Tube Alloys (original) (raw)

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Tube Alloys war der Deckname eines geheimen Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprogramms des Vereinigten Königreiches und Kanadas zur Entwicklung von Kernwaffen während des Zweiten Weltkriegs. Das britisch-kanadische Tube Alloys Projekt war weltweit das erste Forschungsprojekt für Kernwaffen, es war ein Vorläufer des amerikanischen Manhattan Project.

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dbo:abstract سبائك الأنابيب هو الاسم الحركي لمشروع بحث وتطوير سري، أطلقته المملكة المتحدة، بمشاركة من كندا، لتطوير سلاح نووي خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية. بدء هذا المشروع قبل مشروع مانهاتن في الولايات المتحدة، وظل يشار إليه بهذا الاسم الرمزي حتى داخل أعلى دوائر الحكومة. أدرك البريطانيون احتمالية إنتاج الأسلحة النووية في وقت مبكر من الحرب. وفي جامعة برمنغهام، كتب رودولف بيرلز مذكرة مشتركة وضّحا أن كتلة صغيرة من يورانيوم-235 الخالص يمكن استخدامها لإنتاج تفاعل متسلسل في قنبلة تعادل قوتها آلاف الأطنان من مادة TNT المتفجرة. استجابت الحكومة البريطانية للمذكرة، وشكّلت لجنة مود التي دعت لبذل جهود شاملة لتطوير أسلحة نووية. أشرف والاس أكرز على المشروع، واختار له اسم «سبائك الأنابيب» للتضليل. وأصبح مشروعه جزء من قسم البحوث العلمية والصناعية في المملكة المتحدة. يعد برنامج سبائك الأنابيب الذي أطلقته بريطانيا وكندا أول مشروع للأسلحة النووية. ونظرًا لتكلفته المرتفعة، ولكون بريطانيا كانت تخوض الحرب وهي ضمن مرمى قنابل أعدائها، اندمج مشروع سبائك الأنابيب في مشروع مانهاتن. ورغم أن اتفاقية كيبيك مع الولايات المتحدة نصّت على تبادل تقنية الأسلحة النووية، والامتناع عن استخدامها ضد بعضها البعض، أو ضد بلدان أخرى دون موافقة الطرفين، إلا أن تفاصيل المشروع لم تصل كاملة إلى المملكة المتحدة. حصل الاتحاد السوفيتي على معلومات قيمة من خلال جواسيسه الذريين، الذين تسللوا إلى كل من المشاريع البريطانية والأمريكية. أنهت الولايات المتحدة التعاون في هذا المشروع بعد انتهاء الحرب، مما دفع المملكة المتحدة إلى إعادة إطلاق مشروعها الخاص، فأنشئت منشآت إنتاج الأسلحة، وواصل العلماء البريطانيون عملهم في البرنامج البريطاني المستقل. وفي سنة 1952 م، قامت بريطانيا باختبار نووي تحت الاسم الرمزى «عملية الإعصار». في سنة 1958 م، بعد إعلان بريطانيا عن قنبلة هيدروجينية ذات مرحلتين، وقعت المملكة المتحدة والولايات المتحدة اتفاقية دفاع مشترك أسفرت عن استئناف بريطانيا أعمالها النووية الخاصة مع الولايات المتحدة. (ar) Με την κωδική ονομασία Τιούμπ κράματα, ή Κράματα Τιούμπ, εκ της αγγλικής Tube Alloys και κατά μετάφραση Σωληνοκράματα φερόταν η κυβερνητική απόρρητη έρευνα του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου με τη σύμπραξη του Καναδά για την ανάπτυξη του προγράμματος παραγωγής ατομικών όπλων, στο γενικότερο πυρηνικό πρόγραμμα της Μεγάλης Βρετανίας κατά τη διάρκεια του Β' Παγκοσμίου Πολέμου. Βάση των ερευνών του προγράμματος σωληνοκράματα ήταν το πλουτώνιο. Λόγω όμως του πολυδάπανου κόστους του προγράμματος αυτού οι Βρετανοί αναγκάστηκαν τελικά να συμπράξουν με τις ΗΠΑ με την λεγόμενη Συμφωνία του Κεμπέκ και το όλο πρόγραμμα να ενταχθεί στο αμερικανικό παράλληλο Πρόγραμμα Μανχάταν. Η Κωδική όμως ονομασία συνέχισε να παραμένει απόρρητη ακόμα και στους ανώτερους κυβερνητικούς κύκλους μέχρι τη λήξη του Β' Π.Π. και συγκεκριμένα και μετά τη ρίψη της δεύτερης ατομικής βόμβας στο Ναγκασάκι. Το "πρόγραμμα σωληνοκράματα" ακολούθως συνεχίστηκε αυτόνομα από τη Βρετανική κυβέρνηση. Η συνέχισή του αναλήφθηκε υπό τον βρετανικό στρατό και τη βασιλική βρετανική αεροπορία, όπου και πραγματοποίησε το 1952 την πρώτη πυρηνική δοκιμή και έξι χρόνια μετά στην κατασκευή της πρώτης θερμοπυρηνικής βόμβας. Το Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο συνέχισε να διατηρεί τη συνεργασία με τις ΗΠΑ σε επόμενες σχετικές συνθήκες. Σημειώνεται παρασκηνιακά ότι και τα δύο προγράμματα, (των Σωληνοκραμάτων και του Μανχάταν) είχαν λάβει υπόψη τους όλα τα δεδομένα των μέχρι των αρχών του πολέμου επιστημονικών επιτεύξεων των ατομικών ερευνών και ειδικότερα μετά την αποκάλυψη της πυρηνικής σχάσης από τον Γερμανό πυρηνικό χημικό Ότο Χαν και της συνεργάτιδάς του Λίζε Μάιτνερ, καθώς και εκείνων της λεγόμενης επιστημονικής ομάδας του Παρισιού. Τα δεδομένα όμως αυτά είχαν περιέλθει και στους Ρώσους με συνέπεια να ξεκινήσει ένας αγώνας ταχύτητας στην κατασκευή της ατομικής βόμβας μέσα σ΄ ένα τεράστιο κατ΄ ενάντιο κλίμα καχυποψίας αλλά και κατασκοπείας. Τελικά στον αγώνα εκείνο, όπως αποδείχθηκε προηγήθηκαν οι ΗΠΑ. (el) Tube Alloys war der Deckname eines geheimen Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprogramms des Vereinigten Königreiches und Kanadas zur Entwicklung von Kernwaffen während des Zweiten Weltkriegs. Das britisch-kanadische Tube Alloys Projekt war weltweit das erste Forschungsprojekt für Kernwaffen, es war ein Vorläufer des amerikanischen Manhattan Project. (de) Tube Alloys adalah sebuah nama kode program riset dan pengembangan rahasia, yang dinaungi oleh Britania Raya, dengan keikutsertaan Kanada, untuk mengembangkan senjata nuklir pada Perang Dunia Kedua. Dimulai sebelum Proyek Manhattan di Amerika Serikat, upaya Inggris tersebut masih dalam tahap klasifikasi dan disebut dengan kode tersebut dalam lingkup pemerintahan tertinggi. (in) Tube Alloys était le nom de code du programme d'arme nucléaire britannique pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, lorsque la possibilité même d'existence des armes nucléaires était tenue au plus haut niveau de secret. Il a été intégré au projet Manhattan américain. (fr) Tube Alloys was the research and development programme authorised by the United Kingdom, with participation from Canada, to develop nuclear weapons during the Second World War. Starting before the Manhattan Project in the United States, the British efforts were kept classified, and as such had to be referred to by code even within the highest circles of government. The possibility of nuclear weapons was acknowledged early in the war. At the University of Birmingham, Rudolf Peierls and Otto Robert Frisch co-wrote a memorandum explaining that a small mass of pure uranium-235 could be used to produce a chain reaction in a bomb with the power of thousands of tons of TNT. This led to the formation of the MAUD Committee, which called for an all-out effort to develop nuclear weapons. Wallace Akers, who oversaw the project, chose the deliberately misleading code name "Tube Alloys". His Tube Alloys Directorate was part of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. The Tube Alloys programme in Britain and Canada was the first nuclear weapons project. Due to the high costs, and the fact that Britain was fighting a war within bombing range of its enemies, Tube Alloys was ultimately subsumed into the Manhattan Project by the Quebec Agreement with the United States, under which the two nations agreed to share nuclear weapons technology, and to refrain from using it against each other, or against other countries without mutual consent; but the United States did not provide complete details of the results of the Manhattan Project to the United Kingdom. The Soviet Union gained valuable information through its atomic spies, who had infiltrated both the British and American projects. The United States terminated co-operation after the war ended with the Atomic Energy Act of 1946. This prompted the United Kingdom to relaunch its own project, High Explosive Research. Production facilities were established and British scientists continued their work under the auspices of an independent British programme. Finally, in 1952, Britain performed a nuclear test under codename "Operation Hurricane". In 1958, in the wake of the Sputnik crisis and the British demonstration of a two-stage thermonuclear bomb, the United Kingdom and the United States signed US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement, which resulted in a resumption of Britain's nuclear Special Relationship with the United States. (en) Tube Alloys era un criptonimo usato durante la seconda guerra mondiale per indicare le armi nucleari, in un'epoca in cui la semplice possibilità di ottenere un'arma nucleare era tenuta a un livello di segretezza così alto che vi veniva fatto riferimento con un criptonimo anche nelle più alte sfere del governo statunitense. L'utilizzo più noto del termine fu fatto in una sezione dell', tra Franklin D. Roosevelt e Winston Churchill, del 19 agosto 1943, formalmente intitolato "Articoli di accordo governanti la collaborazione tra le autorità degli U.S.A. e del Regno Unito, sulla questione dei Tube Alloys". È anche il nome informale usato per il progetto atomico britannico, condotto in collaborazione col Canada durante la seconda guerra mondiale, che alla fine fu integrato nel Progetto Manhattan statunitense. Più avanti, nel corso della guerra, tube alloy finì per riferirsi nello specifico all'elemento sintetico plutonio, la cui semplice esistenza fu tenuta segreta fino al suo uso nella bomba atomica di Nagasaki. (it) 튜브 앨로이스(영어: Tube Alloys)는 특수강관(特殊鋼管)을 가리키며 제2차 세계대전에서부터 1950년대 초까지 영국 육군에 의해 진행된 핵무기 개발 계획이다. 제2차 세계대전 동안에는 미국의 맨해튼 계획과 공조하였으며, 전후 독자적으로 핵무기 개발을 계속하여 1952년에 을 통해 핵실험에 성공하였다. (ko) チューブ・アロイズ(英: Tube Alloys)は、第二次世界大戦中のイギリスの核兵器開発計画のコードネームである。英米の高官の間で核兵器開発の可能性を高レベルの秘密として管理していた際に、このコードネームが使用された。チューブ・アロイズは最初の核兵器開発プロジェクトで、その後アメリカのマンハッタン計画に引き継がれた。この計画の元はフランスとドイツにあった。 (ja) Tube Alloys – kryptonim programu budowy broni jądrowej prowadzonego w Wielkiej Brytanii podczas II wojny światowej. (pl) Tube Alloys foi o codinome do programa de pesquisa e desenvolvimento autorizado pelo Reino Unido, com participação do Canadá, para desenvolver armas nucleares durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Começando antes do Projeto Manhattan, nos Estados Unidos, os esforços britânicos foram mantidos em segredo e, como tal, tiveram que ser referidos por códigos, mesmo dentro dos mais altos círculos de governo. A possibilidade de armas nucleares foi reconhecida no início da guerra. Na Universidade de Birmingham, Rudolf Peierls e Otto Frisch co-escreveram um memorando em que explicam que uma pequena massa de urânio-235 puro poderia ser usada para produzir uma reação em cadeia em uma bomba com o poder de milhares de toneladas de TNT. Isso levou à formação do Comitê MAUD, que pediu um esforço total para desenvolver armas nucleares. Wallace Akers, que supervisionou o projeto, escolheu o nome deliberadamente enganoso "Tube Alloys". Sua Diretoria da Tube Alloys fazia parte do Departamento de Pesquisa Científica e Industrial. O programa Tube Alloys na Grã-Bretanha e no Canadá foi o primeiro projeto de armas nucleares do mundo. Devido aos altos custos e ao fato de que a Grã-Bretanha estava combatendo dentro do alcance de seus inimigos, o Tube Alloys foi finalmente incluído no Projeto Manhattan pelo com os Estados Unidos, sob o qual as duas nações concordaram em compartilhar armas nucleares e tecnologia e abster-se de usá-la uns contra os outros, ou contra outros países sem consentimento mútuo; mas os Estados Unidos não forneceram detalhes completos dos resultados do Projeto Manhattan para o Reino Unido. A União Soviética obteve informações valiosas através de seus espiões atômicos, que haviam se infiltrado nos projetos britânico e norte-americano. Os Estados Unidos terminaram a cooperação depois que a guerra terminou com a Lei de Energia Atômica de 1946. Isso levou o Reino Unido a relançar seu próprio projeto, a High Explosive Research. As instalações de produção foram estabelecidas e os cientistas britânicos continuaram seu trabalho sob os auspícios de um programa britânico independente. Finalmente, em 1952, a Grã-Bretanha realizou um teste nuclear sob codinome "Operação Hurricane". Em 1958, na esteira da Crise do Sputnik e da demonstração britânica de uma bomba termonuclear de dois estágios, o Reino Unido e os Estados Unidos assinaram o Acordo de Defesa Mútua EUA-Reino Unido, que resultou na retomada do chamado "relacionamento especial" entre os dois países. (pt) 合金管工程（英語：Tube Alloys）是英國政府與加拿大政府在第二次世界大戰期間研發與製造原子彈的一項大型軍事工程計劃代號。合金管工程與曼哈頓計劃於1942年開始。在第二次世界大戰結束後，合金管工程是指元素钚，直到它使用於長崎原子彈之前都是機密。 英國和加拿大的合金管工程是第一個核子武器研究，但是由于资源紧缺，在1943年8月魁北克协定签署后，被納入美國為首的曼哈頓計劃。儘管英國與美國達成協議，曼哈頓計劃的細節並沒有完全向英國提供。蘇聯則透過間諜克勞斯·富赫斯等人，獲得有價值的資訊，科學數據和研究資料，研發出原子彈與氫彈。促使英國重新推出自己的計畫以追趕蘇聯和美國。 英國在1952年，首次進行颶風行動。1958年，兩個階段熱核（裂變-聚變）炸彈試爆成功後，英國和美國簽署協議，英國恢復與美國合作。 (zh)
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rdfs:comment Tube Alloys war der Deckname eines geheimen Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprogramms des Vereinigten Königreiches und Kanadas zur Entwicklung von Kernwaffen während des Zweiten Weltkriegs. Das britisch-kanadische Tube Alloys Projekt war weltweit das erste Forschungsprojekt für Kernwaffen, es war ein Vorläufer des amerikanischen Manhattan Project. (de) Tube Alloys adalah sebuah nama kode program riset dan pengembangan rahasia, yang dinaungi oleh Britania Raya, dengan keikutsertaan Kanada, untuk mengembangkan senjata nuklir pada Perang Dunia Kedua. Dimulai sebelum Proyek Manhattan di Amerika Serikat, upaya Inggris tersebut masih dalam tahap klasifikasi dan disebut dengan kode tersebut dalam lingkup pemerintahan tertinggi. (in) Tube Alloys était le nom de code du programme d'arme nucléaire britannique pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, lorsque la possibilité même d'existence des armes nucléaires était tenue au plus haut niveau de secret. Il a été intégré au projet Manhattan américain. (fr) 튜브 앨로이스(영어: Tube Alloys)는 특수강관(特殊鋼管)을 가리키며 제2차 세계대전에서부터 1950년대 초까지 영국 육군에 의해 진행된 핵무기 개발 계획이다. 제2차 세계대전 동안에는 미국의 맨해튼 계획과 공조하였으며, 전후 독자적으로 핵무기 개발을 계속하여 1952년에 을 통해 핵실험에 성공하였다. (ko) チューブ・アロイズ(英: Tube Alloys)は、第二次世界大戦中のイギリスの核兵器開発計画のコードネームである。英米の高官の間で核兵器開発の可能性を高レベルの秘密として管理していた際に、このコードネームが使用された。チューブ・アロイズは最初の核兵器開発プロジェクトで、その後アメリカのマンハッタン計画に引き継がれた。この計画の元はフランスとドイツにあった。 (ja) Tube Alloys – kryptonim programu budowy broni jądrowej prowadzonego w Wielkiej Brytanii podczas II wojny światowej. (pl) 合金管工程（英語：Tube Alloys）是英國政府與加拿大政府在第二次世界大戰期間研發與製造原子彈的一項大型軍事工程計劃代號。合金管工程與曼哈頓計劃於1942年開始。在第二次世界大戰結束後，合金管工程是指元素钚，直到它使用於長崎原子彈之前都是機密。 英國和加拿大的合金管工程是第一個核子武器研究，但是由于资源紧缺，在1943年8月魁北克协定签署后，被納入美國為首的曼哈頓計劃。儘管英國與美國達成協議，曼哈頓計劃的細節並沒有完全向英國提供。蘇聯則透過間諜克勞斯·富赫斯等人，獲得有價值的資訊，科學數據和研究資料，研發出原子彈與氫彈。促使英國重新推出自己的計畫以追趕蘇聯和美國。 英國在1952年，首次進行颶風行動。1958年，兩個階段熱核（裂變-聚變）炸彈試爆成功後，英國和美國簽署協議，英國恢復與美國合作。 (zh) سبائك الأنابيب هو الاسم الحركي لمشروع بحث وتطوير سري، أطلقته المملكة المتحدة، بمشاركة من كندا، لتطوير سلاح نووي خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية. بدء هذا المشروع قبل مشروع مانهاتن في الولايات المتحدة، وظل يشار إليه بهذا الاسم الرمزي حتى داخل أعلى دوائر الحكومة. أدرك البريطانيون احتمالية إنتاج الأسلحة النووية في وقت مبكر من الحرب. وفي جامعة برمنغهام، كتب رودولف بيرلز مذكرة مشتركة وضّحا أن كتلة صغيرة من يورانيوم-235 الخالص يمكن استخدامها لإنتاج تفاعل متسلسل في قنبلة تعادل قوتها آلاف الأطنان من مادة TNT المتفجرة. استجابت الحكومة البريطانية للمذكرة، وشكّلت لجنة مود التي دعت لبذل جهود شاملة لتطوير أسلحة نووية. أشرف والاس أكرز على المشروع، واختار له اسم «سبائك الأنابيب» للتضليل. وأصبح مشروعه جزء من قسم البحوث العلمية والصناعية في المملكة المتحدة. (ar) Με την κωδική ονομασία Τιούμπ κράματα, ή Κράματα Τιούμπ, εκ της αγγλικής Tube Alloys και κατά μετάφραση Σωληνοκράματα φερόταν η κυβερνητική απόρρητη έρευνα του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου με τη σύμπραξη του Καναδά για την ανάπτυξη του προγράμματος παραγωγής ατομικών όπλων, στο γενικότερο πυρηνικό πρόγραμμα της Μεγάλης Βρετανίας κατά τη διάρκεια του Β' Παγκοσμίου Πολέμου. Βάση των ερευνών του προγράμματος σωληνοκράματα ήταν το πλουτώνιο. (el) Tube Alloys was the research and development programme authorised by the United Kingdom, with participation from Canada, to develop nuclear weapons during the Second World War. Starting before the Manhattan Project in the United States, the British efforts were kept classified, and as such had to be referred to by code even within the highest circles of government. (en) Tube Alloys era un criptonimo usato durante la seconda guerra mondiale per indicare le armi nucleari, in un'epoca in cui la semplice possibilità di ottenere un'arma nucleare era tenuta a un livello di segretezza così alto che vi veniva fatto riferimento con un criptonimo anche nelle più alte sfere del governo statunitense. L'utilizzo più noto del termine fu fatto in una sezione dell', tra Franklin D. Roosevelt e Winston Churchill, del 19 agosto 1943, formalmente intitolato "Articoli di accordo governanti la collaborazione tra le autorità degli U.S.A. e del Regno Unito, sulla questione dei Tube Alloys". (it) Tube Alloys foi o codinome do programa de pesquisa e desenvolvimento autorizado pelo Reino Unido, com participação do Canadá, para desenvolver armas nucleares durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Começando antes do Projeto Manhattan, nos Estados Unidos, os esforços britânicos foram mantidos em segredo e, como tal, tiveram que ser referidos por códigos, mesmo dentro dos mais altos círculos de governo. (pt)
rdfs:label سبائك الأنابيب (ar) Tube Alloys (de) Tube Alloys (el) Tube Alloys (fr) Tube Alloys (in) Tube Alloys (it) チューブ・アロイズ (ja) 튜브 앨로이스 (ko) Tube Alloys (pl) Tube Alloys (pt) Tube Alloys (en) 合金管工程 (zh)
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