Thin-film solar cell (original) (raw)
- رقائق خلايا شمسية في الفيزياء والكيمياء والطاقة المتجددة (بالإنجليزية:thin-film solar cell) هي خلية شمسية مصنوعة من عدة طبقات من الرقائق التي تعمل بالتأثير الضوء الجهدي لتحويل الطاقة الشمسية إلى طاقة كهربائية. ويختلف سمك الطبقات بين عدة نانومترات إلى عشرات ميكرون. تبتكر مواد تتميز بخاصية التأثير الضوء الجهدي وتختلف طرق ترسيب تلك المواد وتشكيلها في هيئة رقائق يسهل صنعها ويخفض من تكلفتها. وتصنف رقائق الخلايا الشمسية بحسب المادة المستخدمة في صناعتها والتي تتميز بخاصية التأثير الضوئي الكهربائي: * السيليكون اللابلوري (زجاجي) مثل رقائق السيليكون. * تيلوريد الكادميوم Cadmium Telluride * سيلينيد النحاس الجاليوم الإنديوم * خلايا ضوئية عضوية مثل Dye-sensitized solar cell أثبتت حتى الآن تركيبات من العناصر الآتية جدارتها في استغلال تأثير ضوء جهدي لإنتاج تيار كهربائي من أشعة الشمس الساقطة عليها.تتبع تلك العناصر المجموعة I (عناصر قلوية) والمجموعة III (عناصر قلوية أرضية) والمجموعة VI ، طبقا للجدول الدوري للعناصر. نجد الثلاثيات الآتية: * النحاس والفضة والذهب * الألمونيوم والجاليوم والإنديوم * الكبريت والسيلينيوم والتيلوريوم (ar)
- Una celda solar de película fina (thin-film solar cell, abreviadamente TFSC, en inglés), también denominada celda fotovoltaica de película delgada, es una celda solar que se fabrica mediante el depósito de una o más capas delgadas (película delgada) de material fotovoltaico en un sustrato. El rango de espesor de esta capa es muy amplio y varía desde unos pocos nanómetros a decenas de micrómetros. (es)
- A thin-film solar cell is a second generation solar cell that is made by depositing one or more thin layers, or thin film (TF) of photovoltaic material on a substrate, such as glass, plastic or metal. Thin-film solar cells are commercially used in several technologies, including cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), and amorphous thin-film silicon (a-Si, TF-Si). Film thickness varies from a few nanometers (nm) to tens of micrometers (µm), much thinner than thin-film's rival technology, the conventional, first-generation crystalline silicon solar cell (c-Si), that uses wafers of up to 200 µm thick. This allows thin film cells to be flexible, and lower in weight. It is used in building-integrated photovoltaics and as semi-transparent, photovoltaic glazing material that can be laminated onto windows. Other commercial applications use rigid thin film solar panels (interleaved between two panes of glass) in some of the world's largest photovoltaic power stations. Thin-film technology has always been cheaper but less efficient than conventional c-Si technology. However, it has significantly improved over the years. The lab cell efficiency for CdTe and CIGS is now beyond 21 percent, outperforming multicrystalline silicon, the dominant material currently used in most solar PV systems. Accelerated life testing of thin film modules under laboratory conditions measured a somewhat faster degradation compared to conventional PV, while a lifetime of 20 years or more is generally expected. Despite these enhancements, the market-share of thin-film never reached more than 20 percent in the last two decades and has been declining in recent years to about 9 percent of worldwide photovoltaic installations in 2013. Other thin-film technologies that are still in an early stage of ongoing research or with limited commercial availability are often classified as emerging or third generation photovoltaic cells and include organic, dye-sensitized, as well as quantum dot, copper zinc tin sulfide, nanocrystal, micromorph, and perovskite solar cells. (en)
- Un film photovoltaïque ou cellule solaire en couche mince ou encore couche mince photovoltaïque est une technologie de cellules photovoltaïques de deuxième génération, consistant à l'incorporation d'une ou plusieurs couches minces (ou TF pour (en) thin film) de matériau photovoltaïque sur un substrat, tel que du verre, du plastique ou du métal. Les couches minces photovoltaïques commercialisées actuellement utilisent plusieurs matières, notamment le tellurure de cadmium (de formule CdTe), le diséléniure de cuivre-indium-gallium (CIGS) et le silicium amorphe (a-Si, TF-Si). L'épaisseur du film varie de quelques nanomètres (nm) à quelques dizaines de micromètres (µm), ce qui demeure beaucoup plus fin que la technologie concurrente : la cellule solaire conventionnelle en silicium cristallin de première génération (c-Si) utilisant des plaques d'une épaisseur pouvant atteindre 200 µm. Cela permet aux cellules en film mince d'être flexibles et plus légères. Elles sont utilisées dans les systèmes photovoltaïques intégrés aux bâtiments et dans du vitrage photovoltaïque semi-transparent qui peut être laminé sur les fenêtres. D'autres applications commerciales utilisent des panneaux solaires rigides à couche mince (intercalés entre deux vitres) dans certaines des plus grandes centrales photovoltaïques du monde. La technologie des films photovoltaïques a jusque-là été moins chère mais moins efficace que la technologie c-Si conventionnelle. Cependant, elle s'est considérablement améliorée et l'efficacité des cellules en couche de tellurure de cadmium (CdTe) et diséléniure de cuivre-indium-gallium (CIGS) de laboratoire dépasse les 21 %, surpassant le silicium polycristallin, le matériau actuellementu dominant dans la plupart des systèmes solaires photovoltaïques. Les des dispositifs de couches minces dans des conditions de laboratoire ont montré une dégradation un peu plus rapide que celle du silicium, où une durée de 20 ans ou plus est généralement attendue. Malgré ces améliorations, la part de marché des couches minces n'a jamais atteint plus de 20 % au cours des deux dernières décennies. et a diminué ces dernières années à environ 9 % des installations photovoltaïques mondiales en 2013. D'autres technologies de films photovoltaïques encore au stade de la recherche ou d'une disponibilité commerciale limitée sont souvent désignées comme cellules photovoltaïques émergentes ou de et comprennent des cellules solaires organiques, sensibilisées par un colorant, ainsi que des boites quantiques, du sulfure de cuivre zinc étain, des nanocristaux, des micromorphes et des pérovskites. (fr)
- Uma célula solar de filme fino (thin-filme solar cell, abreviadamente TFSC, em inglês), também denominada célula fotovoltaica de filme fino, é uma célula solar que se fabrica mediante o depósito de uma ou mais capas finas (filme fino) de material fotovoltaico num substrato. A faixa de espessura desta capa é muito amplo e varia desde uns poucos nanómetros a dezenas de micrómetros. (pt)
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- Thin-film solar cells, a second generation of photovoltaic solar cells: * Top: thin-film silicon laminates being installed onto a roof. * Middle: CIGS solar cell on a flexible plastic backing and rigid CdTe panels mounted on a supporting structure * Bottom: thin-film laminates on rooftops (en)
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- Una celda solar de película fina (thin-film solar cell, abreviadamente TFSC, en inglés), también denominada celda fotovoltaica de película delgada, es una celda solar que se fabrica mediante el depósito de una o más capas delgadas (película delgada) de material fotovoltaico en un sustrato. El rango de espesor de esta capa es muy amplio y varía desde unos pocos nanómetros a decenas de micrómetros. (es)
- Uma célula solar de filme fino (thin-filme solar cell, abreviadamente TFSC, em inglês), também denominada célula fotovoltaica de filme fino, é uma célula solar que se fabrica mediante o depósito de uma ou mais capas finas (filme fino) de material fotovoltaico num substrato. A faixa de espessura desta capa é muito amplo e varia desde uns poucos nanómetros a dezenas de micrómetros. (pt)
- رقائق خلايا شمسية في الفيزياء والكيمياء والطاقة المتجددة (بالإنجليزية:thin-film solar cell) هي خلية شمسية مصنوعة من عدة طبقات من الرقائق التي تعمل بالتأثير الضوء الجهدي لتحويل الطاقة الشمسية إلى طاقة كهربائية. ويختلف سمك الطبقات بين عدة نانومترات إلى عشرات ميكرون. تبتكر مواد تتميز بخاصية التأثير الضوء الجهدي وتختلف طرق ترسيب تلك المواد وتشكيلها في هيئة رقائق يسهل صنعها ويخفض من تكلفتها. وتصنف رقائق الخلايا الشمسية بحسب المادة المستخدمة في صناعتها والتي تتميز بخاصية التأثير الضوئي الكهربائي: نجد الثلاثيات الآتية: (ar)
- A thin-film solar cell is a second generation solar cell that is made by depositing one or more thin layers, or thin film (TF) of photovoltaic material on a substrate, such as glass, plastic or metal. Thin-film solar cells are commercially used in several technologies, including cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), and amorphous thin-film silicon (a-Si, TF-Si). (en)
- Un film photovoltaïque ou cellule solaire en couche mince ou encore couche mince photovoltaïque est une technologie de cellules photovoltaïques de deuxième génération, consistant à l'incorporation d'une ou plusieurs couches minces (ou TF pour (en) thin film) de matériau photovoltaïque sur un substrat, tel que du verre, du plastique ou du métal. Les couches minces photovoltaïques commercialisées actuellement utilisent plusieurs matières, notamment le tellurure de cadmium (de formule CdTe), le diséléniure de cuivre-indium-gallium (CIGS) et le silicium amorphe (a-Si, TF-Si). (fr)
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