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المعرفة المسبقة (بالإنجليزية: Prior art) في معظم أنظمة قانون البراءات، تكون من خلال معرفة جميع المعلومات التي تم إتاحتها للجمهور بأي شكل من الأشكال قبل تاريخ معين من طلب براءات الاختراع. إذا تم وصف الاختراع عن طريق معرفة مسبقة أو كان يمكن أن يكون واضحًا مما تم وصفه، فإن براءة الاختراع على ذلك الاختراع غير صالحة. حيث أنه قائم على معرفة أصلية. (ar) Der Stand der Technik im patentrechtlichen Sinne ist der Bestand an technischem und sonstigem Wissen zum Zeitpunkt der Patentanmeldung. Daran wird die Patentwürdigkeit der angemeldeten Erfindung gemessen. Auch für die Bestimmung des Schutzbereichs eines Patents kann der Stand der Technik relevant werden. Sinngemäßes gilt für das Gebrauchsmusterrecht. (de) Prior art (also known as state of the art or background art) is a concept in patent law used to determine the patentability of an invention, in particular whether an invention meets the novelty and the inventive step or non-obviousness criteria for patentability. In most systems of patent law, prior art is generally defined as anything that is made available, or disclosed, to the public that might be relevant to a patent's claim before the effective filing date of a patent application for an invention. However, notable differences exist in how prior art is specifically defined under different national, regional, and international patent systems. The prior art is evaluated by patent offices as part of the patent granting process in what is called “substantive examination” of a patent application in order to determine whether an invention claimed in the patent application meets the novelty and inventive step or non-obviousness criteria for patentability. It may also be considered by patent offices or courts in opposition or invalidity proceedings. Patents disclose to society how an invention is practiced, in return for the right (during a limited term) to exclude others from manufacturing, selling, offering for sale or using the patented invention without the patentee's permission. Patent offices deal with prior art searches in the context of the patent granting procedure. A patent search is frequently carried out by patent offices or patent applicants in order to identify relevant prior art. Certain patent offices may also rely on the patent search results of other patent offices or cooperate with other patent offices in order to identify relevant prior art. Prior art may also be submitted by the public for consideration in examination or in opposition or invalidity proceedings. Relevant prior art identified by patent offices or patent applicants are often cited by patent applicants in patent applications and by patent offices in patent search reports. (en) Патентний пошук (дослідження) — вивчення масиву охоронних документів різних країн та відкритих джерел наукової і технічної інформації з метою виявлення серед них опису технічного рішення, аналогічного зробленому чи дослідженому. Окремим видом досліджень є пошук ідентичних та схожих товарних знаків. (uk) 现有技术(也被称为已有技术、在先技术、先存技術)在大多数的专利法律系统中包括所有在某个特定日期之前已经为公众所知的，而且可能与一项专利的权利要求的原创性有关的信息。如果一项发明已经在现有技术中有描述过，那么包括这项发明的专利就是无效的。 对于保密信息，例如商业秘密来说，只要那些能接触到它们的雇员以及其他人处于保密协议的约束下，那么它们就通常不被当成现有技术。如果没有这种约束存在，那么它们就是现有技术。通常来说，这意味着一件专利被授予而不管是否有其他人知道这项发明。一个秘密使用一项发明的人在某些司法管辖区域是可以要求“在先使用权利”的，因此也可以继续使用这项发明。作为一种特别例外，在先申请和未公布的在某些情况下是可以当成它们的申请日时的现有技术的。 在大多数专利制度中，为了实现对权利要求的占先，现有技术被期望能够提供充分的描述以使得知落入该权利要求范围内的某些主题。现有技术应该能够被公众所得到，而许多国家要求这些信息以某种固定形式记录下来。而且，在大多数专利制度中，现有技术是不包括未公开的作品或者只透过口头交谈的信息的（虽然在中，口头披露也构成现有技术 —请参见欧洲专利公约第五十四条第二款 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆））。而传统知识（例如某种植物的药用价值）是否构成现有技术还处于争论中。 专利披露给全社会一件发明是如何实践的，以此换来（在有限的时期内）排斥其他人未经专利权人同意而制造、销售、获得这项专利的发明的可能。专利局在专利授予的过程中会进行现有技术的检索。要检查一件专利申请的有效性，专利局会寻找在发明日期之前的现有技术（美国的做法）或者是申请日前的现有技术（世界上其它地区）。 (zh) |
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المعرفة المسبقة (بالإنجليزية: Prior art) في معظم أنظمة قانون البراءات، تكون من خلال معرفة جميع المعلومات التي تم إتاحتها للجمهور بأي شكل من الأشكال قبل تاريخ معين من طلب براءات الاختراع. إذا تم وصف الاختراع عن طريق معرفة مسبقة أو كان يمكن أن يكون واضحًا مما تم وصفه، فإن براءة الاختراع على ذلك الاختراع غير صالحة. حيث أنه قائم على معرفة أصلية. (ar) Der Stand der Technik im patentrechtlichen Sinne ist der Bestand an technischem und sonstigem Wissen zum Zeitpunkt der Patentanmeldung. Daran wird die Patentwürdigkeit der angemeldeten Erfindung gemessen. Auch für die Bestimmung des Schutzbereichs eines Patents kann der Stand der Technik relevant werden. Sinngemäßes gilt für das Gebrauchsmusterrecht. (de) Патентний пошук (дослідження) — вивчення масиву охоронних документів різних країн та відкритих джерел наукової і технічної інформації з метою виявлення серед них опису технічного рішення, аналогічного зробленому чи дослідженому. Окремим видом досліджень є пошук ідентичних та схожих товарних знаків. (uk) Prior art (also known as state of the art or background art) is a concept in patent law used to determine the patentability of an invention, in particular whether an invention meets the novelty and the inventive step or non-obviousness criteria for patentability. In most systems of patent law, prior art is generally defined as anything that is made available, or disclosed, to the public that might be relevant to a patent's claim before the effective filing date of a patent application for an invention. However, notable differences exist in how prior art is specifically defined under different national, regional, and international patent systems. (en) 现有技术(也被称为已有技术、在先技术、先存技術)在大多数的专利法律系统中包括所有在某个特定日期之前已经为公众所知的，而且可能与一项专利的权利要求的原创性有关的信息。如果一项发明已经在现有技术中有描述过，那么包括这项发明的专利就是无效的。 对于保密信息，例如商业秘密来说，只要那些能接触到它们的雇员以及其他人处于保密协议的约束下，那么它们就通常不被当成现有技术。如果没有这种约束存在，那么它们就是现有技术。通常来说，这意味着一件专利被授予而不管是否有其他人知道这项发明。一个秘密使用一项发明的人在某些司法管辖区域是可以要求“在先使用权利”的，因此也可以继续使用这项发明。作为一种特别例外，在先申请和未公布的在某些情况下是可以当成它们的申请日时的现有技术的。 在大多数专利制度中，为了实现对权利要求的占先，现有技术被期望能够提供充分的描述以使得知落入该权利要求范围内的某些主题。现有技术应该能够被公众所得到，而许多国家要求这些信息以某种固定形式记录下来。而且，在大多数专利制度中，现有技术是不包括未公开的作品或者只透过口头交谈的信息的（虽然在中，口头披露也构成现有技术 —请参见欧洲专利公约第五十四条第二款 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆））。而传统知识（例如某种植物的药用价值）是否构成现有技术还处于争论中。 (zh) |
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