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اندلعت انتفاضة ويلمينغتون عام 1898، المعروفة أيضًا باسم مذبحة ويلمينغتون عام 1898 أو انقلاب ويلمينغتون عام 1898، في ويلمينغتون، كارولاينا الشمالية، يوم الخميس 10 نوفمبر 1898. وتُعدّ نقطة تحوّل في سياسات ولاية كارولاينا الشمالية بعد إعادة الإعمار. استهلّ الحدث حقبة من الفصل العنصري الأشد صرامة وحرمان الأمريكيين الأفارقة من حق الاقتراع في جميع أنحاء جنوب الولايات المتحدة، وهو تحوّل بدأ مسبقًا منذ تمرير ميسيسيبي لدستور جديد في عام 1890، ما زاد العوائق على تسجيل الناخبين. كتبت لورا إدواردز في كتاب خيانة الديمقراطية (2000): «ما حدث في ويلمينغتون أصبح تأكيدًا على سيادة البيض ليس في تلك المدينة فحسب، بل أيضًا في الجنوب وفي الأمة بأكملها»، إذ أكّد أن «البياض» المحتجّ طمس المواطنة القانونية، وحقوق الأفراد، والحماية المتساوية بموجب القانون الذي مُنح للسود بموجب التعديل الرابع عشر لدستور الولايات المتحدة. وصفت الصحافة البيضاء في ويلمينغتون الحدث بأنه أعمال شغب عرقية أشعلها السود. ومع ذلك، مع مرور الوقت، ونشر المزيد من الحقائق، بدأ يُنظر إلى الحدث على أنه انقلاب -إطاحة عنيفة بالحكومة المنتخبة على النحو الواجب- نفّذته مجموعة من المتعصبين البيض. ساهمت أسباب متعددة في حدوثه. يُزعم أنه الحدث الوحيد من هذا القبيل في التاريخ الأمريكي، (لم ينتج عن أعمال العنف الأخرى في عصر إعادة الإعمار المتأخر «انقلابٌ» مباشر أو عزلٌ للمسؤولين المنتخَبين واستبدالهم بأفراد غير منتخَبين). حدث الانقلاب بعد أن تآمر الديمقراطيون الجنوبيون البيض في الولاية وقادوا حشدًا من 2,000 رجل أبيض للإطاحة بالحكومة الاندماجية المحلية المنتخَبة شرعيًا. طردوا القادة السياسيين السود والبيض المعارضين من المدينة، ودمّروا ممتلكات المواطنين السود ومنشآتهم المبنيّة منذ الحرب الأهلية، من ضمنها صحيفة السود الوحيدة في المدينة، وقتلوا ما يقدّر من 60 إلى أكثر من 300 شخص. (ar) Das Wilmington-Massaker, auch bekannt als Aufstand von Wilmington oder der Coup von Wilmington, war ein gewalttätiger Umsturz der Countyverwaltung durch weiße Suprematisten in Wilmington, North Carolina am 10. November 1898. Dabei vertrieb ein Mob von 2000 weißen Männern die ordnungsgemäß gewählte Regierung des New Hanover Countys, die von Mitgliedern der gestellt wurde, afroamerikanische Oppositionelle und Kleinunternehmer. Außerdem wurden deren Geschäfte sowie das Gebäude der afroamerikanischen Lokalzeitung The Daily Record zerstört. Bei dem Massaker, das zu den sogenannten Rassenunruhen in den Vereinigten Staaten gezählt wird, kamen schätzungsweise zwischen 60 und 300 Afroamerikaner ums Leben. (de) L’insurrection de Wilmington, aussi appelée massacre de Wilmington ou coup d'État de Wilmington, est une révolte de suprémacistes blancs ayant renversé, par la violence, le gouvernement élu de Wilmington (Caroline du Nord), aux États-Unis, en 1898 pour écarter les élus afro-américains. Plus de soixante afro-américains ont été assassinés. Dans la foulée de ce coup d'état, un nouveau gouvernement de la Caroline du Nord est élu à majorité démocrate, qui fait voter les lois dites lois Jim Crow afin d'entraver le droit de vote des Afro-Américains et installer la ségrégation raciale dans l'ensemble de l'État. Ces lois seront abolies dans la fin des années 1960 avec l'adoption de différents lois fédérales mettant fin à la ségrégation raciale sur l'ensemble du territoire des États-Unis : le Civil Rights Act de 1964, le Voting Rights Act de 1965 et le Civil Rights Act de 1968. (fr) The Wilmington insurrection of 1898, also known as the Wilmington massacre of 1898 or the Wilmington coup of 1898, was a coup d'état and massacre carried out by white supremacists in Wilmington, North Carolina, United States, on Thursday, November 10, 1898. The white press in Wilmington originally described the event as a race riot caused by black people. Since the late 20th century and further study, the event has been characterized as a violent overthrow of a duly elected government by a group of white supremacists. It is the only such incident in the history of the United States. Multiple causes brought it about. The coup was the result of a group of the state's white Southern Democrats conspiring and leading a mob of 2,000 white men to overthrow the legitimately elected local Fusionist biracial government in Wilmington. They expelled opposition black and white political leaders from the city, destroyed the property and businesses of black citizens built up since the American Civil War, including the only black newspaper in the city, and killed an estimated 60 to more than 300 people. The Wilmington coup is considered a turning point in post-Reconstruction North Carolina politics. It was part of an era of more severe racial segregation and effective disenfranchisement of African Americans throughout the South, which had been underway since the passage of a new constitution in Mississippi in 1890 which raised barriers to the registration of black voters. Other states soon passed similar laws. Historian Laura Edwards writes, "What happened in Wilmington became an affirmation of white supremacy not just in that one city, but in the South and in the nation as a whole", as it affirmed that invoking "whiteness" eclipsed the legal citizenship, individual rights, and equal protection under the law that black Americans were guaranteed under the Fourteenth Amendment. (en) 1898年のウィルミントン暴動（英: Wilmington Insurrection of 1898またはウィルミントン人種暴動）は、ノースカロライナ州ウィルミントンで起こった、ウィルミントン市政府が転覆したクーデター事件である。このクーデターは1898年11月10日の暴動から始まった。当初は白人による人種暴動であるとされていたが、現在ではむしろ白人グループによるクーデターだと言われている。白人至上主義者が、荷車の上に搭載したガトリング砲をはじめとする多くの武器を使い、選挙で選ばれた市政府から不法に権力を奪取した。白人至上主義者らは自分達の行動を写真に収めてもいた。 この事件はリコンストラクション後の、ノースカロライナ州政治の転回点になったと考えられている。また、アメリカ合衆国で市政府が転覆した唯一の事例となっている。州知事ダニエル・リンゼー・ラッセルとアメリカ合衆国大統領ウィリアム・マッキンリーはこの事件に関する情報を十分に得ていたが、何の反応もしなかった。 (ja) 1898年威尔明顿大屠杀是指在该年11月10日，一场因为白人優越主義在威尔明顿发起的大规模暴动和叛乱。威尔明顿的白人媒体通常将其描述为一次因为黑人引起的种族暴乱（) 。20世纪末以来的研究认为该事件是一场政变，因为此事件中由一群白人至上主义者通过暴力推翻了正式选举产生的政府。 政变由该州的白人民主党人密谋并领导，最终目标是推翻威尔明顿合法选举产生的种族融合政府。他们将反对派黑人和白人政治领导人驱逐出该市，摧毁了自南北战争重建以来黑人公民的财产和企业，包括该市唯一的黑人主导的报纸，并杀害了约60至300多人。 因此这件事被认为是美国历史上唯一的此类事件（政变），因为其他在美國重建時期的冲突并没有导致民选政府被非政府人员所替代。 (zh) |
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left (en) right (en) |
| dbp:alt |
Photograph of armed people by a ruined building (en) |
| dbp:assailants |
* The Red Shirts * Mob of white civilians * Wilmington Light Infantry (en) |
| dbp:author |
Eugene Beddingfield (en) Henry L. West (en) Daniel L. Russell, Governor of North Carolina, 1900 (en) |
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medic (en) |
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0001-08-11 (xsd:gMonthDay) 0001-08-18 (xsd:gMonthDay) Mob posing by the ruins of The Daily Record (en) |
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y (en) |
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Category:Reconstruction Era (en) |
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y (en) |
| dbp:date |
1898-11-10 (xsd:date) July 2022 (en) |
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horizontal (en) |
| dbp:fatalities |
est. 14–300 black residents killed (en) |
| dbp:image |
18980826 (xsd:integer) 18981104 (xsd:integer) Alexander Manly Daily Record.jpg (en) Mrs. W.H. Felton.jpg (en) |
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300 (xsd:integer) |
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dbr:Wilmington,_North_Carolina |
| dbp:motive |
*Shift in social, economic and political power during Reconstruction *White supremacy (en) |
| dbp:notes |
Goals of Attack: Government overthrow (en) Maintenance of Antebellum Racial Hierarchy (en) |
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2000 (xsd:integer) |
| dbp:partof |
the Nadir of American race relations (en) |
| dbp:perps |
* "The Secret Nine" * Charles Aycock * Furnifold Simmons * Josephus Daniels, owner of The News & Observer * Alfred M. Waddell (en) |
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History (en) Law (en) United States (en) |
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y (en) |
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The New International Encyclopædia/Reconstruction (en) |
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pp. 578-591 (en) |
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* Black residents * Black businesses * Elected Fusionists * The Daily Record newspaper (en) |
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An impression prevails that these colored people have grown greatly in wealth, that they have acquired homesteads, have become tax-payers and given great promise along these lines. It is not true. In North Carolina they had as fair a chance as in any other Southern State – perhaps better than any other. And here it is sad to hear their frequent boast that they own eight millions of property. This is about three percent, according to the tax list, the total of which shows an amount much less than the actual total values of the State, but this fact does not disturb the proportion between the races. They are thirty percent of the population. After thirty years of opportunity, they have three percent of the property. True, they may claim that this is all net gain as they started with no property. But they did not start with nothing. They started with enormous advantages over whites. They were accustomed to labor. The whites were not. They had been for generations the producers of the State and the whites the consumers. They were accustomed to hardship and privation and patient industry. They had the muscle. If in this thirty years they have only acquired this pittance, where will they be in another thirty years considering that the advantages of their start are largely, if not entirely lost? (en) The people are very restless. We are on the verge of a revolution. God grant it may be bloodless ... You cannot stand before the tide if it turns in your direction. No living power can withstand it. (en) While thus numerically strong, the Negro is not a factor in the development of the city or section. With thirty years of freedom behind him and with an absolute equality of educational advantages with the whites, there is not today in Wilmington a single Negro savings bank or any other distinctively Negro educational or charitable institution; while the race has not produced a physician or lawyer of note. In other words, the Negro in Wilmington has progressed in very slight degree from the time when he was a slave. His condition can be summed up in a line. Of the taxes in the city of Wilmington and the county of New Hanover the whites pay 96 2/3rds per cent; while the Negroes pay the remainder — 3 1/3rds per cent. The Negro in North Carolina, as these figures show, is thriftless, improvident, does not accumulate money, and is not accounted a desirable citizen. (en) |
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Wilmington massacre of 1898 (en) Articles related to Wilmington insurrection of 1898 (en) "The Race War in North Carolina", in the November 1898 issue of The Forum (en) |
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400 (xsd:integer) 700 (xsd:integer) |
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* Arson * Assault * Murder * Political terrorism * Propaganda * Property damage/theft * Widespread intimidation (en) |
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* est. 2,000 displaced black Americans * est. 20 Fusionists banished * Newspaper torched and gutted (en) |
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* Gatling gun * Over 400 personal guns (en) |
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Das Wilmington-Massaker, auch bekannt als Aufstand von Wilmington oder der Coup von Wilmington, war ein gewalttätiger Umsturz der Countyverwaltung durch weiße Suprematisten in Wilmington, North Carolina am 10. November 1898. Dabei vertrieb ein Mob von 2000 weißen Männern die ordnungsgemäß gewählte Regierung des New Hanover Countys, die von Mitgliedern der gestellt wurde, afroamerikanische Oppositionelle und Kleinunternehmer. Außerdem wurden deren Geschäfte sowie das Gebäude der afroamerikanischen Lokalzeitung The Daily Record zerstört. Bei dem Massaker, das zu den sogenannten Rassenunruhen in den Vereinigten Staaten gezählt wird, kamen schätzungsweise zwischen 60 und 300 Afroamerikaner ums Leben. (de) 1898年のウィルミントン暴動（英: Wilmington Insurrection of 1898またはウィルミントン人種暴動）は、ノースカロライナ州ウィルミントンで起こった、ウィルミントン市政府が転覆したクーデター事件である。このクーデターは1898年11月10日の暴動から始まった。当初は白人による人種暴動であるとされていたが、現在ではむしろ白人グループによるクーデターだと言われている。白人至上主義者が、荷車の上に搭載したガトリング砲をはじめとする多くの武器を使い、選挙で選ばれた市政府から不法に権力を奪取した。白人至上主義者らは自分達の行動を写真に収めてもいた。 この事件はリコンストラクション後の、ノースカロライナ州政治の転回点になったと考えられている。また、アメリカ合衆国で市政府が転覆した唯一の事例となっている。州知事ダニエル・リンゼー・ラッセルとアメリカ合衆国大統領ウィリアム・マッキンリーはこの事件に関する情報を十分に得ていたが、何の反応もしなかった。 (ja) 1898年威尔明顿大屠杀是指在该年11月10日，一场因为白人優越主義在威尔明顿发起的大规模暴动和叛乱。威尔明顿的白人媒体通常将其描述为一次因为黑人引起的种族暴乱（) 。20世纪末以来的研究认为该事件是一场政变，因为此事件中由一群白人至上主义者通过暴力推翻了正式选举产生的政府。 政变由该州的白人民主党人密谋并领导，最终目标是推翻威尔明顿合法选举产生的种族融合政府。他们将反对派黑人和白人政治领导人驱逐出该市，摧毁了自南北战争重建以来黑人公民的财产和企业，包括该市唯一的黑人主导的报纸，并杀害了约60至300多人。 因此这件事被认为是美国历史上唯一的此类事件（政变），因为其他在美國重建時期的冲突并没有导致民选政府被非政府人员所替代。 (zh) اندلعت انتفاضة ويلمينغتون عام 1898، المعروفة أيضًا باسم مذبحة ويلمينغتون عام 1898 أو انقلاب ويلمينغتون عام 1898، في ويلمينغتون، كارولاينا الشمالية، يوم الخميس 10 نوفمبر 1898. وتُعدّ نقطة تحوّل في سياسات ولاية كارولاينا الشمالية بعد إعادة الإعمار. استهلّ الحدث حقبة من الفصل العنصري الأشد صرامة وحرمان الأمريكيين الأفارقة من حق الاقتراع في جميع أنحاء جنوب الولايات المتحدة، وهو تحوّل بدأ مسبقًا منذ تمرير ميسيسيبي لدستور جديد في عام 1890، ما زاد العوائق على تسجيل الناخبين. كتبت لورا إدواردز في كتاب خيانة الديمقراطية (2000): «ما حدث في ويلمينغتون أصبح تأكيدًا على سيادة البيض ليس في تلك المدينة فحسب، بل أيضًا في الجنوب وفي الأمة بأكملها»، إذ أكّد أن «البياض» المحتجّ طمس المواطنة القانونية، وحقوق الأفراد، والحماية المتساوية بموجب القانون الذي مُنح للسود بموجب التعديل الرابع عشر لدستور الولايات الم (ar) L’insurrection de Wilmington, aussi appelée massacre de Wilmington ou coup d'État de Wilmington, est une révolte de suprémacistes blancs ayant renversé, par la violence, le gouvernement élu de Wilmington (Caroline du Nord), aux États-Unis, en 1898 pour écarter les élus afro-américains. Plus de soixante afro-américains ont été assassinés. Dans la foulée de ce coup d'état, un nouveau gouvernement de la Caroline du Nord est élu à majorité démocrate, qui fait voter les lois dites lois Jim Crow afin d'entraver le droit de vote des Afro-Américains et installer la ségrégation raciale dans l'ensemble de l'État. Ces lois seront abolies dans la fin des années 1960 avec l'adoption de différents lois fédérales mettant fin à la ségrégation raciale sur l'ensemble du territoire des États-Unis : le Civil (fr) The Wilmington insurrection of 1898, also known as the Wilmington massacre of 1898 or the Wilmington coup of 1898, was a coup d'état and massacre carried out by white supremacists in Wilmington, North Carolina, United States, on Thursday, November 10, 1898. The white press in Wilmington originally described the event as a race riot caused by black people. Since the late 20th century and further study, the event has been characterized as a violent overthrow of a duly elected government by a group of white supremacists. It is the only such incident in the history of the United States. (en) |
| rdfs:label |
Wilmington insurrection of 1898 (en) انتفاضة ويلمينغتون عام 1898 (ar) Wilmington-Massaker (de) Insurrection de Wilmington (fr) ウィルミントン暴動 (ja) 1898年威尔明顿大屠杀 (zh) |
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