Xhosa Wars (original) (raw)

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Ο πόλεμος των Κάφρων ή Πόλεμος των συνόρων του Ακρωτηρίου (1779-1879) υπήρξε ο πιο μακροετής αγώνας των αφρικανικών λαών ενάντια στην ευρωπαϊκή εισβολή. Ξεκίνησε όταν πλέον ο πληθυσμός των Κόσα, που κατοικούσαν στο ανατολικό τμήμα του Ακρωτηρίου της Νότιας Αφρικής, αυξήθηκε τόσο, ώστε να αναγκαστούν να προχωρήσουν προς τον Νότο. Την ίδια εποχή οι Ευρωπαίοι άποικοι του Ακρωτηρίου της Νότιας Αφρικής πήγαιναν προς Βορρά σε αναζήτηση αρόσιμης γης. Η συνάντησή τους οδήγησε σε σύγκρουση και για έναν αιώνα περίπου βρίσκονταν σε συνεχή πόλεμο μεταξύ τους, ο οποίος έληξε με την προσάρτηση των εδαφών των Κόσα στην αποικία του Ακρωτηρίου και στην ενσωμάτωση των κατοίκων τους.

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dbo:abstract حروب كوسيون (تُدعى أيضًا حروب كيپ الحدودية أو حروب الأعوام المئة الأفريقية) هي سلسلة من 9 حروب أو اندلاعات عنف من عام 1779 إلى عام 1879، بين مملكة كوسيون والمستوطنين الأوروبيين، في ما يُدعى الآن كيپ الشرقية بجنوب أفريقيا. كانت تلك الأحداث أطول حدث عسكري في تاريخ استعمار أفريقيا. في واقع الصراعات بين الأوروبيين ومملكة كوسيون حالة من التوتر المتزن. ففي بعض الأحيان نشبت تَوترات بين مختلف الأوروبيين في منطقة كيب، ونشبت كذلك بين حكومة الإمبراطورية وحكومات المستعمرات، وأيضًا في مملكة كوسيون، منها ثوران الزعماء بعضهم على بعض، في ثورات كانت في صالح الأوروبيين الذين استغلوها للتدخل في سياسات كوسيون. من أفضل الأمثلة على هذا ما حدث بين الزعيم إنجيكا وعمه الزعيم إندلامبه. (ar) Ο πόλεμος των Κάφρων ή Πόλεμος των συνόρων του Ακρωτηρίου (1779-1879) υπήρξε ο πιο μακροετής αγώνας των αφρικανικών λαών ενάντια στην ευρωπαϊκή εισβολή. Ξεκίνησε όταν πλέον ο πληθυσμός των Κόσα, που κατοικούσαν στο ανατολικό τμήμα του Ακρωτηρίου της Νότιας Αφρικής, αυξήθηκε τόσο, ώστε να αναγκαστούν να προχωρήσουν προς τον Νότο. Την ίδια εποχή οι Ευρωπαίοι άποικοι του Ακρωτηρίου της Νότιας Αφρικής πήγαιναν προς Βορρά σε αναζήτηση αρόσιμης γης. Η συνάντησή τους οδήγησε σε σύγκρουση και για έναν αιώνα περίπου βρίσκονταν σε συνεχή πόλεμο μεταξύ τους, ο οποίος έληξε με την προσάρτηση των εδαφών των Κόσα στην αποικία του Ακρωτηρίου και στην ενσωμάτωση των κατοίκων τους. (el) Die Grenzkriege, auch Kapgrenzkriege, Xhosakriege oder – veraltet – Kaffernkriege genannt, waren neun aufeinanderfolgende Kriege zwischen Xhosa und europäischstämmigen Siedlern der Kapkolonie in der heutigen südafrikanischen Provinz Ostkap. Sie fanden zwischen 1779 und 1879 statt. Im Vierten Grenzkrieg nutzten die Xhosa erstmals Feuerwaffen, später auch Guerillataktiken. Trotzdem verloren sie schrittweise ihr Territorium und wurden Teil des britischen Empire, dessen Kriegseintritt den Beginn des modernen Kolonialismus in Afrika markiert. Das Kriegsziel der Kap-Truppen war die Gewinnung von Siedlungsraum und die Vertreibung der dort lebenden Xhosa. Zu den Kriegsparteien gehörten neben Xhosa und Briten Buren, Khoikhoi und andere Ethnien. So kämpften die Mfengu, die heute zu den Xhosa zählen, auf Seiten der Siedler. (de) Las llamadas Guerras Xhosa, también llamadas Guerras de la Frontera del Cabo, fueron una serie de conflictos, en total nueve, librados entre 1779 y 1879 en lo que hoy es la Provincia Oriental del Cabo, Sudáfrica. Por su larga extensión han sido llamadas ocasionalmente la Guerra de los Cien Años Africana, entre los xhosa (o xosas) y los colonos europeos. Las guerras vieron el comienzo del uso de armas de fuego por los xhosa. Sin embargo, estos terminaron por perder la mayor parte de sus tierras ante las fuerzas del Imperio británico. Aunque estos conflictos han sido usualmente vistos como una serie de guerras entre los europeos y los xhosas las alianzas formadas fueron cambiantes y complejas. Por el lado europeo las relaciones entre los británicos y la Colonia del Cabo fueron tensas y más de una vez llegaron a romperse, mientras que muchas tribus que son calificadas como xhosas podían apoyar a los europeos por rivalidades con sus vecinos. (es) Les guerres cafres, appelées aussi guerres xhosas, sont une série de neuf guerres de 1779 à 1879 entre les peuples xhosas et les autorités coloniales du Cap, d'abord néerlandaises puis britanniques. Ces guerres eurent lieu dans l'actuelle province du Cap-Oriental en Afrique du Sud principalement dans les régions situés entre les fleuves Great Fish et Grand Kei. Elles se conclurent par l'annexion des territoires formant le Ciskei et le Transkei à la colonie du Cap. (fr) The Xhosa Wars (also known as the Cape Frontier Wars, Anglo-Xhosa Wars) were a series of nine wars (from 1779 to 1879) between the Xhosa Kingdom and the British Empire as well as Trekboers in what is now the Eastern Cape in South Africa. These events were the longest-running military action in the history of European colonialism in Africa. The reality of the conflicts between the Europeans and Xhosa involves a balance of tension. At times, tensions existed between the various Europeans in the Cape region, tensions between Empire administration and colonial governments, and tensions within the Xhosa Kingdom, e.g. chiefs rivalling each other, which usually led to Europeans taking advantage of the situation to meddle in Xhosa politics. A perfect example of this is the case of chief Ngqika and his uncle, chief Ndlambe. (en) Le guerre di Frontiera del Capo (Cape Frontier Wars in inglese) sono state una serie di scontri intermittenti fra i coloni olandesi della Colonia del Capo e il popolo Xhosa, avvenuti fra il 1779 e il 1879. (it) De Grensoorlogen of Xhosa-oorlogen (informeel Kafferoorlogen) waren negen oorlogen tussen 1779 en 1879 tussen de Kaapkolonie en de Xhosa in de hedendaagse Oost-Kaap, Zuid-Afrika. Vanwege de tijdspanne wordt het ook wel Afrika's Honderdjarige Oorlog genoemd. (nl) Wojny o Przylądek, właściwie Cape Frontier Wars (ang.), nazywane również Kaffir wars lub Kafir wars (1779-1879) – sporadyczne działania wojenne oraz 9 innych wojen trwających z przerwami przez 100 lat pomiędzy kolonistami i ludem Xhosa z południowo-wschodniej Afryki. Była to jedna z najbardziej przewlekłych wojen rodowitych mieszkańców Afryki przeciwko europejskiemu wtargnięciu na te tereny. Zakończona aneksją terytorium Xhosa przez Kolonię Przylądkową. (pl) Xhosakrigen var en serie krig som varade i hundra år mellan bantufolket xhosa och europeiska kolonisatörer i vad som nu är Östra Kapprovinsen i Sydafrika. Krigen utkämpades mellan åren 1779 och 1879. Resultat av krigen blev att xhosa förlorade det mesta av sitt land och införlivades i vad som kom att bli Sydafrika. Under krigen deltog några av sydafrikansk historias mest berömda kämpar. Där fanns Sir Harry Smith, legendarisk brittisk general som var mycket populär i England, samt Magoma, ibland kallad gerillakrigföringens fader och den mest kände xhosahövdingen. (sv) Пограничные («кафрские») войны — установившееся в исторической литературе название войн между южноафриканским народом ко́са, которых европейцы назвали кафрами, и Капской колонией в XVIII-XIX веках. Вооружённое сопротивление ко́са европейцам продолжалось с конца 70-х годов XVIII века до начала 80-х годов XIX века (наиболее крупные военные столкновения — в 1779—1781, 1789—1793, 1799—1803, 1811—1812, 1818—1819, 1834—1835, 1846—1847, 1850—1853, 1856—1857, 1877—1879 годах). (ru)
dbo:combatant Xhosa Kingdom **22pxBritish Cape Colony(4th to 9th) **Trekboers *22pxDutch Cape Colony(1st and 2nd) *Xhosa
dbo:isPartOfMilitaryConflict dbr:Colonisation_of_Africa
dbo:place dbr:Cape_Colony dbr:Eastern_Cape dbr:South_Africa
dbo:result Defeat of the Xhosas
dbo:thumbnail wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Frederick_Timpson_I'Ons08.jpg?width=300
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dbp:caption A column of Xhosa warriors, crossing a ravine in the frontier mountains (en)
dbp:combatant Xhosa Kingdom * Xhosa (en) * 22px Dutch Cape Colony ** Trekboers ** 22px British Cape Colony (en)
dbp:conflict Xhosa Wars (en)
dbp:date 1779 (xsd:integer)
dbp:first Frank Richardson (en)
dbp:imageSize 300 (xsd:integer)
dbp:last Cana (en)
dbp:pages 238 (xsd:integer)
dbp:partof the colonisation of Africa (en)
dbp:place Nowadays Eastern Cape, currently South Africa, Cape Colony frontier (en)
dbp:result Defeat of the Xhosas (en)
dbp:territory Cape expansion to the east (en)
dbp:volume 5 (xsd:integer)
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dbp:wstitle Cape Colony (en)
dcterms:subject dbc:19th-century_conflicts dbc:Military_history_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company dbc:19th_century_in_South_Africa dbc:Wars_involving_the_United_Kingdom dbc:18th_century_in_South_Africa dbc:Wars_involving_South_Africa dbc:18th-century_conflicts dbc:African_resistance_to_colonialism dbc:Military_history_of_the_Cape_Colony dbc:Xhosa dbc:Wars_involving_the_states_and_peoples_of_Africa dbc:Military_history_of_South_Africa dbc:South_Africa–United_Kingdom_relations dbc:Conflicts_in_1834
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rdfs:comment Ο πόλεμος των Κάφρων ή Πόλεμος των συνόρων του Ακρωτηρίου (1779-1879) υπήρξε ο πιο μακροετής αγώνας των αφρικανικών λαών ενάντια στην ευρωπαϊκή εισβολή. Ξεκίνησε όταν πλέον ο πληθυσμός των Κόσα, που κατοικούσαν στο ανατολικό τμήμα του Ακρωτηρίου της Νότιας Αφρικής, αυξήθηκε τόσο, ώστε να αναγκαστούν να προχωρήσουν προς τον Νότο. Την ίδια εποχή οι Ευρωπαίοι άποικοι του Ακρωτηρίου της Νότιας Αφρικής πήγαιναν προς Βορρά σε αναζήτηση αρόσιμης γης. Η συνάντησή τους οδήγησε σε σύγκρουση και για έναν αιώνα περίπου βρίσκονταν σε συνεχή πόλεμο μεταξύ τους, ο οποίος έληξε με την προσάρτηση των εδαφών των Κόσα στην αποικία του Ακρωτηρίου και στην ενσωμάτωση των κατοίκων τους. (el) Les guerres cafres, appelées aussi guerres xhosas, sont une série de neuf guerres de 1779 à 1879 entre les peuples xhosas et les autorités coloniales du Cap, d'abord néerlandaises puis britanniques. Ces guerres eurent lieu dans l'actuelle province du Cap-Oriental en Afrique du Sud principalement dans les régions situés entre les fleuves Great Fish et Grand Kei. Elles se conclurent par l'annexion des territoires formant le Ciskei et le Transkei à la colonie du Cap. (fr) Le guerre di Frontiera del Capo (Cape Frontier Wars in inglese) sono state una serie di scontri intermittenti fra i coloni olandesi della Colonia del Capo e il popolo Xhosa, avvenuti fra il 1779 e il 1879. (it) De Grensoorlogen of Xhosa-oorlogen (informeel Kafferoorlogen) waren negen oorlogen tussen 1779 en 1879 tussen de Kaapkolonie en de Xhosa in de hedendaagse Oost-Kaap, Zuid-Afrika. Vanwege de tijdspanne wordt het ook wel Afrika's Honderdjarige Oorlog genoemd. (nl) Wojny o Przylądek, właściwie Cape Frontier Wars (ang.), nazywane również Kaffir wars lub Kafir wars (1779-1879) – sporadyczne działania wojenne oraz 9 innych wojen trwających z przerwami przez 100 lat pomiędzy kolonistami i ludem Xhosa z południowo-wschodniej Afryki. Była to jedna z najbardziej przewlekłych wojen rodowitych mieszkańców Afryki przeciwko europejskiemu wtargnięciu na te tereny. Zakończona aneksją terytorium Xhosa przez Kolonię Przylądkową. (pl) Xhosakrigen var en serie krig som varade i hundra år mellan bantufolket xhosa och europeiska kolonisatörer i vad som nu är Östra Kapprovinsen i Sydafrika. Krigen utkämpades mellan åren 1779 och 1879. Resultat av krigen blev att xhosa förlorade det mesta av sitt land och införlivades i vad som kom att bli Sydafrika. Under krigen deltog några av sydafrikansk historias mest berömda kämpar. Där fanns Sir Harry Smith, legendarisk brittisk general som var mycket populär i England, samt Magoma, ibland kallad gerillakrigföringens fader och den mest kände xhosahövdingen. (sv) Пограничные («кафрские») войны — установившееся в исторической литературе название войн между южноафриканским народом ко́са, которых европейцы назвали кафрами, и Капской колонией в XVIII-XIX веках. Вооружённое сопротивление ко́са европейцам продолжалось с конца 70-х годов XVIII века до начала 80-х годов XIX века (наиболее крупные военные столкновения — в 1779—1781, 1789—1793, 1799—1803, 1811—1812, 1818—1819, 1834—1835, 1846—1847, 1850—1853, 1856—1857, 1877—1879 годах). (ru) حروب كوسيون (تُدعى أيضًا حروب كيپ الحدودية أو حروب الأعوام المئة الأفريقية) هي سلسلة من 9 حروب أو اندلاعات عنف من عام 1779 إلى عام 1879، بين مملكة كوسيون والمستوطنين الأوروبيين، في ما يُدعى الآن كيپ الشرقية بجنوب أفريقيا. كانت تلك الأحداث أطول حدث عسكري في تاريخ استعمار أفريقيا. (ar) Die Grenzkriege, auch Kapgrenzkriege, Xhosakriege oder – veraltet – Kaffernkriege genannt, waren neun aufeinanderfolgende Kriege zwischen Xhosa und europäischstämmigen Siedlern der Kapkolonie in der heutigen südafrikanischen Provinz Ostkap. Sie fanden zwischen 1779 und 1879 statt. (de) Las llamadas Guerras Xhosa, también llamadas Guerras de la Frontera del Cabo, fueron una serie de conflictos, en total nueve, librados entre 1779 y 1879 en lo que hoy es la Provincia Oriental del Cabo, Sudáfrica. Por su larga extensión han sido llamadas ocasionalmente la Guerra de los Cien Años Africana, entre los xhosa (o xosas) y los colonos europeos. (es) The Xhosa Wars (also known as the Cape Frontier Wars, Anglo-Xhosa Wars) were a series of nine wars (from 1779 to 1879) between the Xhosa Kingdom and the British Empire as well as Trekboers in what is now the Eastern Cape in South Africa. These events were the longest-running military action in the history of European colonialism in Africa. (en)
rdfs:label حروب كوسيون (ar) Xhosa Wars (en) Grenzkriege (de) Πόλεμος των Κάφρων (el) Guerras Xhosa (es) Guerres cafres (fr) Guerre di Frontiera del Capo (it) Wojny Xhosa (pl) Grensoorlogen (nl) Кафрские войны (ru) Xhosakrigen (sv)
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