en compostos actius anomenats . Els eicosanoides inclouen prostaglandines i , els quals estan classificats com mediador anti-inflammatoris i inflammatoris mediators. (ca) Fosfolipáza A2 (PLA2, EC 3.1.1.4) je enzym, řazený mezi fosfolipázy, schopný katalyzovat hydrolýzu molekuly glycerofosfolipidu mezi acylovou skupinou a druhým uhlíkem (C2) glycerolu. Ke své funkci fosfolipázy A2 vyžadují vápníkové ionty. Fosfolipázy A2 mají významné role v buněčné signalizaci pomocí lipidových molekul. Regulují např. metabolismus, složení buněčných membrán či buněčnou smrt. Dále mají důležitou funkci pro tvorbu arachidonové kyseliny a díky tomu regulují tak fundamentální procesy, jako je zánět, alergie, bolest, dilatace a konstrikce cév včetně hospodaření s vodou. (cs) Une phospholipase A2 (PLA2) est une hydrolase qui libère spécifiquement l'acide gras estérifiant l'hydroxyle du carbone 2 du glycérol d'un phosphoglycéride pour donner un lysophospholipide : Les phospholipases A2 se trouvent dans la plupart des tissus des mammifères ainsi que dans les venins d'insectes et de serpents. Ces derniers contiennent de grandes quantités de mélittine, un peptide de 26 résidus d'acides aminés qui joue le rôle d'activateur des phospholipases A2. Il existe également une phospholipase A2 procaryotique qu’on trouve chez les bactéries et les mycètes. (fr) The enzyme phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4, PLA2, systematic name phosphatidylcholine 2-acylhydrolase) catalyse the cleavage of fatty acids in position 2 of phospholipids, hydrolyzing the bond between the second fatty acid “tail” and the glycerol molecule: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate Additional types of phospholipases include phospholipase A1, phospholipase B, phospholipase C, and phospholipase D. (en) La Fosfolipasi A2, abbreviata in PLA2, è un enzima che permette il rilascio degli acidi grassi in posizione 2 dei fosfolipidi. Nello specifico, la PLA2 riconosce il legame sn-2 acil dei fosfolipidi e ne induce la catalisi idrolitica rilasciando acido arachidonico e lisofosfolipidi permettendo l'inizio della . La fosfolipasi è un enzima che può essere riscontrato, con le dovute differenze strutturali, nei mammiferi, negli insetti e nei veleni dei serpenti. La fosforilazione della PLA2 può essere mediata anche dalla stimolazione di un ligando con alcuni recettori. (it) |
| rdfs:label | Fosfolipasa A2 (ca) Fosfolipáza A2 (cs) Phospholipase A2 (de) Phospholipase A2 (fr) Fosfolipasi A2 (it) ホスホリパーゼA2 (ja) Phospholipase A2 (en) Fosfolipase A2 (pt) Фосфолипаза A2 (ru) Fosfolipas A2 (sv) |
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| foaf:name | phospholipase A2 (en) |
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| is dbo:wikiPageWikiLink of | dbr:Cardiolipin dbr:Prostaglandin_E2 dbr:Prostaglandin_F2alpha dbr:Protectin_D1 dbr:Psilocin dbr:Robert_S._Rosenson dbr:Epoxydocosapentaenoic_acid dbr:Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid dbr:Membranous_glomerulonephritis dbr:Prostaglandin_antagonist dbr:Black_mamba dbr:Annexin dbr:Annexin_A1 dbr:Antiarthritics dbr:Apitoxin dbr:Arachidonate_5-lipoxygenase dbr:Honey_bee dbr:List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3) dbr:Paul_Sigler dbr:Cytokine_delivery_systems dbr:Varespladib dbr:Β-Bungarotoxin dbr:Leukotriene dbr:PLA2G1B dbr:Prostaglandin_inhibitors dbr:Pseudopodia dbr:Corticosteroid dbr:Annexin_A3 dbr:PLA2G5 dbr:PLA2R1 dbr:Cinnamycin dbr:Citicoline dbr:Bothrops_moojeni dbr:Mometasone dbr:Crotoxin dbr:Equatorial_spitting_cobra dbr:Lace_monitor dbr:Opisthacanthus_capensis dbr:Apamin dbr:Arachidonic_acid dbr:Arachidonyl_trifluoromethyl_ketone dbr:Lynda_Marie_Jordan dbr:Lysergic_acid_diethylamide dbr:Lysophosphatidylcholine dbr:Mamushi dbr:Snake_venom dbr:Clostridium_difficile_toxin_B dbr:Commonly_prescribed_drugs dbr:Fatty_acid_metabolism dbr:Functional_selectivity dbr:Haemodynamic_response dbr:Horned_adder dbr:PLA dbr:Paneth_cell dbr:Platelet dbr:Prostaglandin dbr:Mechanobiology dbr:Micrurus_corallinus dbr:Micrurus_mipartitus dbr:Timber_rattlesnake dbr:Tonsillitis dbr:Western_green_mamba dbr:HRASLS3 dbr:Lipase dbr:Lipid_signaling dbr:Lipoprotein-associated_phospholipase_A2 dbr:Lipoxygenase dbr:Spider_behavior dbr:Toxicocalamus dbr:25I-NBOMe dbr:5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid dbr:5-Oxo-eicosatetraenoic_acid dbr:9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid dbr:A2 dbr:Alclometasone dbr:Alpha_helix dbr:Amcinonide dbr:Anandamide dbr:5-HT2A_receptor dbr:5-HT2C_receptor_agonist dbr:Eastern_brown_snake dbr:Eastern_green_mamba dbr:Evolution_of_snake_venom dbr:Exocrine_pancreatic_insufficiency dbr:Fingolimod dbr:Folipastatin dbr:Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug dbr:Notexin dbr:Pachymic_acid dbr:Pain_in_invertebrates dbr:Pancreas dbr:Glucocorticoid dbr:Jameson's_mamba dbr:Phospholipase dbr:Argiope_(spider) dbr:Aspergillus_unguis dbr:ACAMPs dbr:Chloroquine dbr:Biochemical_cascade dbr:Coagulation dbr:Eicosanoid dbr:Diclofenac dbr:Autotomy dbr:Azurophilic_granule dbr:Manoalide dbr:Phosphorylcholine dbr:Human_digestive_system dbr:Cystolic_PLA2 dbr:Cytosolic_phospholipases_a2 dbr:Indian_cobra dbr:Mepacrine dbr:Methoxy_arachidonyl_fluorophosphonate dbr:Michael_H._Gelb dbr:Ochnaflavone dbr:Catgrip dbr:Red-bellied_black_snake dbr:Ceramide_kinase dbr:Selective_glucocorticoid_receptor_modulator dbr:King_brown_snake dbr:Meconium_aspiration_syndrome dbr:Snakebite dbr:Proliferative_vitreoretinopathy dbr:Ángel_Ortiz_(scientist) dbr:IRGs dbr:Imidazoline_receptor dbr:Immune_system dbr:Immunoglobulin_E dbr:Immunosuppressive_drug dbr:Lysophosphatidylethanolamine dbr:Phospholipase_A dbr:Serine_hydrolase dbr:Uteroglobin dbr:PLA2G12A dbr:Phycotoxin dbr:Phospholipase_A1 dbr:Taipoxin dbr:Venomics dbr:Nociceptin_receptor dbr:PLA2G6 dbr:Peripheral_membrane_protein dbr:PLA2 dbr:PLA2G2A dbr:Tachykinin_receptor_1 dbr:Oxoeicosanoid_receptor_1 dbr:PLA2G4A dbr:PEDF dbr:SOBER1 dbr:PLA2G10 dbr:Topical_prednisolone dbr:Streptomyces_violaceoruber dbr:Spinal_cord_stroke dbr:Phospholipase_a2 dbr:EC_3.1.1.4 |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:Phospholipase_A2 |
