Structuralism (biology) (original) (raw)
Strukturalisme biologi atau proses, juga dikenal sebagai formalisme, adalah sebuah mazhab pemikiran biologi yang menentang penjelasan Darwinian atau dari seleksi alam seperti yang dideskrispikan dalam sintesis modern abad ke-20. Sebagai gantinya, pemikiran tersebut mencetuskan bahwa evolusi terjadi secara berbeda, pada dasarnya oleh kurang lebih unsur fisik yang membentuk pengembangan tubuh hewan
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| dbo:abstract | Estrukturalismo biologikoa hautespen naturalaren azalpen darwiniar soil baten aurka dagoen biologiako baztertutako teoria da: beste mekanismo batzuek ere eboluzioa gidatzen dutela, eta batzuetan, hauek hautespena erabat ordezkatzen dutela argudiatuz. Estrukturalistek zenbait mekanismo proposatu dituzte, en eraketa gida zezaketenak. Darwinen aurretik, Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilairek, animaliek, zati homologoak partekatzen zituztela, eta, bat handituz gero, besteak, konpentsazio bezala murriztuko zirela argudiatu zuen. Darwinen ondoren, ek bitalismoa iradoki zuen eta azalpen geometrikoak eman zituen 1917ko liburu klasikoan. rek inflazio mekanikoa iradoki zuen "pneu" egitura zuten Ediacarreko biotako fosiletan, Dickinsonia kasu. rek garapen-alborapena defendatu zuen, enbrioi-garapenaren egiturazko mugak. ek bultzatu zuen; egitura konplexua modu eta espontaneoan organismo baten zati guztien elkarrekintza dinamikotik sortzen delako ideia. ek unibertsal platonikoek edo "tipoek" beren burua antolatzeko erabiltzen dituzten legeak defendatu zituen. 1979an, Stephen J. Gouldek eta ek ak proposatu zituzten, hurbileko egituren egokitzapenaren azpiproduktu gisa sortutako ezaugarriak. Darwindar biologoek estrukturalismoa kritikatu dute, eboluzioaren historian zehar geneek organismoen eraketan parte hartu duten aren ebidentzia ugari dagoela azpimarratuz. Onartzen dute egitura batzuek, hala nola mintz zelularrek, beren burua mihiztatzen dutela, baina autoantolamenduak bilakaera eskala handian bultzatzeko duen gaitasuna zalantzan jartzen dute. (eu) Biological or process structuralism is a school of biological thought that objects to an exclusively Darwinian or adaptationist explanation of natural selection such as is described in the 20th century's modern synthesis. It proposes instead that evolution is guided differently, basically by more or less physical forces which shape the development of an animal's body, and sometimes implies that these forces supersede selection altogether. Structuralists have proposed different mechanisms that might have guided the formation of body plans. Before Darwin, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire argued that animals shared homologous parts, and that if one was enlarged, the others would be reduced in compensation. After Darwin, D'Arcy Thompson hinted at vitalism and offered geometric explanations in his classic 1917 book On Growth and Form. Adolf Seilacher suggested mechanical inflation for "pneu" structures in Ediacaran biota fossils such as Dickinsonia. Günter P. Wagner argued for developmental bias, structural constraints on embryonic development. Stuart Kauffman favoured self-organisation, the idea that complex structure emerges holistically and spontaneously from the dynamic interaction of all parts of an organism. Michael Denton argued for laws of form by which Platonic universals or "Types" are self-organised. Stephen J. Gould and Richard Lewontin proposed biological "spandrels", features created as a byproduct of the adaptation of nearby structures. Gerd B. Müller and Stuart A. Newman argued that the appearance in the fossil record of most of the current phyla in the Cambrian explosion was "pre-Mendelian" evolution caused by physical factors. Brian Goodwin, described by Wagner as part of "a fringe movement in evolutionary biology", denies that biological complexity can be reduced to natural selection, and argues that pattern formation is driven by morphogenetic fields. Darwinian biologists have criticised structuralism, emphasising that there is plentiful evidence both that natural selection is effective and, from deep homology, that genes have been involved in shaping organisms throughout evolutionary history. They accept that some structures such as the cell membrane self-assemble, but deny the ability of self-organisation to drive large-scale evolution. (en) Strukturalisme biologi atau proses, juga dikenal sebagai formalisme, adalah sebuah mazhab pemikiran biologi yang menentang penjelasan Darwinian atau dari seleksi alam seperti yang dideskrispikan dalam sintesis modern abad ke-20. Sebagai gantinya, pemikiran tersebut mencetuskan bahwa evolusi terjadi secara berbeda, pada dasarnya oleh kurang lebih unsur fisik yang membentuk pengembangan tubuh hewan (in) 構造主義生物学（こうぞうしゅぎせいぶつがく）とは、構造主義の考えを生物学に応用しようとする試みである。 (ja) |
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| rdfs:comment | Strukturalisme biologi atau proses, juga dikenal sebagai formalisme, adalah sebuah mazhab pemikiran biologi yang menentang penjelasan Darwinian atau dari seleksi alam seperti yang dideskrispikan dalam sintesis modern abad ke-20. Sebagai gantinya, pemikiran tersebut mencetuskan bahwa evolusi terjadi secara berbeda, pada dasarnya oleh kurang lebih unsur fisik yang membentuk pengembangan tubuh hewan (in) 構造主義生物学（こうぞうしゅぎせいぶつがく）とは、構造主義の考えを生物学に応用しようとする試みである。 (ja) Estrukturalismo biologikoa hautespen naturalaren azalpen darwiniar soil baten aurka dagoen biologiako baztertutako teoria da: beste mekanismo batzuek ere eboluzioa gidatzen dutela, eta batzuetan, hauek hautespena erabat ordezkatzen dutela argudiatuz. Estrukturalistek zenbait mekanismo proposatu dituzte, en eraketa gida zezaketenak. Darwinen aurretik, Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilairek, animaliek, zati homologoak partekatzen zituztela, eta, bat handituz gero, besteak, konpentsazio bezala murriztuko zirela argudiatu zuen. Darwinen ondoren, ek bitalismoa iradoki zuen eta azalpen geometrikoak eman zituen 1917ko liburu klasikoan. rek inflazio mekanikoa iradoki zuen "pneu" egitura zuten Ediacarreko biotako fosiletan, Dickinsonia kasu. rek garapen-alborapena defendatu zuen, enbrioi-garapenaren eg (eu) Biological or process structuralism is a school of biological thought that objects to an exclusively Darwinian or adaptationist explanation of natural selection such as is described in the 20th century's modern synthesis. It proposes instead that evolution is guided differently, basically by more or less physical forces which shape the development of an animal's body, and sometimes implies that these forces supersede selection altogether. (en) |
| rdfs:label | Estrukturalismo biologiko (eu) Strukturalisme (biologi) (in) 構造主義生物学 (ja) Structuralism (biology) (en) |
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