War Industries Board (original) (raw)
War Industries Board – amerykańska agencja rządowa istniejąca od 28 lipca 1917 roku do 30 listopada 1918 roku, której zadaniem była organizacja i koordynacja pracy przemysłu amerykańskiego na rzecz wygrania I wojny światowej.
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| dbo:abstract | Il War Industries Board (WIB) fu un'agenzia governativa degli Stati Uniti, creata dal Council of National Defense il 28 luglio 1917 a Washington, con il mandato di coordinare gli acquisti di materiale bellico fra il Dipartimento della Marina e il Dipartimento della Guerra (chiamato anche Dipartimento dell'Esercito), durante la prima guerra mondiale. Essa nacque dalla riorganizzazione e dal rafforzamento dei poteri di un precedente General Munitions Board, che ebbe un'esistenza molto breve, ma non altrettanto rilevante come quella del WIB. Quest'ultimo, a sua volta, anticipò la nascita della durante il New Deal di Roosevelt, quale esempio di cooperazione pubblico-privato e di pianificazione economico-militare centralizzata. In seconda istanza, il WIB fu il precursoree di ciò che a partire dal 1947 sarebbe stato il Pentagono, vale a dire uno strumento di cooperazione interno alle due principali Forze Armate statunitensi (in tema di appalti). (it) The War Industries Board (WIB) was a United States government agency established on July 28, 1917, during World War I, to coordinate the purchase of war supplies between the War Department (Department of the Army) and the Navy Department. Because the United States Department of Defense (The Pentagon) would only come into existence in 1947, this was an ad hoc construction to promote cooperation between the Army and the Navy (with regard to procurement), it was founded by the Council of National Defense (which on its turn came into existence by the appropriation bill of August 1916). The War Industries Board was preceded by the General Munitions Board —which didn't have the authority it needed and was later strengthened and transformed into the WIB. The board was led initially by Frank A. Scott, who had previously been head of the General Munitions Board. He was replaced in November by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad president Daniel Willard. Finally, in January 1918, the board was reorganized under the leadership of financier Bernard M. Baruch. The organization encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency and urged them to eliminate waste by standardizing products. The board set production quotas and allocated raw materials. It also conducted psychological testing to help people find the right jobs. The WIB dealt with labor-management disputes resulting from increased demand for products during World War I. The government could not negotiate prices and could not handle worker strikes, so the War Industries Board regulated the two to decrease tensions by stopping strikes with wage increases to prevent a shortage of supplies going to the war in Europe. Under the War Industries Board, industrial production in the U.S. increased 20 percent. The vast majority of the war material, however, was produced too late to do any good. The War Industries Board was decommissioned by an executive order on January 1, 1919. With the war mobilization conducted under the supervision of the War Industries Board, unprecedented fortunes fell upon war producers and certain holders of raw materials and patents. Hearings in 1934 by the Nye Committee led by U.S. Senator Gerald Nye were intended to hold war profiteers to account. Despite its relatively brief existence, the WIB was a major step in the development of national planning and government-business cooperation in the United States, and its precedents —like the National Recovery Administration— were influential during the New Deal and World War II. (en) War Industries Board – amerykańska agencja rządowa istniejąca od 28 lipca 1917 roku do 30 listopada 1918 roku, której zadaniem była organizacja i koordynacja pracy przemysłu amerykańskiego na rzecz wygrania I wojny światowej. (pl) O War Industries Board (WIB) foi uma agência do governo dos Estados Unidos criada em 28 de julho de 1917, durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, para coordenar a compra de suprimentos de guerra entre o Departamento de Guerra (Departamento do Exército) e o Departamento da Marinha. Porque o Departamento de Defesa dos Estados Unidos (O Pentágono) só viria a existir em 1947, esta foi uma organização ad hoc para promover a cooperação entre o Exército e a Marinha (no que diz respeito às compras), foi fundado pelo Conselho da Defesa Nacional (que por sua vez passou a existir pelo projeto de lei de apropriação de agosto de 1916). O War Industries Board foi precedido pelo Conselho Geral de Munições - que não tinha a autoridade necessária e mais tarde foi fortalecido e transformado no WIB. (pt) |
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| dbo:dissolutionYear | 1919-01-01 (xsd:gYear) |
| dbo:formationDate | 1917-07-08 (xsd:date) |
| dbo:formationYear | 1917-01-01 (xsd:gYear) |
| dbo:thumbnail | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/War_Industries_Board_1917.jpg?width=300 |
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| dbp:agencyName | War Industries Board (en) |
| dbp:dissolved | 1919-01-01 (xsd:date) |
| dbp:formed | 1917-07-08 (xsd:date) |
| dbp:headquarters | Washington D.C. (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | War Industries Board – amerykańska agencja rządowa istniejąca od 28 lipca 1917 roku do 30 listopada 1918 roku, której zadaniem była organizacja i koordynacja pracy przemysłu amerykańskiego na rzecz wygrania I wojny światowej. (pl) O War Industries Board (WIB) foi uma agência do governo dos Estados Unidos criada em 28 de julho de 1917, durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, para coordenar a compra de suprimentos de guerra entre o Departamento de Guerra (Departamento do Exército) e o Departamento da Marinha. Porque o Departamento de Defesa dos Estados Unidos (O Pentágono) só viria a existir em 1947, esta foi uma organização ad hoc para promover a cooperação entre o Exército e a Marinha (no que diz respeito às compras), foi fundado pelo Conselho da Defesa Nacional (que por sua vez passou a existir pelo projeto de lei de apropriação de agosto de 1916). O War Industries Board foi precedido pelo Conselho Geral de Munições - que não tinha a autoridade necessária e mais tarde foi fortalecido e transformado no WIB. (pt) The War Industries Board (WIB) was a United States government agency established on July 28, 1917, during World War I, to coordinate the purchase of war supplies between the War Department (Department of the Army) and the Navy Department. Because the United States Department of Defense (The Pentagon) would only come into existence in 1947, this was an ad hoc construction to promote cooperation between the Army and the Navy (with regard to procurement), it was founded by the Council of National Defense (which on its turn came into existence by the appropriation bill of August 1916). The War Industries Board was preceded by the General Munitions Board —which didn't have the authority it needed and was later strengthened and transformed into the WIB. (en) Il War Industries Board (WIB) fu un'agenzia governativa degli Stati Uniti, creata dal Council of National Defense il 28 luglio 1917 a Washington, con il mandato di coordinare gli acquisti di materiale bellico fra il Dipartimento della Marina e il Dipartimento della Guerra (chiamato anche Dipartimento dell'Esercito), durante la prima guerra mondiale. (it) |
| rdfs:label | War Industries Board (it) War Industries Board (pl) War Industries Board (pt) War Industries Board (en) |
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