Pseudoarchaeology (original) (raw)
La pseudoarchéologie, aussi appelée « archéologie fantastique » ou « cryptoarchéologie », est un terme désignant l'archéologie pseudo-scientifique. Les hypothèses risquées proposées par la pseudoarchéologie se caractérisent souvent par leur sensationnalisme à contre-courant des résultats de la recherche historique et archéologique menée selon la méthode scientifique par les chercheurs professionnels. Ces hypothèses obtiennent ainsi parfois une certaine résonance dans l'opinion malgré leur caractère indémontrable et irrationnel.
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| dbo:abstract | علم الأثار الهامشي، والمعروف أيضا بعلم الآثار البديل والآثار الجانبية والآثار المذهلة وأثار العبادات، هو مجال يقوم بتفسير التاريخ الماضي على أسس لم يعترف بها مجتمع الأثار العلمي، الذي يرفض أساليب تجميع البيانات بطرق تحليلية مقبولة. تنطوي هذه التفسيرات العلمية الزائفة على استخدام القطع الأثرية أو المواقع أو المواد المكتشفة لبناء نظريات لا أسس علمية لها لإثبات ادعاءاتهم الزائفة. وتشمل هذه الأساليب المبالغة في الأدلة، والاستنتاجات المثيرة أو الرومانسية، وحتى تلفيق الأدلة. لا توجد نظرية أو نهج موحد للآثار الكاذبة، ولكن هناك تفسيرات مختلفة كثيرة للماضي تتعارض بشكل مشترك مع تلك التي طورها المجتمع العلمي. يدور بعض هذه الأفكار حول فكرة أن المجتمعات البشرية القديمة والما قبل تاريخية قد تواصلت مع حياة ذكية من خارج كوكب الأرض لتطوير حضارتها، وهي فكرة نشرها أشخاص مثل المؤلف السويسري إريك فون داينكن في كتبه مثل كتاب«عربات الآلهة؟» (1968). يرى آخرون، بدلاً من ذلك، أنه كان هناك مجتمعات بشرية في الفترة القديمة متقدمة تقنياً بشكل كبير عن حضارتنا، مثل أتلانتس، وقد تشيع هذه الفكرة شخصيات مثل جراهام هانكوك في «بصمات للآلهة» (1995). قامت جماعات دينية بتبني العديد من الآثار الهامشية في عقيدتهم وأنشاؤا نظما دينية مبنية عليها مثل جماعة «علم الإهرامات» وجماعة «علم رموز الأثار» التي بدإت مع جماعة إسرائيل البريطانية إلى الثيوصوفيين. ومن من اعتمدا على علوم الأثار الهامشية في دياناتهم أعضاء العصر الجديد وأنظمة المعتقدات الوثنية المعاصرة. انتقد علماء الآثار الأكاديميون بشدة علم الآثار الهامشي، يعتبر جون ر. كول أشد العارضين لها إذ، وصفها بأنها علم يعتمد على «الإثار، وسوء استخدام المنطق والأدلة، وسوء فهم المنهج العلمي، والتناقضات الداخلية بين الحجج» تمت مقارنة العلاقة بين علم الآثار الهامشي والبحث الأكاديمي كالعلاقة بين نظريات التصميم الذكي والبيولوجيا التطورية من قبل بعض علماء الآثار. (ar) Pseudoarcheologie – známá také jako alternativní archeologie, okrajová archeologie, fantastická archeologie, nebo kultovní archeologie – označuje interpretace minulosti mimo archeologickou vědeckou komunitu, které odmítají přijaté metody sběru dat a analytické metody této disciplíny. Tyto pseudovědecké interpretace zahrnují použití artefaktů, lokalit nebo materiálů k vytvoření vědecky nepodložených teorií, které doplňují tvrzení pseudoarcheologů. Mezi tyto metody patří zveličování důkazů, dramatické nebo romantizující závěry, používání klamů a falšování důkazů. Neexistuje žádná jednotná pseudoarcheologická teorie nebo přístup, ale spíše mnoho různých výkladů minulosti, které jsou společně v rozporu s těmi, které vytvořila vědecká komunita. Patří mezi ně náboženské přístupy, jako je kreacionismus nebo „věda o stvoření“, které se vztahují k archeologii historických období, jako by byla Babylonská věž, Noemova archa a vyprávění o potopě v Genesis a údajný mýtus o celosvětové potopě. Některé pseudoarcheologické teorie se točí kolem myšlenky, že pravěkým a starověkým lidským společnostem pomáhal v jejich vývoji inteligentní mimozemský život, což je myšlenka, kterou propagují například italský autor Peter Kolosimo, francouzští autoři Louis Pauwels a Jacques Bergier v knize Jitro kouzelníků (1963) a švýcarský autor Erich von Däniken v knize Vzpomínky na budoucnost (1968). Jiní naopak zastávají názor, že ve starověku existovaly lidské společnosti, které byly značně technologicky vyspělé, jako například Atlantida, a tuto myšlenku propagují osobnosti jako Graham Hancock ve své knize Fingerprints of the Gods (1995). Pseudoarcheologie se projevila také ve fenoménu roku 2012. Mnoho „alternativních“ archeologií bylo přijato náboženskými skupinami. Okrajové archeologické myšlenky, jako je archeokryptografie a pyramidologie, byly přijaty náboženstvími od britských izraelitů po teosofy. K dalším alternativním archeologiím patří ty, které přijali příslušníci New Age a současných pohanských věroučných systémů. Akademičtí archeologové pseudoarcheologii ostře kritizovali, přičemž jeden z nejhlasitějších kritiků, John R. Cole, ji charakterizoval jako spoléhající se na „senzacechtivost, zneužívání logiky a důkazů, nepochopení vědecké metody a vnitřní rozpory ve svých argumentech“. Vztah mezi alternativní a akademickou archeologií někteří archeologové přirovnávali ke vztahu mezi teoriemi inteligentního designu a evoluční biologií. (cs) La Pseudoarqueologia, també coneguda com a arqueologia fantàstica, arqueologia misteriosa, arqueologia de culte i criptoarqueologia, és el terme amb el qual es coneix l'arqueologia pseudocientífica. La Pseudo-arqueologia és el conjunt d'hipòtesis, excavacions i restes arqueològiques que no s'ajusten a la metodologia arqueològica habitual. En contrast amb l'arqueologia, la pseudoarqueologia no utilitza el mètode científic per a estudiar les troballes i, per tant, les seves explicacions són indemostrables i irracionals, a part de contradictòries amb el discurs històric generalment acceptat. Amb relativa freqüència, la Pseudo-arqueologia adquireix certa popularitat gràcies al sensacionalisme que ofereixen alguns grans mitjans de difusió, en tenir aquests una ressonància major que les publicacions serioses de divulgació. En conseqüència, cert públic no sempre aconsegueix distingir entre els resultats de la recerca històric-arqueològica realitzada per estudiosos professionals i les aventurades hipòtesis que planteja la Pseudo-arqueologia. (ca) La pseudoarqueología, también conocida como arqueología fantástica, arqueología misteriosa, arqueología de culto y criptoarqueología, es el término con el que se conoce la arqueología pseudocientífica. La pseudoarqueología es el conjunto de hipótesis, excavaciones y restos arqueológicos que no se ajustan a la metodología arqueológica habitual. En contraste con la arqueología, la pseudoarqueología no utiliza el método científico para estudiar los hallazgos y, por tanto, sus explicaciones son indemostrables e irracionales, además de contradictorias con el discurso histórico generalmente aceptado. Con relativa frecuencia, la pseudoarqueología adquiere cierta popularidad gracias al sensacionalismo que ofrecen algunos grandes medios de difusión, al tener estos una resonancia mayor que las publicaciones serias de divulgación. En consecuencia, cierto público no siempre consigue distinguir entre los resultados de la investigación histórico-arqueológica realizada por estudiosos profesionales y las aventuradas hipótesis que plantea la pseudoarqueología. (es) Sasiarkeologia hitzarekin ohiko arkeologia metodologiaren arabera sortutako hipotesiak dira. Normalean, teoria hauek sasizientzian oinarritutako kontzeptuak erabiltzen dituzten ofizialki onartuak izan ez diren ideiak erakusteko. Sasiarkeologiak ez du, beraz, metodologia zientifikorik erabiltzen, haien azalpenak ezin dira frogatu eta diskurtso historiko ofizialarekin ez doa bat. Kontzeptu hau defitziteko ere beste hitzak erabili izan dira: Arkeologia fantastikoa, Kriptoarkeologia, Arkeologia misteriotsua... Prentsa horiak edo sentsazionalistak horrelako ideiak askotan zabaldu ditu erakargarriak baitira. Ziur aski teoria zabalduena gizakiaren historian estralurtarrek izan duten eraginaren ingurukoa da. Badira beste adibideak mugimendu politiko zehatzei indarra emateko sortutako ideia sasiarkeologikoak, esaterako naziek elkartearen bidez ariar arrazaren sustraiak erakusteko. (eu) La pseudoarchéologie, aussi appelée « archéologie fantastique » ou « cryptoarchéologie », est un terme désignant l'archéologie pseudo-scientifique. Les hypothèses risquées proposées par la pseudoarchéologie se caractérisent souvent par leur sensationnalisme à contre-courant des résultats de la recherche historique et archéologique menée selon la méthode scientifique par les chercheurs professionnels. Ces hypothèses obtiennent ainsi parfois une certaine résonance dans l'opinion malgré leur caractère indémontrable et irrationnel. (fr) Pseudoarchaeology—also known as alternative archaeology, fringe archaeology, fantastic archaeology, cult archaeology, and spooky archaeology—is the interpretation of the past from outside the archaeological science community, which rejects the accepted data gathering and analytical methods of the discipline. These pseudoscientific interpretations involve the use of artifacts, sites or materials to construct scientifically insubstantial theories to supplement the pseudoarchaeologists' claims. Methods include exaggeration of evidence, dramatic or romanticized conclusions, use of fallacy, and fabrication of evidence. There is no unified pseudoarchaeological theory or approach, but rather many different interpretations of the past that are jointly at odds with those developed by the scientific community. These include religious approaches such as creationism or "creation science" that applies to the archaeology of historic periods such as those that would have included the Tower of Babel, Noah's Ark and the Genesis flood narrative, and the supposed worldwide flood myth. Some pseudoarchaeological theories revolve around the idea that prehistoric and ancient human societies were aided in their development by intelligent extraterrestrial life, an idea propagated by those such as Italian author Peter Kolosimo, French authors Louis Pauwels and Jacques Bergier in The Morning of the Magicians (1963), and Swiss author Erich von Däniken in Chariots of the Gods? (1968). Others instead hold that there were human societies in the ancient period that were significantly technologically advanced, such as Atlantis, and this idea has been propagated by figures like Graham Hancock in his Fingerprints of the Gods (1995). Pseudoarchaeology has also been manifest in Mayanism and the 2012 phenomenon. Many alternative archaeologies have been adopted by religious groups. Fringe archaeological ideas such as archaeocryptography and pyramidology have been embraced by religions ranging from the British Israelites to the theosophists. Other alternative archaeologies include those that have been adopted by members of New Age and contemporary pagan belief systems. Academic archaeologists have heavily criticised pseudoarchaeology, with one of the most vocal critics, John R. Cole, characterising it as relying on "sensationalism, misuse of logic and evidence, misunderstanding of scientific method, and internal contradictions in their arguments". The relationship between alternative and academic archaeologies has been compared to the relationship between intelligent design theories and evolutionary biology by some archaeologists. (en) L'archeologia misteriosa, nota anche come criptoarcheologia, archeologia alternativa o pseudoarcheologia (in inglese pseudoarchaeology), è una sorta di archeologia pseudoscientifica che dà un'interpretazione non scientifica di reperti archeologici o presunti tali. Tutto ciò che non si conforma al metodo scientifico usato in archeologia è considerato pseudoarcheologia. (it) 유사고고학(擬似考古學, pseudoarcheology)는 고고학 학계의 테두리 바깥에서의 과거에 대한 해석을 의미하며, 해당 분야에서 인정되는 과학적이고 분석적인 방법을 부정하는 것이 전형적인 특징이다. 이들 의사과학적인 해석은 고고학적인 자료를 사용하여 고고학의 주류와는 근본적으로 다른, 과거에 대한 이론을 구성한다. 유사고고학 이론은 다양하며, 많은 경우 학계에서 전개된 과거에 대한 해석과 부조화를 이룬다. 이들 중에는 선사 시대나 고대 사회가 외계인의 도움을 받았다는 생각을 중심으로 하기도 하는데, 《신들의 전차》(1968)의 저자인 에리히 폰 데니켄이 널리 알려져 있다. 또 다른 일부는 아틀란티스와 같이 이른 시기에 기술적으로 매우 발달된 고대 사회가 있다고 생각하는데, 《신의 지문》(1995)을 저술한 이 널리 알려져 있다. (ko) Pseudoarqueologia (também chamada arqueologia fantástica, arquelogia de culto - em inglês cult archaeology, e criptoarqueologia) é arqueologia pseudocientífica, com interpretação não seguindo o método científico de relíquias, materiais e sítios, os quais podem ou não representar dados arqueológicos genuínos. Hipóteses arqueológicas, escavações de sítios e publicações que não estão em conformidade com a metodologia padrão aceita na arqueologia são geralmente consideradas falhas e sob a categoria de pseudoarqueologia. (pt) Псевдоархеология (также «альтернативная археология», маргинальная археология — англ. fringe archaeology, фантастическая археология, культовая археология, любительская археология, народная археология — англ. popular archaeology) — совокупность претендующих на научность, но не являющихся научными литературно-публицистических сочинений и идей на археологические темы, созданных в основном непрофессионалами, которые отвергают научные методы сбора и анализа данных. Археолог Уильям Стибинг-младший и профессор антропологии Дин Сноу писали, что народная археология (псевдоархеология) представляет собой единое явление. Псевдоархеология привлекает широкие слои общества. Близкими и связанными понятиями являются псевдоистория и псевдолингвистика. Псевдоархеологические методы и идеи подвергаются критике со стороны учёных-археологов. Один из самых известных критиков, археолог Джон Р. Коул, охарактеризовал псевдоархеологию как опирающуюся на «сенсационность, неправильное использование логики и доказательств, непонимание научного метода и внутренние противоречия в аргументации». В качестве «объектов изучения» псевдоархеологи могут рассматривать «неуместные артефакты» (от англ. «out-of-place artifact», OOPArt) — предметы (изделия, скульптуры, сооружения и др.), предположительно противоречащие общепринятым научным представлениям о факте или хронологии эволюции, развитии техники, исторической хронологии. Большинство «неуместных артефактов», исследованных учёными, оказались подделками или неверно интерпретированными предметами. Одним из приёмов псевдоархеологи является фальсификация исторических источников. (ru) 伪考古学（英語：pseudoarchaeology），又称另类考古学、边缘考古学、梦幻考古学、邪教考古学和诡异考古学，指的是不遵從傳統考古学嚴謹的数据收集和分析方法而進行的考古研究。伪考古学是一种伪科学，往往利用文物和遗址提出一些實際上根本不成立的理论。具體手段有夸大证据、捏造证据以及邏輯謬誤。 (zh) |
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| dbp:footer | Erich von Däniken and Graham Hancock are two of the most widely published proponents of pseudoarchaeological opinions. (en) |
| dbp:image | Erich von Daniken.jpg (en) Graham-Hancock.jpg (en) |
| dbp:quote | [Academics] have formed a massive and global network through universities, museums, institutes, societies and foundations. And this immense powerhouse and clearing-house of knowledge has presented their dogma of history to the general public totally unhindered and unchallenged from the outside. ... On a more sinister note: now this "church of science" has formed a network of watchdog organisations such as CSICOP and The Skeptical Society in order to act as the gatekeepers of the truth , ready to come down like the proverbial ton of bricks on all those whom they perceive as "frauds", "charlatans", and "pseudo-scientists"—in short, heretics. (en) |
| dbp:source | Pseudoarchaeologist Robert Bauval on his views of academia (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | La pseudoarchéologie, aussi appelée « archéologie fantastique » ou « cryptoarchéologie », est un terme désignant l'archéologie pseudo-scientifique. Les hypothèses risquées proposées par la pseudoarchéologie se caractérisent souvent par leur sensationnalisme à contre-courant des résultats de la recherche historique et archéologique menée selon la méthode scientifique par les chercheurs professionnels. Ces hypothèses obtiennent ainsi parfois une certaine résonance dans l'opinion malgré leur caractère indémontrable et irrationnel. (fr) L'archeologia misteriosa, nota anche come criptoarcheologia, archeologia alternativa o pseudoarcheologia (in inglese pseudoarchaeology), è una sorta di archeologia pseudoscientifica che dà un'interpretazione non scientifica di reperti archeologici o presunti tali. Tutto ciò che non si conforma al metodo scientifico usato in archeologia è considerato pseudoarcheologia. (it) 유사고고학(擬似考古學, pseudoarcheology)는 고고학 학계의 테두리 바깥에서의 과거에 대한 해석을 의미하며, 해당 분야에서 인정되는 과학적이고 분석적인 방법을 부정하는 것이 전형적인 특징이다. 이들 의사과학적인 해석은 고고학적인 자료를 사용하여 고고학의 주류와는 근본적으로 다른, 과거에 대한 이론을 구성한다. 유사고고학 이론은 다양하며, 많은 경우 학계에서 전개된 과거에 대한 해석과 부조화를 이룬다. 이들 중에는 선사 시대나 고대 사회가 외계인의 도움을 받았다는 생각을 중심으로 하기도 하는데, 《신들의 전차》(1968)의 저자인 에리히 폰 데니켄이 널리 알려져 있다. 또 다른 일부는 아틀란티스와 같이 이른 시기에 기술적으로 매우 발달된 고대 사회가 있다고 생각하는데, 《신의 지문》(1995)을 저술한 이 널리 알려져 있다. (ko) Pseudoarqueologia (também chamada arqueologia fantástica, arquelogia de culto - em inglês cult archaeology, e criptoarqueologia) é arqueologia pseudocientífica, com interpretação não seguindo o método científico de relíquias, materiais e sítios, os quais podem ou não representar dados arqueológicos genuínos. Hipóteses arqueológicas, escavações de sítios e publicações que não estão em conformidade com a metodologia padrão aceita na arqueologia são geralmente consideradas falhas e sob a categoria de pseudoarqueologia. (pt) 伪考古学（英語：pseudoarchaeology），又称另类考古学、边缘考古学、梦幻考古学、邪教考古学和诡异考古学，指的是不遵從傳統考古学嚴謹的数据收集和分析方法而進行的考古研究。伪考古学是一种伪科学，往往利用文物和遗址提出一些實際上根本不成立的理论。具體手段有夸大证据、捏造证据以及邏輯謬誤。 (zh) علم الأثار الهامشي، والمعروف أيضا بعلم الآثار البديل والآثار الجانبية والآثار المذهلة وأثار العبادات، هو مجال يقوم بتفسير التاريخ الماضي على أسس لم يعترف بها مجتمع الأثار العلمي، الذي يرفض أساليب تجميع البيانات بطرق تحليلية مقبولة. تنطوي هذه التفسيرات العلمية الزائفة على استخدام القطع الأثرية أو المواقع أو المواد المكتشفة لبناء نظريات لا أسس علمية لها لإثبات ادعاءاتهم الزائفة. وتشمل هذه الأساليب المبالغة في الأدلة، والاستنتاجات المثيرة أو الرومانسية، وحتى تلفيق الأدلة. (ar) La Pseudoarqueologia, també coneguda com a arqueologia fantàstica, arqueologia misteriosa, arqueologia de culte i criptoarqueologia, és el terme amb el qual es coneix l'arqueologia pseudocientífica. La Pseudo-arqueologia és el conjunt d'hipòtesis, excavacions i restes arqueològiques que no s'ajusten a la metodologia arqueològica habitual. En contrast amb l'arqueologia, la pseudoarqueologia no utilitza el mètode científic per a estudiar les troballes i, per tant, les seves explicacions són indemostrables i irracionals, a part de contradictòries amb el discurs històric generalment acceptat. (ca) Pseudoarcheologie – známá také jako alternativní archeologie, okrajová archeologie, fantastická archeologie, nebo kultovní archeologie – označuje interpretace minulosti mimo archeologickou vědeckou komunitu, které odmítají přijaté metody sběru dat a analytické metody této disciplíny. Tyto pseudovědecké interpretace zahrnují použití artefaktů, lokalit nebo materiálů k vytvoření vědecky nepodložených teorií, které doplňují tvrzení pseudoarcheologů. Mezi tyto metody patří zveličování důkazů, dramatické nebo romantizující závěry, používání klamů a falšování důkazů. (cs) La pseudoarqueología, también conocida como arqueología fantástica, arqueología misteriosa, arqueología de culto y criptoarqueología, es el término con el que se conoce la arqueología pseudocientífica. La pseudoarqueología es el conjunto de hipótesis, excavaciones y restos arqueológicos que no se ajustan a la metodología arqueológica habitual. (es) Sasiarkeologia hitzarekin ohiko arkeologia metodologiaren arabera sortutako hipotesiak dira. Normalean, teoria hauek sasizientzian oinarritutako kontzeptuak erabiltzen dituzten ofizialki onartuak izan ez diren ideiak erakusteko. Sasiarkeologiak ez du, beraz, metodologia zientifikorik erabiltzen, haien azalpenak ezin dira frogatu eta diskurtso historiko ofizialarekin ez doa bat. Kontzeptu hau defitziteko ere beste hitzak erabili izan dira: Arkeologia fantastikoa, Kriptoarkeologia, Arkeologia misteriotsua... Prentsa horiak edo sentsazionalistak horrelako ideiak askotan zabaldu ditu erakargarriak baitira. Ziur aski teoria zabalduena gizakiaren historian estralurtarrek izan duten eraginaren ingurukoa da. Badira beste adibideak mugimendu politiko zehatzei indarra emateko sortutako ideia sasiark (eu) Pseudoarchaeology—also known as alternative archaeology, fringe archaeology, fantastic archaeology, cult archaeology, and spooky archaeology—is the interpretation of the past from outside the archaeological science community, which rejects the accepted data gathering and analytical methods of the discipline. These pseudoscientific interpretations involve the use of artifacts, sites or materials to construct scientifically insubstantial theories to supplement the pseudoarchaeologists' claims. Methods include exaggeration of evidence, dramatic or romanticized conclusions, use of fallacy, and fabrication of evidence. (en) Псевдоархеология (также «альтернативная археология», маргинальная археология — англ. fringe archaeology, фантастическая археология, культовая археология, любительская археология, народная археология — англ. popular archaeology) — совокупность претендующих на научность, но не являющихся научными литературно-публицистических сочинений и идей на археологические темы, созданных в основном непрофессионалами, которые отвергают научные методы сбора и анализа данных. Археолог Уильям Стибинг-младший и профессор антропологии Дин Сноу писали, что народная археология (псевдоархеология) представляет собой единое явление. Псевдоархеология привлекает широкие слои общества. (ru) |
| rdfs:label | Pseudoarchaeology (en) علم الآثار الزائف (ar) Pseudoarqueologia (ca) Pseudoarcheologie (cs) Ψευδοαρχαιολογία (el) Pseudoarqueología (es) Sasiarkeologia (eu) Archeologia misteriosa (it) Pseudoarchéologie (fr) 유사고고학 (ko) Pseudoarqueologia (pt) Псевдоархеология (ru) 伪考古学 (zh) |
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