Torture Memos (original) (raw)
I Torture Memos (memorandum sulle pratiche di tortura), anche noti come Memorandum Bybee o Parere sugli interrogatori 8 gennaio 2002, sono una serie di memorandum redatti nel 2002, durante la presidenza di George W. Bush. La stesura avvenne ad opera del vice-Assistente del Procuratore generale degli Stati Uniti d'America, e sottoscritti dall'Assistente Procuratore Generale a capo dell' (la divisione del Dipartimento di Giustizia che assiste il Procuratore generale nella sua funzione di consulente legale del Presidente), .
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| dbo:abstract | Die Folter-Memos sind zwei Rechtsgutachten und ein Brief aus dem Jahr 2002, mit denen die US-Regierung unter George W. Bush den rechtlichen Rahmen für umstrittene Verhörmethoden ausdefinierte. Die beiden Autoren, John Yoo und , waren unter John Ashcroft als Rechtsberater im US-Justizministerium tätig. Im Krieg gegen den Terror wurden in der Folge die sogenannten erweiterten Verhörtechniken gegen Verdächtige angewandt, die allgemein als Folter bewertet werden, so zum Beispiel Waterboarding, Schläge, das erzwungene Verharren in und Schlafentzug (bis zu 180 Stunden). Hierbei wurde im Gefangenenlager der Guantanamo Bay Naval Base und in geheimen Gefängnissen unter anderem die Genfer Konvention umgangen. Später wurden unter dem Begriff auch noch weitere Schriftstücke zusammengefasst. Im Rahmen des Folterskandals Abu Ghuraib kamen die Memos an die Öffentlichkeit. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt hatte bereits , Bybees Nachfolger als Vorsitzender im Office of Legal Counsel, die Memos zurückgezogen. Intern wurde er dafür so heftig kritisiert, dass er nach nur zehn Monaten im Amt seinen Rücktritt einreichte. Inwieweit George W. Bush selbst in die Folterstrategie der CIA und des US-Verteidigungsministeriums eingebunden war, blieb umstritten. John Yoo rechtfertigte seine Gutachten auch noch Jahre später. (de) Les mémos de la torture, parfois appelés mémos Bybee sont un ensemble de mémorandums rédigés aux États-Unis par le procureur général assistant John Yoo et signés par le procureur général assistant (en). Ces mémos conseillaient à la CIA, au département de la Défense des États-Unis ainsi qu’au président des États-Unis, George W. Bush, l’usage d’épreuves mentales et physiques (techniques d'interrogatoire renforcées) telles que la privation de sommeil, les postures stressantes, le waterboarding, en soutenant que certains actes généralement considérés comme de la torture pouvaient être légalement autorisés par le biais d'une interprétation large de l’autorité présidentielle pendant la guerre contre le terrorisme. Ces mémos ont été l’objet d’une intense controverse pendant quelques années et ont été finalement rejetés par le président Barack Obama en 2009. (fr) La expresión memorandos sobre tortura se aplicó originalmente a un conjunto de memorandos de carácter legal, redactados por John Yoo, entonces fiscal general adjunto de los Estados Unidos y firmados en agosto de 2002 por el asistente fiscal general , titular de la Oficina de Asesoría Legal del Departamento de Justicia de los Estados Unidos. Mediante estos 'memos', se aconsejaba a la Agencia Central de Inteligencia, al Departamento de Defensa de Estados Unidos y al presidente en el uso de técnicas de interrogatorio mejoradas: tormento y coacción mental y físico, como la prolongada privación del sueño, la permanencia en posición incómoda, y el submarino. Además, se afirmaba que este tipo de actos, ampliamente considerado como tortura, pueden ser legalmente permisibles bajo una interpretación amplia de la autoridad presidencial durante la "Guerra contra el Terrorismo". Después del escándalo por la Tortura y abuso de prisioneros en Abu Ghraib en Irak, en junio de 2004 uno de los memos se filtró a la prensa. Jack Goldsmith, entonces jefe de la Oficina de Asesoría Legal, ya había retirado las notas de Yoo y aconsejó a las agencias no basarse en ellas. Después de que Goldsmith fuera obligado a renunciar debido a sus objeciones, el fiscal general John Ashcroft emitió una opinión de un párrafo, autorizando nuevamente el uso de la tortura. Luego, en diciembre de 2004, otro jefe de la Oficina de Asesoría Legal reafirmó las opiniones legales originales. En mayo de 2005 la CIA pidió nuevas opiniones legales sobre las técnicas de interrogatorio que estaba usando. Durante ese mes, la Oficina de Asesoría Legal emitió tres memorandos, con la firma de Steven G. Bradbury, afirmando la legalidad de las técnicas autorizadas, en tanto los agentes se mantuvieran dentro de ciertos límites. Además de estos memorandos emitidos por la Oficina de Asesoría Legal de las agencias ejecutivas, se redactaron varios memorandos internos relacionados con el uso de la tortura en los interrogatorios de los detenidos; por ejemplo, en los años 2002 y 2003, Donald Rumsfeld, entonces secretario de Defensa, firmó varios memorandos autorizando "planes especiales de interrogatorio" que se aplicarían a detenidos específicos retenidos en la Bahía de Guantánamo, en un intento de obtener más información. Todos estos memorandos han sido el centro de una controversia considerable sobre el poder ejecutivo, las prácticas de gobierno y el tratamiento de los detenidos durante la presidencia de George W. Bush. El presidente Barack Obama expresó su repudio el 22 de enero de 2009, poco después de que asumiera la presidencia. (es) A set of legal memoranda known as the "Torture Memos" (officially the Memorandum Regarding Military Interrogation of Alien Unlawful Combatants Held Outside The United States) were drafted by John Yoo as Deputy Assistant Attorney General of the United States and signed in August 2002 by Assistant Attorney General Jay S. Bybee, head of the Office of Legal Counsel of the United States Department of Justice. They advised the Central Intelligence Agency, the United States Department of Defense, and the President on the use of enhanced interrogation techniques: mental and physical torment and coercion such as prolonged sleep deprivation, binding in stress positions, and waterboarding, and stated that such acts, widely regarded as torture, might be legally permissible under an expansive interpretation of presidential authority during the "War on Terror". Following accounts of the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal in Iraq, one of the memos was leaked to the press in June 2004. Jack Goldsmith, then head of the Office of Legal Counsel, had already withdrawn the Yoo memos and advised agencies not to rely on them. After Goldsmith was forced to resign because of his objections, Attorney General Ashcroft issued a one paragraph opinion re-authorizing the use of torture. Then in December 2004, another head of OLC reaffirmed the original legal opinions. In May 2005, the CIA requested new legal opinions about the interrogation techniques it was using. The OLC issued three memos that month, signed by Steven G. Bradbury, ruling on the legality of the authorized techniques if agents followed certain constraints. In addition to these memos issued by the OLC to executive agencies, internal memos were written related to the use of torture in interrogation of detainees; for instance, in 2002 and 2003, Donald Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense, signed several memos authorizing "Special Interrogation Plans" for specific detainees held at Guantanamo Bay in an attempt to gain more information from them. All of these memoranda have been the focus of considerable controversy over executive power, government practices, and the treatment of detainees during the George W. Bush administration. The orders were rescinded by President Barack Obama on January 22, 2009, shortly after he took office. (en) I Torture Memos (memorandum sulle pratiche di tortura), anche noti come Memorandum Bybee o Parere sugli interrogatori 8 gennaio 2002, sono una serie di memorandum redatti nel 2002, durante la presidenza di George W. Bush. La stesura avvenne ad opera del vice-Assistente del Procuratore generale degli Stati Uniti d'America, e sottoscritti dall'Assistente Procuratore Generale a capo dell' (la divisione del Dipartimento di Giustizia che assiste il Procuratore generale nella sua funzione di consulente legale del Presidente), . (it) |
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| rdfs:comment | I Torture Memos (memorandum sulle pratiche di tortura), anche noti come Memorandum Bybee o Parere sugli interrogatori 8 gennaio 2002, sono una serie di memorandum redatti nel 2002, durante la presidenza di George W. Bush. La stesura avvenne ad opera del vice-Assistente del Procuratore generale degli Stati Uniti d'America, e sottoscritti dall'Assistente Procuratore Generale a capo dell' (la divisione del Dipartimento di Giustizia che assiste il Procuratore generale nella sua funzione di consulente legale del Presidente), . (it) Die Folter-Memos sind zwei Rechtsgutachten und ein Brief aus dem Jahr 2002, mit denen die US-Regierung unter George W. Bush den rechtlichen Rahmen für umstrittene Verhörmethoden ausdefinierte. Die beiden Autoren, John Yoo und , waren unter John Ashcroft als Rechtsberater im US-Justizministerium tätig. Im Krieg gegen den Terror wurden in der Folge die sogenannten erweiterten Verhörtechniken gegen Verdächtige angewandt, die allgemein als Folter bewertet werden, so zum Beispiel Waterboarding, Schläge, das erzwungene Verharren in und Schlafentzug (bis zu 180 Stunden). Hierbei wurde im Gefangenenlager der Guantanamo Bay Naval Base und in geheimen Gefängnissen unter anderem die Genfer Konvention umgangen. Später wurden unter dem Begriff auch noch weitere Schriftstücke zusammengefasst. (de) La expresión memorandos sobre tortura se aplicó originalmente a un conjunto de memorandos de carácter legal, redactados por John Yoo, entonces fiscal general adjunto de los Estados Unidos y firmados en agosto de 2002 por el asistente fiscal general , titular de la Oficina de Asesoría Legal del Departamento de Justicia de los Estados Unidos. Mediante estos 'memos', se aconsejaba a la Agencia Central de Inteligencia, al Departamento de Defensa de Estados Unidos y al presidente en el uso de técnicas de interrogatorio mejoradas: tormento y coacción mental y físico, como la prolongada privación del sueño, la permanencia en posición incómoda, y el submarino. Además, se afirmaba que este tipo de actos, ampliamente considerado como tortura, pueden ser legalmente permisibles bajo una interpretación (es) Les mémos de la torture, parfois appelés mémos Bybee sont un ensemble de mémorandums rédigés aux États-Unis par le procureur général assistant John Yoo et signés par le procureur général assistant (en). Ces mémos conseillaient à la CIA, au département de la Défense des États-Unis ainsi qu’au président des États-Unis, George W. Bush, l’usage d’épreuves mentales et physiques (techniques d'interrogatoire renforcées) telles que la privation de sommeil, les postures stressantes, le waterboarding, en soutenant que certains actes généralement considérés comme de la torture pouvaient être légalement autorisés par le biais d'une interprétation large de l’autorité présidentielle pendant la guerre contre le terrorisme. (fr) A set of legal memoranda known as the "Torture Memos" (officially the Memorandum Regarding Military Interrogation of Alien Unlawful Combatants Held Outside The United States) were drafted by John Yoo as Deputy Assistant Attorney General of the United States and signed in August 2002 by Assistant Attorney General Jay S. Bybee, head of the Office of Legal Counsel of the United States Department of Justice. They advised the Central Intelligence Agency, the United States Department of Defense, and the President on the use of enhanced interrogation techniques: mental and physical torment and coercion such as prolonged sleep deprivation, binding in stress positions, and waterboarding, and stated that such acts, widely regarded as torture, might be legally permissible under an expansive interpret (en) |
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