Lebanon (original) (raw)

Lebanon

to 1 Oct 1918	c.1697 - 1842 Banu Shihab Flag	![[Mount Lebanon Flag 1861 - 1915 (Lebanon)] (Lebanon)]](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/lb_cedar.gif "[Mount Lebanon Flag 1861 - 1915 (Lebanon)]") 1861 - 1915 Mount Lebanon
1 Oct 1918 - 8 Oct 1918	8 Oct 1918 - 1 Sep 1920	1 Sep 1920 - 7 Dec 1943
Adopted 7 Dec 1943	7 Dec 1943 - 7 Dc 1995 Variant

Map of Lebanon	Hear National Anthem "an-Nashid al-Watani al-Lubnani" (Lebanese National Anthem): unofficially - "Kulluna lil-watan" (All of us! For Our Country)	Text of National Anthem Adopted 12 Jul 1927	Constitution (23 May 1926)
Capital: Beirut (Bayrut) (Bayrut = Beyrouth 1920-1943)	Currency: Lebanese Pound (LBP); 1920-48 Lebanon-Syria Pound (XLSP); 1918-20 Egyptian Pound (EGP)	National Holiday: 22 Nov (1943) Eid al-Istiklaal (Independence Day)	Population: 5,364,482 (2024)
GDP: 65.8billion(2023)∣∗∗Exports∗∗:65.8 billion (2023)	Exports: 65.8billion(2023)∣∗∗Exports∗∗:11.7 billion (2023) Imports: $23.3 billion (2023)	Ethnic groups: Lebanese Arab 71.2%, Palestinian Arab 12.1%, Armenian 6.8%, Kurd 6.1%, other 2.6% (2000) note: many Christian Lebanese do not identify as Arab, but rather as descendants of the ancient Canaanites and prefer to be called Phoenicians.
Total Active Armed Forces: 60,000 (2021) Hezbollah Forces: 20,000 (2017 est.) UNIFIL Force: 10,147 (2024) Merchant marine: 51 ships (2023)	Religions: Muslim 67.8% (31.9% Sunni, 31.2% Shia, smaller percentages of Alawites and Ismailis), Christian 32.4% (Maronite Catholics are the largest Christian group), Druze 4.5%, very small numbers of Jews, Baha'is, Buddhists, and Hindus (2020) note: 18 religious sects recognized
International Organizations/Treaties: ABEDA, AFESD, AIIB (applicant), AL, AMF, AOAD, APA, Arabsat, BTWC, CAEU, CCM, CTBT, CWC, EBRD, ENMOD (signatory), ESCR, FAO, G-24, G-77, GAFTA, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, Moon, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPCW, OST, PAM, PCA, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Lebanon Index	Chronology c.1500 BC - 300 BC Location of Phoenician cities of Byblos (Jubayl), Tyre, Sidon, and Beyryt (Beirut). c.1503 BC - c.1200 BC Part of the Egyptian Empire. c.1370 BC - c.1200 BC Hittites take control of northern Syria. c.1150 BC - c.730 BC Local kingdoms (Phoenicians, Canaanites, etc.) c.730 BC - c.605 BC Part of of (Neo-) Assyrian Empire. c.605 BC - 538 BC Part of the (Neo-) Babylonian Empire. 539 BC - 332 BC Part of the Persian (Achaemenid) Empire. 332 BC - 323 BC Part of Macedonia (under Alexander "the Great.") 323 BC - 301 BC Part of (Antigonid) Kingdom of Macedonia. 301 BC - 198 BC Part of the (Ptolemaic) Kingdom of Egypt. 198 BC - 64 BC Part of the Seleucid Empire. 64 BC - 36 BC Part of the Roman Republic. 36 BC - 30 BC Part of the Kingdom of Egypt under Cleopatra VII (nominally a vassal of Rome). 30 BC - 259 AD Part of the Roman Empire. 259 AD - 272 AD Part of Palmyrene Empire. 272 AD - 395 AD Part of the Roman Empire. 17 Jan 395 - 635 Part of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. 635 - 1089 Part of the Muslim Arab (Rashidun 635-661, Umayyad 661-750, Abbasid 750-909, and Fatimid 909-1057)1071-1089) Caliphates. 1071 - 1089 Part of the Seljuk (Seljukid) Empire. 15 Jul 1099 - 31 Jul 1291 Christian Crusaders occupy coastal ports (fall of Acre 18 May 1291; Sidon 1 Jan 1188 [retaken 11 Aug 1197-1249 and May 1250] and 14 Jul 1291; Beirut [Barut/Baruth] 6 Aug 1187 [retaken 23 Oct 1197] and 31 Jul 1291; and Tripoli on 26 Apr 1289). 1118 Emirs of the Banu Ma`n (Maanid) replace the (somewhat legendary) al-Tanukh dynasty. 1287 - 1516 Part of Mameluke Sultanate of Egypt. 1516 - 1918 Part of the Ottoman Empire (mostly within _Eyalet_ of Damascus to 1660). 1585 - 1590 Direct Ottoman rule. 1660 _Eyalet_ of Sa`ida (Safd) established (later renamed Eyalet of Sidon, from c.1840 Eyalet of Beirut). 1697 Banu Shihab (Chehab) replace the Banu Ma`n. 23 Jun 1772 - 28 Jun 1772 Russian occupation of Beirut. 10 Oct 1773 - Feb 1774 Russian occupation of Beirut. Feb 1799 - May 1799 French occupy Levantine parts of Syria (Acre under siege 19 Mar - 21 May 1799). Dec 1831 Egyptians, under Muhammad Ali, occupy the Levantine ports of Syria (Sidon Dec 1831 - 27 Sep 1840, Beirut Dec 1831 - 3 Oct 1840, Acre 27 May 1832 - 3 Nov 1840). 14 May 1833 - Feb 1841 Annexed by Egypt as part of Syria (nominally remaining under Ottoman suzerainty). 9 Sep 1840 - 3 Nov 1840 U.K. bombards and occupies Levantine ports (Haifa 18 Sep 1840, Tyre 25 Sep 1840, Sidon 25 Sep 1840, Beirut 10 Oct 1840, and Acre 3 Nov 1840), to compel the Egyptians to withdraw from Syria. 3 Nov 1840 Ottoman administration restored at Sidon/Acre. 16 Jan 1842 Mount Lebanon emirate ended, Ottomans divide Lebanon administratively, creating a Christian district in the north and an area under Druze control in the south. 16 Aug 1860 - 5 Jul 1861 French led European expeditionary force to protect Christians following 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war. 9 Jun 1861 Special status of Mount Lebanon within Ottoman Empire (Ottomans abrogateautonomy 11 Jul 1915). 1863 Beirut created a municipality. 30 Sep 1918 Ottoman forces withdraw from Beirut. 6 Oct 1918 Shukri Pasha al-Ayyubi, the representative of Emir Faisal, and Arab forces arrives in Beirut. 8 Oct 1918 Occupied by France (and U.K. to 24 Oct 1918). 1 Sep 1920 State of Greater Lebanon (Dawlat Lubnan al-Kabir/ �tat du Grand Liban). 29 Sep 1923 - 22 Dec 1943 Syria and Lebanon a League of Nations Mandate under France (passed by the League 24 Jul 1922 [headquartered in Beirut [Beyrouth]). 1 Sep 1926 Republic of Lebanon (al-Jumhuriyya al-Lubnaniyya [to 7 Dec 1943 _= R�publique Libanaise_]). 10 Jun 1940 - 14 Jul 1941 Administration loyal to "Vichy" France (after 14 Jul 1941 "Free" French). 15 Jul 1941 - 31 Aug 1946 Anglo-"Free" French occupation ("Operation Exporter"). 26 Nov 1941 Independence from France declared. 8 Nov 1943 - 22 Nov 1943 France imprisons President El-Khoury and Prime minister Riad al-Solh at Rashaya. 22 Dec 1943 Independence recognized by France (mandate is de facto dissolved following the conclusion of the Tripartite Agreement [_Convention conclue � Damas_] between France, Syria, and Lebanon). 30 Oct 1948 - 23 Mar 1949 Israel occupies 13 villages in a strip of land around (and including) the Lebanese town of Houla, as part of the operations capturing the Galilee during in the Arab-Israeli War. 31 May 1976 - 26 Apr 2005 Syrian troops occupy Lebanon, centered in the Beqaa Valley. 14 Mar 1978 - 13 Jun 1978 Israeli invasion of Southern Lebanon, occupying southern Lebanon up to the Litani River (except for Tyre). 6 Jun 1982 - 5 Jun 1985 Israeli invasion of Lebanon (occupying Tyre 7 Jun 1982-29 Apr 1985, Sidon 8 Jun 1982-16 Feb 1985, Jizzin 8 Jun 1982-24 Apr 1985, siege of Beirut 14 Jun-21 Aug 1982, occupying west Beirut 15-28 Sep 1982, and western Bekaa Valley 24 Jun 1982 - 24 Apr 1985). 6 Jun 1982 - 22 May 2000 Southern Lebanon occupied by Israel. 22 Jul 2006 - 1 Oct 2006 Israeli invasion, in response to Hezbollah cross- border and missile raids, resulting in a brief re-occupation of Southern Lebanon. 14 Oct 2008 Syria recognizes Lebanon's sovereignty, establishing diplomatic relations. 4 Aug 2020 Massive explosion in the Port of Beirut results in the death of at least 203 people.
French Mandate Syria & Lebanon (1919-1946)
South Lebanon (1978-2000)
UNIFIL (1978-)
Maronite Catholic Church
Map of Religious Divisions 1983
Historical Maps of Lebanon

Emirs (title al-Amir al-Hakim - ruling emir)
1516 - 1544 Fakhr al-Dein I (d. 1544)
1544 - 1585 Karkamaz bin Fakhr al-Dein
1585 - 1635 Fakhr al-Dein II bin Karkamaz (b. 1572 - d. 1635)
1635 Ali bin Fakhr al-Dein (II) (d. 1635)
1635 - 1657 Molhem bin Yones bin Karkamaz (d. 1657)
1657 - 1697 Ahmad bin Molhem
1697 - 1706 Bashir (I) bin al-Husayn
1706 - 1732 Haydar bin Musa (d. 1781)
1732 - 1758 Malham bin Haydar
1758 - 1770 al-Mansur bin Haydar (d. 1774)
+ Ahmad bin Haydar (to 1763)
1760 al-Qasim bin `Umar (in rebellion)
1770 - 1778 Yusuf bin Malham (1st time)
1778 - 1780 Ahmad bin Malham
+ Afandi bin Malham
1780 - 1789 Yusuf bin Malham (2nd time)
1789 - 1790 Bashir (II) bin al-Qasim bin `Umar (b. 1767 - d. 1850)
(1st time)
1790 Yusuf bin Malham (3rd time)
1790 Bashir (II) bin al-Qasim bin `Umar (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1790 - 1793 Haydar bin Malham
+ Qa`dan bin Muhammad (1st time)
1793 al-Husayn bin Yusuf (1st time)
+ Salim bin Yusuf (1st time)
+ Sa`d ad-Din bin Yusuf (1st time)
1793 - 1795 Bashir (II) bin al-Qasim bin `Umar (s.a.)
(3rd time)
1795 al-Husayn bin Yusuf (2nd time)
+ Salim bin Yusuf (2nd time)
+ Sa`d ad-Din bin Yusuf (2nd time)
1795 - 1799 Bashir (II) bin al-Qasim bin `Umar (s.a.)
(4th time)
1799 - 1800 al-Husayn bin Yusuf (3rd time)
+ Salim bin Yusuf (3rd time)
+ Sa`d ad-Din bin Yusuf (3rd time)
1800 - 1801 Bashir (II) bun al-Qasim bin `Umar (s.a.)
(5th time)
1801 al-`Abbas bin Asad (1st time)
1801 Qa`dan bin Muhammad (2nd time)
+ Salman bin Ahmad (1st time)
1801 - 1821 Bashir (II) bin al-Qasim bin `Umar (s.a.)
(6th time)
1821 al-Hasan bin `Ali (1st time)
+ Salman bin Ahmad (2nd time)
1821 - 1822 Bashir (II) bin al-Qasim bin `Umar (s.a.)
(7th time)
1822 al-Hasan bin `Ali (2nd time)
+ Salman bin Ahmad (3rd time)
1822 al-`Abbas bin Asad (2nd time)
1822 - 12 Oct 1840 Bashir (II) bin al-Qasim bin `Umar (s.a.)
(8th time)(in dissidence from 8 Oct 1840)
8 Oct 1840 - 16 Jan 1842 Bashir (III) bin al-Qasim (b. 1775 - d. 1860)
**Walis in Sa`ida (Sidon) and Acre**
1700 - 1703 Kaplan Pasha al-Matarji
1703 - 1706 Arslan Pasha al-Matarji (d. 1706)
1706 - 1712 Bashir Pasha al-Matarji (1st time)
1712 - 1715 Uthman Pasha Abu Tawq (1st time) (d. 1727)
(= K�c�k Osman Pasha)
1715 - 1716 Bashir Pasha al-Matarji (2nd time)
1716 - 1717 Gen� Ahmed Pasha
1717 - 1718 Uthman Pasha Abu Tawq (2nd time) (s.a.)
1718 - 17.. Hafiz Ahmad Pasha
Nov 1722 - 1723 Damat Hafiz Ahmed Pasha
1723 - 1725 Ahmad Pasha Abu Tawq (1st time)
1725 - 1726 Uthman Pasha Abu Tawq (3rd time) (s.a.)
1726 - 1728 K�pr�l� Abdullah Pasha (b. 1684 - d. 1735)
1720 - 1730 Sulayman Pasha al-Azm (d. 1743)
1730 - 1734 Ahmad Pasha Abu Tawq (2nd time)
1734 - 1737 Sa'deddin Pasha al-Azm (1st time) (d. 1762)
1737 - 1741 Ibrahim Pasha al-Azm (1st time)
1741 - 1742 As'ad Pasha al-Azm
1742 Yaqub Pasha
1742 - 1744 Ibrahim Pasha al-Azm (2nd time)
1744 - 1748 Sa'deddin Pasha al-Azm (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Jul 1746 - Jan 1757 Musa Pasha al Azm (de facto ruler)
1748 - 1750 Uthman Pasha al-Muhassil al-Halabi (d. 1750)
1750 - 1752 Mustafa Pasha al-Qawwas (1st time)
1752 - 1753 Sa'deddin Pasha al-Azm (3rd time) (d. 1762)
1754 - 1755 Mustafa Pasha al-Qawwas (2nd time)
27 Feb 1755 - 27 Sep 1756 Mustafa Pasha al-Azm
1756 - 1759 Sa'deddin Pasha al-Azm (4th time) (s.a.)
1760 - 1763 Nu'man Pasha
1763 - 1770 Muhammad Pasha al-Azm (d. 1783)
1770 - 1771 Darwish Pasha al-Kurji
1774 - 21 Aug 1775 `Umar az-Zahir bin `Umar (b. c.1689 - d. 1775)
az-Zaydani (de facto)
1775 - Apr 1804 Ahmad Pasha al-Djazzar (Jezzar) (b. c.1735 � d. 1804)
1804 - 1805 Ibrahim Pasha Qataraghasi
1805 � 1819 S�leyman Pasha al-Adil (b. c.1760 - d. 1819)
1819 Bashir Shihab (de facto)
27 Jan 1820 - Jun 1822 Abdullah Pasha (1st time) (d. 1831)
1822 Darwish Mehmed Pasha
Apr 1823 - May 1832 Abdullah Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
27 May 1832 - 10 Oct 1840 Egyptian rule
1833 - 1838/36 Husayn Abd al-Hadi (d. 1835/36)
(Egyptian governor of Sidon)
Nov 1840 - Mar 1841 K�se Ahmed Zekeriya Pasha
Mar 1841 - Dec 1841 Eneste/Haseki Mehmed Selim Pasha
Dec 1841 - Jul 1842 Mehmed Izzet Pasha (b. 1798 - d. 1876)
1842 Mustafa Pasha
1842 Selim Pasha
1842 - 7 Dec 1842 �mer Pasha (= Mikhaylo Latas) (b. 1806 - d. 1871)
Aug 1842 - 9 Apr 1845 Ayasli Asad Mehmed Muhlis Pasha
9 Apr 1845 � Jan 1846 Yozgatli Mehmed Vecihi Pasha
Jan 1846 - Sep 1847 M�hendis Mehmed Kamil Pasha
Sep 1847 - Jul 1848 Mustafa Sherifi Pasha
Aug 1848 - Sep 1851Salih Vamik (Femiq) Pasha (1st time)
Sep 1851 � Sep 1852 Pepe Mehmed Emin Pasha
Sep 1852 � Mar 1855Salih Vamik (Femiq) Pasha (2nd time)
Mar 1855 - Dec 1855 Mahmud Nedim Pasha (b. 1818 - d. 1883)
Dec 1855 - Jun 1857 Salih Vamik (Femiq) Pasha (3rd time)
Jun 1857 � 17 Jul 1860 Arnavud Mehmed Khurshid Pasha
17 Jul 1860 - 9 Jun 1861 MehmedFuad Pasha (b. 1814 - d. 1869)
16 Aug 1860 - 5 Jul 1861 Charles Marie Napol�on de Beaufort (b. 1804 - d. 1890)
d'Hautpoul -French Commander
Aug 1860 � Feb 1863 Kaysarli Ahmad Pasha
Feb 1863 - Feb 1864 Mehmed Kabuli Pasha (b. 1812 � d. 1877)
Feb 1864 � Apr 1865 Mehmed Khurshid Pasha
Walis of Beirut
1875 - 1877 Uzenetek Ali Beg (d. 1877)
1877 - 1879 Ra'uf Efendi (Ra'uf Pasha)
18.. - 1883 Ibrahim Pasha
1883 - 1887 Nasuhi Bey (b. 1837 - d. 1911)
Dec 1887 - Mar 1889 �rfi Pasazade Sarab�i Ali Pasha (b. 1829 � d. 1889)
Apr 1889 - Jul 1889 Mehmed Sherif Ra'uf Pasha (b. 1838 - d. 1923)
Jul 1889 - Dec 1891 Ahmed Aziz Pasha (b. 1835 - d. 1903)
Dec 1891 - Jul 1892 Vlora Ismail Kemal Bey (b. 1844 - d. 1919)
Jul 1892 - Aug 1894 Babanzade Khalil Khalid Bey
Aug 1894 - Mar 1897 Abd�lhalik Nasuhi Bey (b. 1837 - d. 1912)
Mar 1897 - Jul 1897 Huseyni Nazim Pasha (b. 1854 - d. 1927)
Jul 1897 � Sep 1903 Reshid Mumtaz Pasha (b. 1855? - d. 1928)
Sep 1903 - Dec 1908 Ibrahim Khalil Pasha
Dec 1908 - May 1910 Dirvana Ibrahim Edhem Bey
May 1910 - Sep 1911 Mehmed Nureddin Bey (b. 1868 - d. 1911)
Sep 1911 � Aug 1912 Abu Bakr Hazim Bey (1st time)
Aug 1912 - Mar 1913 Edhem (Adham) Bey
7 Mar 1913 - Jun 1913 Abu Bakr Hazim Bey (2nd time)
Jun 1913 - Sep 1913 Yegenaga Ali M�nif Bey (b. 1874 - d. 1951)
1913 � 1915 Bekir Sami Bey (b. 1867 - d. 1933)
Jun 1915 - Jun 1918 Akalin Mustafa Azim Bey
Jun 1918 - 30 Sep 1918 Ismail Haqqi Bey (b. 1870 - d. 1936)
30 Sep 1918 - 6 Oct 1918 Omar al-Daouk (b. 1875 - d. 1949)
6 Oct 1918 - 8 Oct 1918 Shukri Pasha al-Ayyubi (b. 1851 - d. 1922)
(representative of Emir Faisal)
Governors (mutassarifs) of Mount Lebanon
Jun 1861 - May 1868 Davud Pasha (Garabet Artin) (b. c.1816 - d. 1873)
Jun 1868 - 2 Feb 1873 Franko Kusa Nasri Pasha (b. 1814 - d. 1873)
Mar 1873 - Mar 1882 R�stem Pasha (b. 1810 - d. 1885)
9 May 1882 - 26 Jun 1892 Vasa Pasha (b. 1824 - d. 1892)
15 Aug 1892 - 2 Aug 1902 Duhani Naum Nimetullah Pasha (b. 1846 - d. 1911)
27 Sep 1902 - 28 Jun 1907 Muzaffer Pasha (b. 1843 - d. 1907)
(= Władysław Czajkowski)
Jul 1907 - Dec 1912 Franko Kusa Yusuf Pasha (b. 1856 - d. 1933)
Jan 1913 - Sep 1915 Ohannes Kouyoumdjian Pasha (b. 1858 - d. 1933)
25 Sep 1915 - 15 May 1916 Yegenaga Ali M�nif Bey (s.a.)
May 1916 - Aug 1918 Ismail Haqqi Bey (s.a.)
15 Aug 1918 - 30 Sep 1918 M�mtaz Bey (b. 1859 - d. 1925)
30 Sep 1918 - 7 Oct 1918 Habib Saleh Fayyad
7 Oct 1918 - 8 Oct 1918 Habib Pacha Es-Saad (b. 1867 - d. 1942)
(Habib Basha al-Sa'd)
(appointed by Shukri Pasha al-Ayyubi)
French Military Governors of Occupied Enemy Territory Administration - West
8 Oct 1918 - 19 Nov 1918 Marie Antoine Philpin de Pi�pape (b. 1870 - d. 1946)
19 Nov 1918 - 21 Nov 1919 Jules Camille Hamelin (b. 1866 - d. 1958)
1919 - 1 Sep 1920 Fran�ois Georges Barb
Governors
1 Sep 1920 - 25 May 1923 Albert Michel Antoine Trabaud (b. 1872 - d. 1935)
25 May 1923 - 27 Jun 1924 Privat-Antoine Aubouard (interim) (b. 1874 - d. 1934)
27 Jun 1924 - 13 Jan 1925 Charles Alexis Vandenberg (b. 1858 - d. 1942)
13 Jan 1925 - 26 May 1926 L�on Henri Charles Cayla (b. 1881 - d. 1965)
(interim to 16 Jul 1925)
Presidents�
26 May 1926 - 2 Jan 1934 Charles Debbas (Sharil Dabbas) (b. 1885 - d. 1935) Non-party
(from 10 May 1932, president of government
with the courtesy title of President)
2 Jan 1934 - 30 Jan 1934 Privat-Antoine Aubouard (acting) (s.a.) Non-party
30 Jan 1934 - 20 Jan 1936 Habib Pacha Es-Saad (s.a.) Non-party
20 Jan 1936 - 4 Apr 1941 �mile Edd� (1st time) (b. 1886 - d. 1949) KW
(Imil Ibrahim Iddah)
4 Apr 1941 - 9 Apr 1941 Pierre Georges Arlabosse (acting) (b. 1891 - d. 1950) Non-party
9 Apr 1941 - 18 Mar 1943 Alfred Georges Naccache (b. 1887 - d. 1978) KPL
(Alfrid Jurj al-Naqqash)
(acting to 1 Dec 1941)
19 Mar 1943 - 21 Jul 1943 Ayoub Tabet (acting) (b. 1874 - d. 1947) Non-party
21 Jul 1943 - 23 Sep 1943 Petro Iskandar Trad (b. 1886 - d. 1947) Non-party
(Bitru Iskandar Tarrad)
23 Sep 1943 - 11 Nov 1943 B�chara Khalil El-Khoury (1st time)(b. 1892 - d. 1964) DP
(Bisharah Khalil al-Khuri)
(French prisoner at Rashaya 8-22 Nov 1943)
11 Nov 1943 - 22 Nov 1943 �mile Edd� (2nd time) (s.a.) KW
22 Nov 1943 - 18 Sep 1952 B�chara Khalil El-Khoury (2nd time)(s.a.) DP
18 Sep 1952 - 23 Sep 1952 Fouad Abdallah Chehab (1st time) (b. 1902 - d. 1973) Mil
(acting)(Fuad 'Abd Allah Shihab)
23 Sep 1952 - 22 Sep 1958 Camille Nimer Chamoun (b. 1900 - d. 1987) DP/NLP
(Kamil Nimr Sham'un)
23 Sep 1958 - 22 Sep 1964 Fouad Abdallah Chehab (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
23 Sep 1964 - 22 Sep 1970 Charles Alexandre H�lou (b. 1912 - d. 2001) KPL
(Sharil Iskandar Hulw)
23 Sep 1970 - 22 Sep 1976 Suleiman Kabalan Franjieh (b. 1910 - d. 1992) MM + LF
(Sulayman Qabalan Faranjiyah)
23 Sep 1976 - 22 Sep 1982 Elias Youssef Sarkis (b. 1924 - d. 1985) Non-party
(Ilyas Yusuf Sarkis)
23 Sep 1982 - 22 Sep 1988 Amin Pierre Gemayel2 (b. 1942) KPL
(Amin Biyar al-Jumayyil)
23 Sep 1988 - 5 Nov 1989 Salim Ahmed al-Hoss (1st time)3 (b. 1929 - d. 2024) Non-party
(acting) (Salim Ahmad al-Huss)
23 Sep 1988 - 13 Oct 1990 Michel Naim Aoun3 (b. 1933) Mil
(Mishal Na'im 'Awn)
(acting, in dissidence)
5 Nov 1989 - 22 Nov 1989 Ren� Anis Moawad (b. 1925 - d. 1989) KPL
(Rinih Anis Mu'awwad)
22 Nov 1989 - 24 Nov 1989 Salim Ahmed al-Hoss (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
(acting)
24 Nov 1989 - 23 Nov 1998 Elias Hrawi (b. 1926 - d. 2006) Non-party
(Ilyas Khalil al-Harrawi)
23 Nov 1998 - 23 Nov 2007 �mile Geamil Lahoud (b. 1936) Non-party
(Imil Jamil Lahhud)
24 Nov 2007 - 25 May 2008 Fouad Siniora (acting) (b. 1943) FM + M14
(Fu'ad 'Abd al-Basit al-Sanyurah)
25 May 2008 - 24 May 2014 Michel Suleiman (b. 1948) Non-party
(Mishal Nihad Sulayman)
25 May 2014 - 31 Oct 2016 Tammam Saeb Salam (acting) (b. 1945) Non-party
(Tammam Sa'ib Salam)
31 Oct 2016 - 30 Oct 2022 Michel Naim Aoun (b. 1933) FPM
(Mishal Na'im 'Awn)
31 Oct 2022 - 9 Jan 2025 Najib Azmi Mikati (acting) (b. 1955) TA + M8
(Muhammad Najib 'Azmi Miqati)
9 Jan 2025 - Joseph Khalil Aoun (b. 1964) Mil

President of the Administrative Council
1 Oct 1918 - 7 Oct 1918 Habib Pacha Es-Saad (s.a.)
President of the Representative Council
8 May 1922 - 31 May 1926 Habib Pacha Es-Saad (s.a.)
Prime ministers�
31 May 1926 - 5 May 1927 Auguste Adib Pacha (1st time) (b. 1860 - d. 1936) Non-party
5 May 1927 - 10 Aug 1928 B�chara Khalil El-Khoury (1st time)(s.a.) DP
10 Aug 1928 - 9 May 1929 Habib Pacha Es-Saad (s.a.) Non-party
9 May 1929 - 11 Oct 1929 B�chara Khalil El-Khoury (2nd time)(s.a.) DP
11 Oct 1929 - 25 Mar 1930 �mile Edd� (s.a.) KW
25 Mar 1930 - 9 Mar 1932 Auguste Adib Pacha (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
9 Mar 1932 - 29 Jan 1934 Charles Dabbas (s.a.) Non-party
29 Mar 1934 - 30 Jan 1936 Abdullah Bayhum (1st time)(acting) (b. 1879 - d. 1962) Non-party
30 Jan 1936 - 5 Jan 1937 Ayoub Tabet (1st time) (acting) (s.a.) Non-party
5 Jan 1937 - 18 Mar 1938 Khayreddin al-Ahdab (b. 1894 - d. 1941) Non-party
18 Mar 1938 - 24 Oct 1938 Khaled Chehab (1st time) (b. 1892 - d. 1978) Non-party
24 Oct 1938 - 21 Sep 1939 Abdullah Aref Yafi (1st time) (b. 1901 - d. 1986) Non-party
21 Sep 1939 - 4 Apr 1941 Abdullah Bayhum (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
7 Apr 1941 - 26 Nov 1941 Alfred Georges Naccache (s.a.) KPL
1 Dec 1941 - 26 Jul 1942 Ahmed Daouk (1st time) (b. 1892 - d. 1979) Non-party
26 Jul 1942 - 22 Mar 1943 Sami Bey al-Solh (1st time) (b. 1890 - d. 1968) Non-party
22 Mar 1943 - 21 Jul 1943 Ayoub Tabet (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) Non-party
1 Aug 1943 - 25 Sep 1943 Petro Iskandar Trad (s.a.) Non-party
25 Sep 1943 - 10 Jan 1945 Riad Bey al-Solh (1st time) (b. 1894 - d. 1951) DP
(French prisoner at Rashaya 8-22 Nov 1943)
10 Jan 1945 - 20 Aug 1945 Abdul Hamid Karami (b. 1890 - d. 1950) Non-party
23 Aug 1945 - 22 May 1946 Sami Bey al-Solh (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
22 May 1946 - 14 Dec 1946 Saadi al-Munla (b. 1890 - d. 1975) Non-party
14 Dec 1946 - 14 Feb 1951 Riad Bey al-Solh (2nd time) (s.a.) DP
14 Feb 1951 - 7 Apr 1951 Hussein al-Oweini (1st time) (b. 1900 - d. 1971) Non-party
7 Apr 1951 - 11 Feb 1952 Abdullah Aref Yafi (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
11 Feb 1952 - 9 Sep 1952 Sami Bey al-Solh (3rd time) (s.a.) Non-party
10 Sep 1952 - 14 Sep 1952 Nazim Akkari (b. 1902 - d. 1985) Non-party
14 Sep 1952 - 18 Sep 1952 Saeb Salam (1st time) (b. 1905 - d. 2000) Non-party
24 Sep 1952 - 30 Sep 1952 Abdullah Aref Yafi (3rd time) (s.a.) Non-party
1 Oct 1952 - 1 May 1953 Khaled Chehab (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
1 May 1953 - 13 Aug 1953 Saeb Salam (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
16 Aug 1953 - 16 Sep 1954 Abdullah Aref Yafi (4th time) (s.a.) Non-party
16 Sep 1954 - 19 Sep 1955 Sami al-Solh (4th time) (s.a.) Non-party
19 Sep 1955 - 20 Mar 1956 Rashid Karami (1st time) (b. 1921 - d. 1987) PSP
20 Mar 1956 - 18 Nov 1956 Abdullah Aref Yafi (5th time) (s.a.) Non-party
27 Nov 1956 - 20 Sep 1958 Sami al-Solh (5th time) (s.a.) Non-party
20 Sep 1958 - 24 Sep 1958 Khalil al-Hibri (acting) (b. 1904 - d. 1979) Non-party
24 Sep 1958 - 14 May 1960 Rashid Karami (2nd time) (s.a.) PSP
14 May 1960 - 1 Aug 1960 Ahmed Daouk (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
2 Aug 1960 - 31 Oct 1961 Saeb Salam (3rd time) (s.a.) Non-party
31 Oct 1961 - 20 Feb 1964 Rashid Karami (3rd time) (s.a.) PSP
20 Feb 1964 - 25 Jul 1965 Hussein al-Oweini (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
25 Jul 1965 - 9 Apr 1966 Rashid Karami (4th time) (s.a.) PSP
9 Apr 1966 - 2 Dec 1966 Abdullah Aref Yafi (6th time) (s.a.) Non-party
7 Dec 1966 - 8 Feb 1968 Rashid Karami (5th time) (s.a.) PSP
8 Feb 1968 - 15 Jan 1969 Abdullah Aref Yafi (7th time) (s.a.) Non-party
15 Jan 1969 - 13 Oct 1970 Rashid Karami (6th time) (s.a.) PSP
13 Oct 1970 - 25 Apr 1973 Saeb Salam (4th time) (s.a.) Non-party
25 Apr 1973 - 21 Jun 1973 Amin Hafez (b. 1926 - d. 2009) ABS
21 Jun 1973 - 31 Oct 1974 Takieddin al-Solh (1st time) (b. 1908 - d. 1988) Non-party
31 Oct 1974 - 24 May 1975 Rashid al-Solh (1st time) (b. 1926 - d. 2014) Non-party
24 May 1975 - 30 Jun 1975 Nureddin Rifai (b. 1899 - d. 1980) Mil
1 Jul 1975 - 8 Dec 1976 Rashid Karami (7th time) (s.a.) PSP
8 Dec 1976 - 20 Jul 1980 Salim Ahmed al-Hoss (1st time) (s.a.) Non-party
20 Jul 1980 - 25 Oct 1980 Takieddin al-Solh (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
25 Oct 1980 - 30 Apr 1984 Shafiq Wazzan (b. 1925 - d. 1999) Non-party
30 Apr 1984 - 1 Jun 1987 Rashid Karami (8th time) (s.a.) NSF
1 Jun 1987 - 24 Dec 1990 Salim Ahmed al-Hoss (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
23 Sep 1988 - 13 Oct 1990 Michel Naim Aoun3 (s.a.) Mil
(military government, in opposition)
24 Dec 1990 - 13 May 1992 Omar Karami (1st time) (b. 1934 - d. 2015) Non-party
13 May 1992 - 31 Oct 1992 Rashid al-Solh (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
31 Oct 1992 - 6 Dec 1998 Rafiq Bahaeddine Hariri (b. 1944 - d. 2005) FM
(1st time)
6 Dec 1998 - 23 Oct 2000 Salim Ahmed al-Hoss (3rd time) (s.a.) Non-party
23 Oct 2000 - 21 Oct 2004 Rafiq Bahaeddine Hariri (s.a.) FM
(2nd time)
21 Oct 2004 - 19 Apr 2005 Omar Karami (2nd time) (s.a.) ALP
19 Apr 2005 - 19 Jul 2005 Najib Azmi Mikati (1st time) (s.a.) TA
19 Jul 2005 - 9 Nov 2009 Fouad Siniora (s.a.) FM + M14
9 Nov 2009 - 13 Jun 2011 Saad Hariri (1st time) (b. 1970) FM + M14
13 Jun 2011 - 15 Feb 2014 Najib Azmi Mikati (2nd time) (s.a.) TA + M8
15 Feb 2014 - 20 Dec 2016 Tammam Saeb Salam (s.a.) Non-party
20 Dec 2016 - 21 Jan 2020 Saad Hariri (2nd time) (s.a.) FM + M14
21 Jan 2020 - 10 Sep 2021 Hassan Diab (b. 1959) Non-party
10 Sep 2021 - 8 Feb 2025 Najib Azmi Mikati (3rd time) (s.a.) TA + M8
(interim from 22 May 2022)
8 Feb 2025 - Nawaf Abdallah Salim Salam (b. 1953) Non-party

French-mandated Syria and Lebanon (headquarters in Beirut, Lebanon)

British Commander of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force
8 Oct 1918 - 21 Nov 1919 Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby (b. 1861 - d. 1936) Mil

**High Commissioner of the French Republic in Palestine and Syria
8 Oct 1918 - 6 Nov 1918 Robert Coulondre (interim) (b. 1885 - d. 1959) Mil
High Commissioner of the French Republic for Syria and Armenia (Cilicia)
6 Nov 1918 - 21 Nov 1919 Fran�ois Marie Denis Georges-Picot (b. 1870 - d. 1951)
High Commissioners of the French Republic in Syria and Cilicia21 Nov 1919 - 23 Nov 1922 Henri Joseph Eug�ne Gouraud (b. 1867 - d. 1946) Mil
23 Nov 1922 - 17 Apr 1923 Robert de Caix (acting) (b. 1869 - d. 1970)
19 Apr 1923 - 29 Nov 1924 Maxime Weygand (b. 1867 - d. 1965) Mil
29 Nov 1924 - 23 Dec 1925 Maurice Paul Emmanuel Sarrail (b. 1856 - d. 1929)
23 Dec 1925 - 23 Jun 1926 Bertrand Henry L�on Robert de (b. 1876 - d. 1935)
Jouvenel des Ursins
12 Oct 1926 - 12 Oct 1933 Auguste Henri Ponsot (b. 1877 - d. 1963)
12 Oct 1933 - 7 Jan 1939 Damien de Martel, comte de Martel (b. 1878 - d. 1940)
7 Jan 1939 - 6 Dec 1940 Gabriel Puaux (b. 1883 - d. 1970)
24 Nov 1940 - 27 Nov 1940 Jean Chiappe (did not take office) (b. 1878 - d. 1940)
6 Dec 1940 - 14 Jul 1941 Henri Fernand Dentz (b. 1881 - d. 1945) Mil
D elegates-general and Plenipotentiaries
24 Jun 1941 - 7 Jun 1943 Georges Albert Julien Catroux (b. 1877 - d. 1969) Mil
(also chief of the Free French forces in the Levant states)
7 Jun 1943 - 23 Nov 1943 Jean Helleu (b. 1885 - d. 1955)
23 Nov 1943 - 23 Jan 1944 Yves Jean Joseph Chataigneau (b. 1891 - d. 1961)
23 Jan 1944 - 1 Sep 1946 �tienne Paul �mile Marie Beynet (b. 1883 - d. 1969) Mil

General Officers Commanding in Chiefs of British Forces (from 21 Aug 1942, for Iraq and Iran)
(subordinated to the Middle East Command)
8 Jun 1941 - 18 Feb 1943 Sir Henry Maitland Wilson (b. 1881 - d. 1964) Mil
18 Feb 1943 - 18 Feb 1944 Sir Henry Royds Pownall (b. 1887 - d. 1961) Mil
18 Feb 1944 - 1 Mar 1946 Sir Arthur Francis Smith (b. 1890 - d. 1977) Mil
British Resident Ministers to the Republics of Syria and Lebanon
1 Aug 1941 - 15 Dec 1944 Edward Louis Spears (b. 1886 - d. 1974)
(from Jan 1942, Sir Edward Louis Spears)
(head of U.K. mission in Syria and the Lebanon; from 8 Feb
1942, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
to the Syrian and Lebanese Republics)
22 Dec 1944 - Aug 1946 Terence Allen Shone (b. 1894 - d. 1965)

�From 23 May 1926 According to the National Compact the President of the Republic is a Maronite Christian elected for six years from the Parliament; he is not immediately re-eligible. The Prime minister is a Sunni Muslim. The Compact was renewed 12 Aug 1989.

2replacedBachir Gemayel (b. 1947 - d. 1982) KPL, who was elected on 23 Aug 1982, but was assassinated on 14 Sep 1982 before he could take office.

3acting because Bashir Gemayel (b. 1947 - d. 1982) KPL elected on 22 Aug 1982 - 14 Sep 1982 was assassinated 14 Aug 1982 before taking office. General Michel Naim Aoun (s.a.) chaired a military cabinet in dissidence from 23 Sep 1988 - 13 Oct 1990 and also claimed to be the acting president.

Territorial Disputes: Lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear with several sections in dispute; in Mar 2021, Syria signed a contract with a Russian company for oil and gas exploration in a maritime area Lebanon claims as its own based on a 2011 map sent to the UN; since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shab'a Farms area in the Israeli-controlled Golan Heights; the roughly 2,000-strong UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has been in place since 1978.

Party abbreviations: ADP = Hizb al-'Arabi al-Dimuqrati (Arab Democratic Party, Arab nationalist, Arab socialist, pro-Syrian, Alawite Muslim, est.1974); ALP = Hizb al-Taharor al-'Arabi (Arab Liberation Party, mainly Sunni Muslim, HB ally); AM = Harakat 'Amal' ("Hope" Movement, conservative, Arab nationalist, populist, officially secular mainly Shia Muslim, est.1974);FM = Tayyar al-Mustaqbal (Future Movement, Hariri personalist, center-right, officially secular mainly Sunni, est.1992); FPM = at-Tayyar al-Waṭani al-Horr (Free Patriotic Movement, nationalist, christian democratic, pro-Michel Aoun, mainly Maronite Christian, est.2005); HB = Hezbollah (Party of God, Islamist, pro-Iranian, Shia Muslim, est.1982); HM = Harakat Majd (Glory Movement, centrist, est.2004); KPL = Hizb al-Kata'ib al-Lubnaniya (Lebanese Phalanges Party "Phalange", christian democratic, National conservative, Phoenicianist, mainly Maronite Christian, est.1 Aug 1936); KW = al-Kutlah al-Wataniyyah (National Bloc, liberal conservative, pro-western, center-right, mainly Maronite Christian, est.1936); M8 = Tahaluf 8 Adhar (March 8 Alliance, pro-Syrian coalition of AM, ADP, ALP, FPM [from 2006], HB, and SSNP, est.2005); M14 = Tahaluf 14 Adhar (March 14 Alliance, anti-Syrian coalition of FM, FPM [to 2006], KPL, KW, NLP, and PSP [to 2011], est.2005); MM = Tayyar al-Marada (Marada Movement, nationalist, christian democratic, center-right, officially secular, mainly Christian, est.1967); NLP = Hizb al-Wataniyyin al-Ahrar (Party of Free Nationalists, conservative-liberal, mainly Maronite Christian, est.1959); PSP = Hizb al-Taqadummi al-Ishtiraki (Progressive Socialist Party, socialist, secular, mainly Druze, est.5 Jan 1949); T A = Tayyar al-Azm (Azm [Obliged] Movement, centrist, secular, Najib Mikati personalist, est.2004); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: ABS= Hizb al-Ba'ath al-'Arabi al-Ishtiraki (Arab Baath Socialist Party, Lebanese branch of the undivided Ba'ath Party, 1949/50-1966); DP = al-Kutla ad-Dustuuriyya (Constitutional Bloc, Hizb al-Ittihad ad-Dustuuri [Constitutional Union Party], liberal nationalist, nonsectarian, pro-National Pact, centrist, 1934-1958); HA = al-Hilf al-Thulathi (Tripartite Alliance, mainly Christian, anti-Shihab coalition of KPL, KW, and NLP, 1968-1976); HI = Hizb al-Istiqlal (Independence Party, Arab independence movement, est.1919); LF = Jabhat al-Lubnaniyya (Lebanese Front, right-wing mainly Christian coalition, incl. KPL, MM, Lebanese Forces, NLP, 1976-1990); LNM = al-Harakat al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya (Lebanese National Movement, Arab nationalist, anti-Maronite, leftist coalition of ABS, al-Hizb ash-Shuyu'i al-Lubnani [Lebanese Communist Party], PSP, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and al-Hizb al-Suri al-Qawmi al-'Ijtima'i [Syrian Social Nationalist Party] [SSNP], 1969-1982); NSF = National Salvation Front (pro-Syrian coalition of Sunni Muslim, Druze, and some Christians, mainly in the north of Lebanon, est.Jul 1983)

South Lebanon

[Lebanon]

Flag used by SLA 1979 - 2000

Map of South Lebanon (Jan 1998)	Hear National Anthem "Koullouna Liloutataan Lil'Oula Lil'Alam" (All for the Country, for the Glory, for the Flag)	Constitution (nominally the Constitution of Lebanon of 1926)	Population: 70,000 (1999) 150,000 (1982)
Headquarters: Marjayoun (Marjuyun)(1979-2000)	Currency: Lebanese Pound (LBP); Israeli Shekel (ILS)	GDP: $N/A	Total SLA Force: 1,500 (2000) 3,000 (1990)
Ethnic groups: Lebanese Arab, Armenian, Kurd, other	Religions: mostly Christian (Roman Catholic, [Maronite, Greek Catholic] , Orthodox (Greek Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic); and Druze

30 Oct 1948 - 23 Mar 1949 Israel occupies 13 villages in a strip of land around,
and including, the Lebanese town of Houla, near the
Israeli-Lebanese border as part of the operation capturing
the Galilee during in the Arab-Israeli War.
14 Mar 1978 Israeli invasion of Southern Lebanon, "Operation Litani",
occupying southern Lebanon up to the Litani River, except for
the city of Tyre, to push the Palestine Liberation Organization
(PLO) forces away from the border in response to the Coastal
Road massacre.
19 Mar 1978 United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) established,
the first troops arrive in Lebanon on 23 Mar 1978.
13 Jun 1978 Israel withdraws most of its troops from Southern Lebanon.
18 Apr 1979 Saad Haddad declares the area controlled by Free Lebanon Army as
"Free State of Lebanon" (Dawlat Lubnan al-Hurr)(not recognized).
May 1980 Free Lebanon Army renamed the Army of South Lebanon (also called
South Lebanese Army)(Jaysh Lubnan al-Janubi)(SLA).
6 Jun 1982 Israeli invasion, "Operation Peace for Galilee", following
repeated attacks and counter-attacks between the PLO operating
in southern Lebanon and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).
Sep 1982 � 5 Jun 1985 Israel withdraws its troops to the South Lebanon Security Belt
in southern Lebanon, the zone was patrolled by the IDF and SLA.
14 Jan 1984 Free State of Lebanon authority quickly deteriorates with the
death of Sa'ad Haddad. It retains only a provisional
administration of which only the military force of the state
continued to function under Antoine Lahad.
16 Feb 1985 The South Lebanon Security Belt declared by Israel, occupied by
the IDF and SLA.
1 Jun 1999 Israel withdraws from Jizzin (Jezzine).
24 May 2000 Israel evacuates Southern Lebanon and the South Lebanon Security
Belt is dissolved, as a result the SLA disintegrates.
28 May 2000 Abu Arz (�tienne Saqr)(b. 1937) declares a Lebanese government in
exile in Israel (later Nicosia, Cyprus) to no effect.
22 Jul 2006 - 1 Oct 2006 Israeli invasion in response to Hezbollah cross-border and
missile raids, resulting in a brief re-occupation of Southern
Lebanon.

Commanders of the Army of South Lebanon
18 Apr 1979 - 14 Jan 1984 Sa'ad Haddad (b. 1936 - d. 1984)
(also head of government of Free State of Lebanon)
4 Apr 1984 - 24 May 2000 Antoine Lahad (b. 1927 - d. 2015)

Israeli Commanders of the Lebanon Liaison Unit (LLU) 1978 - 1980 Yoram Hamizrachi (b. 1942 - d. 2010)
(Liaison Officer for Southern Lebanon)
1980 - 1981 Meir Dagan (1st time) (b. 1945 - d. 2016)
Nov 1981 - Dec 1982 Ephraim Sneh (b. 1944)
1982 David Maimon (b. 1929 - d. 2010)
(of Lebanon Assistance Unit)Dec 1982 - Apr 1984 Meir Dagan (2nd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1984 - Apr 1985 Shlomo Ilya (b. 1942)
Apr 1985 - Aug 1986 Daniel "Danny" Rothschild (b. 1946)
Aug 1986 - Jun 1988 David Agmon (b. 1947)
Jun 1988 - Feb 1991 Zeev Zakharin (b. 1950)
Feb 1991 - Oct 1992 Moshe "Chiko" Tamir (b. 1964)
Oct 1992 - Jul 1994 Gabi Ashkenazi (b. 1954)
Jul 1994 - Jun 1996 Giora Inbar (b. 1955)
Jun 1996 - Feb 1998 Eli Amitai (1st time) (b. 1957)
Feb 1998 - 28 Feb 1999 Erez Gerstein (b. 1960 - d. 1999)
1 Mar 1999 - May 1999 Eli Amitai (2nd time)(acting) (s.a.)
May 1999 - 24 May 2000 Binyamin "Benny" Gantz (b. 1959)

United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)

[United Nations Interim
Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)]

Headquarters: Naqoura	UNIFIL Force: 10,392 (2024)

Heads of Mission and Force Commanders of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)
23 Mar 1978 - Feb 1981 Emmanuel Alexander Erskine (Ghana) (b. 1935 - d. 2021)
Feb 1981 - May 1986 William Bull O'Callaghan (Ireland) (b. 1921 - d. 2015)
Jun 1986 - Jun 1988 Johan Edvin Birger Gustav H�gglund (b. 1938)
(Finland)
Jul 1988 - Feb 1993 Lars Eric Wahlgren (Sweden) (b. 1929 - d. 1999)
23 Feb 1993 - 1 Apr 1995 Trond Furuhovde (Norway) (b. 1939 - d. 2006)
1 Apr 1995 - 30 Sep 1997 Stanisław Franciszek Woźniak (b. 1946)
(Poland)
1 Oct 1997 - 30 Sep 1999 Jioji "George" Konousi Konrote (b. 1947)
(Fiji)
30 Sep 1999 - 1 Dec 1999 James "Jim" Sreenan (Ireland)
(acting)
1 Dec 1999 - 15 May 2001 Seth Kofi Obeng (Ghana) (b. 1945)
15 May 2001 - 17 Aug 2001 Ganesan Athmanathan (India)(acting)
17 Aug 2001 - 17 Feb 2004 Lalit Mohan Tewari (India) (b. 1947 - d. 2004)
17 Feb 2004 - 17 Feb 2007 Alain Pellegrini (France) (b. 1946)
17 Feb 2007 - 28 Jan 2010 Claudio Graziano (Italy) (b. 1954 - d. 2024)
28 Jan 2010 - 28 Jan 2012 Alberto Te�filo Asarta Cuevas (b. 1951)
(Spain)
28 Jan 2012 - 24 Jul 2014 Paolo Serra (Italy) (b. 1956)
24 Jul 2014 - 19 Jul 2016 Luciano Portolano (Italy) (b. 1960)
19 Jul 2016 - 7 Aug 2018 Michael Beary (Ireland) (b. 1956)
7 Aug 2018 - 28 Feb 2022 Stefano Del Col (Italy) (b. 1961)
28 Feb 2022 - Aroldo L�zaro S�enz (Spain) (b. 1962)

� Ben Cahoon