Saudi Arabia (original) (raw)

Saudi Arabia

Hejaz (Hijaz)

c.1201 Hashemite dynasty beings rule in Mecca as Sharifs (from 1629,
Grand Sharif).
1258 - 1517 Part of Mameluke Sultanate of Egypt.
Aug 1517 Part of the Ottoman Empire (part of 1554-1802 and 1813-1872
Eyalet of Jeddah and Habesh [_Eyalet-i Habesh_]).
Mar 1803 - 23 Jan 1813 Diriyah Emirate, the Wahabbi state, occupies the Hejaz (Mar 1803
Taif, Mecca 30 Apr - Jul 1803 and re-occupied Feb 1806, Medina
1804, and Jeddah 1806).
Nov 1812 Egypt under Muhammad Ali, on behalf of the Ottomans, invades the
Hejaz (Medina taken Nov 1812, Jeddah Jan 1813, and Mecca on
23 Jan 1813).
14 May 1833 - Jan 1841 Egypt annexes the Hejaz (Hedjaz/Hijaz)(nominally under Ottoman
suzerainty).
1872 - 1916 Ottoman Vilayet of the Hejaz.
1910 Sanjak of Medine-i M�nevvere (Medina) made an independent sanjak.
10 Jun 1916 Hejaz declares independence from Ottoman Empire. Arab revolt
against Ottoman rule is declared by the Grand Sharif Hussein
Pasha bin Ali (Jeddah occupied 16 Jun 1916, Mecca 4 Jul 1916,
Yanbu 27 Jul 1916, Taif on 22 Sep 1916, Wejh 24 Jan 1917, and
Aqaba 6 Jul 1917).
29 Oct 1916 Hussein bin Ali Al-Hashimi proclaims the independence of all
the Arab lands from the Ottoman Empire.
10 Jan 1919 Ottoman garrison in Medina surrenders.
10 Aug 1920 Turkey formally recognizes independence of Hejaz by the Treaty of
S�vres (not ratified), confirmed by the Treaty of Lausanne of
24 Jul 1923.
5 Sep 1924 Ta'if occupied by Nejd.
13 Oct 1924 Mecca occupied by Nejd.
21 Dec 1924 Yanbu occupied by Nejd.
5 Dec 1925 Medina occupied by Nejd.
17 Dec 1925 Jeddah occupied by Nejd.
19 Dec 1925 Hejaz occupied by Nejd, Sharif Ali abdicate his throne.
8 Jan 1926 Hejaz annexed (de facto) by Nejd.
20 May 1927 U.K. recognizes the independence of Ibn Sa`ud and his
sovereignty over Hejaz (ratified 17 Sep 1927).
20 Nov 1930 `Asir incorporated into Hejaz by Nejd.
22 Sep 1932 Unification of Hejaz with Nejd as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
(in accordance with a royal decree of 18 Sep 1932).

Ottoman Walis (governors) 1517 - 1746 ....
c.1735 Bakr Pasha
1746 - 1750 Uthman Pasha al Halabi
(= Halapli Osman Pasha)
1750 - 1759 ....
1759 Sa'd al din Pasha al Azm
1759 - 1813 ....
1813 - 1840/41 Ibrahim Pasha -Egyptian governor
Jan 1841 - Jan 1846 Osman Pasha (d. 1846)
Jan 1846 - Sep 1848 Mehmed Sherif Pasha (d. 1851)
Sep 1848 - May 1850 Mehmed Hasib Pasha
May 1850 - Jul 1852 Agha Abdulaziz Pasha (d. 1855)
Jul 1852 - Jan 1855 Ahmed Izzet Pasha
Jan 1855 - May 1856 M�hendis Mehmed Kamil Pasha
May 1856 - Jul 1857 K�rt Mahmud Pasha
Jul 1857 - Nov 1858 Konyali Mehemd Namik Pasha (b. 1804 - d. 1892)
Dec 1858 - Oct 1861 Haci Kutuhyali Ali Pasha
Oct 1861 - Sep 1864 Ahmed Izzet Pasha
Sep 1864 - Aug 1867 Mehmed Vecihi Pasha
Aug 1867 - Aug 1870 Mehmed Muammer Pasha
Aug 1870 - Aug 1872 Mehmed Hurschid Pasha
Aug 1872 - Jul 1874 Mehmed Reshid Pasha
Jul 1874 - Oct 1874 Mehmed R�shd� Pasha (b. 1824 - d. 1874)
Oct 1874 - Oct 1877 Mehmed Takiyeddin Pasha
Oct 1877 - Jun 1879 Mehmed Halet Pasha (d. 1879)
Jun 1879 - Mar 1880 Rashid Nashid Pasha
Mar 1880 - Mar 1881 Safvet Pasha (1st time) (d. 1895)
Aug 1882 - Jul 1886 Topal Osman Nuri Pasha (1st time)
Dec 1886 - Apr 1887 Huseyin Cemil Pasha
Apr 1887 - Mar 1890 Safvet Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
Mar 1890 - Jun 1892 Ismail Hakki Pasha
Jun 1892 - Nov 1892 Topal Osman Nuri Pasha (2nd time)
Dec 1892 - Jun 1894 Ahmed Ratip Pasha (1st time)
Jun 1894 - Jun 1895 Hasan Hilmi Pasha
Jun 1895 - Aug 1908 Ahmed Ratip Pasha (2nd time)
Sep 1908 - May 1909 Alpan Kazim Pasha
May 1909 - Feb 1911 Mehemd Emin Pasha
Feb 1911 - Nov 1911 Ebubekir Azim Bey
Nov 1911 - Jan 1912 Halil Bey
Jan 1912 - Sep 1912 Mustafa Zihni Pasha
Sep 1912 - May 1913 Ahmed Reshid Pasha
May 1913 - Jan 1914 Ahmed Nedim Pasha
Jan 1914 - Feb 1915 Vehib (Wehib) Bey (b. 1877 - d. 1940)
28 Feb 1915 - 22 Sep 1916 Ali Galib Pasiner Pasha (b. 1868 - d. 1939)
(Allied prisoner from 22 Sep 1916)
17 Jul 1916 - 9 Jan 1919 Fakhri Pasha (Fahreddin Pasha) (b. 1868 - d. 1948) (commander of Hejaz Expeditionary Force, in Medina)
Sharifs of Mecca
Aug 1455 - Aug 1497 Malik ul-Adil Muhammad (III) bin (d. 1497)
Barakat
Sep 1497 - Sep 1525 Barakat (II) bin Muhammad (b. 1456 - d. 1525)
Sep 1525 - Feb 1583 Muhammad Abu Numay (II) Nazim (b. 1505 - d. 1583)
ud-din bin Barakat
Feb 1583 - Dec 1601 Al-Hasan (III) bin Muhammad Abu (b. 1524 - d. 1601)
Numay
Dec 1601 - 1610 Idris (II) Abu Aun bin Hasan (b. 1566 - d. 1624)
1610 - May 1628 Muhsin (I) bin Hussein (b. 1557 - d. 1692)
May 1628 - Oct 1629 Ahmad bin Abu Talib al-Hasan
Grand Sharifs of Mecca
Oct 1629 - Nov 1630 Masud (I) bin Idris (d. 1630)
Nov 1630 - Mar 1631 Abdullah (I) bin Hasan (1st time)
Mar 1631 - Jul 1631 Aun bin Idris Abdul Karim
Jul 1631 - Sep 1631 Abdullah (I) bin Hasan (2nd time)
1631 - Jul 1666 Zeid bin Muhsin (b. 1607 - d. 1666)
Jul 1666 - 1671 Saad bin Zeid (1st time) (b. 1647 - d. 1709)
1667 - 1668 Muhsin bin Ahmad (1st time) -co-ruler 1669 - 1671 Ahmad bin Zeid (1st time) -co-ruler(d. 1688)
Jun 1670 - Nov 1670 Hamud bin Abdullah bin Hasan (d. 1674)
Apr 1672 - Apr 1682 Barakat (III) bin Muhammad (d. 1687)
1682 - 1684 Ibrahim bin Muhammad
1682 - 1683 Said (I) bin Barakat
Oct 1684 - 1688 Ahmad bin Zeid (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Jan 1688 - Apr 1690 Ahmad bin Ghalib (d. 1701)
1689 - Apr 1690 Muhsin bin Ahmad (2nd time)
Apr 1690 - Oct 1691 Muhsin (II) bin Hussein (d. 1695)
Oct 1691 - 1694 Said (II) bin Saad (1st time) (b. 1674 - d. 1717)
13 Mar 1693 - Aug 1694 Saad bin Zeid (2nd time) (s.a.)
Aug 1694 - Dec 1694 Abdullah(II) bin Hashim (d. 1701)
Dec 1694 - Mar 1702 Saad bin Zeid (3rd time) (s.a.)
Mar 1702 - Jul 1704 Said (II) bin Saad (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jul 1704 Abdul Muhsin bin Ahmad (b. 16.. - d. 1718)
Jul 1704 - Feb 1705 Abdul Karim bin Muhammad (b. 16.. - d. 1719)
(1st time)
Mar 1705 - Nov 1705 Said (II) bin Saad (3rd time) (s.a.)
Nov 1705 - Dec 1711 Abdul Karim bin Muhammad (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Dec 1711 - Jan 1717 Said (II) bin Saad (4th time) (s.a.)
Jan 1717 - Apr 1718 Abdullah (III) bin Said (1st time) (d. 1775)
Apr 1718 - Nov 1718 Ali bin Said
1718 - 1719 Yahya (I) bin Barakat
May 1720 - Sep 1722 Mubarak bin Ahmad (1st time) (d. 1727)
Sep 1722 - Oct 1723 Barakat bin Yahya
Oct 1723 - Mar 1724 Mubarak bin Ahmad (2nd time) (s.a.)
Mar 1724 - May 1731 Abdullah (III) bin Said (2nd time) (s.a.)
May 1731 - Nov 1732 Muhammad bin Abdullah (1st time) (b. 1715 - d. 1756)
Nov 1732 - Jan 1733 Masud bin Said (1st time) (d. 1752)
Feb 1733 - 1734 Muhammad bin Abdullah (2nd time) (s.a.)
Feb 1734 - 18 Feb 1752 Masud bin Said (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Feb 1752 - 24 Aug 1759 Masaad bin Said (II)(1st time) (d. 1770)
24 Aug 1759 - Jan 1760 Jaafar bin Said (d. 1764)
Jan 1760 - 23 May 1770 Masaad bin Said (II)(2nd time) (s.a.)
23 May 1770 - 12 Jul 1770 Ahmad bin Said (d. 1781)
12 Jul 1770 - 5 Feb 1773 Abdullah (IV) bin Hussein (d. 1788)
Oct 1770 - Oct 1770 Ahmad bin Said (in rebellion) (s.a.)
5 Feb 1773 - 21 Jan 1788 Surur bin Masaad (b. 1744 - d. 1788)
21 Jan 1788 - 31 Jan 1788 Abdul Muin bin Masaad (b. 1747 - d. 1803)
31 Jan 1788 - 2 Nov 1813 Ghalib bin Masaad (b. 1750 - d. 1817)
(in exile 30 Apr - Jul 1803, Feb 1806 - 23 Jan 1813)
Emirs and Grand Sharifs of Mecca
2 Nov 1813 - Aug 1827 Yahya (II) bin Surur (d. 1838)
(stipendiary of Muhammad Ali)
Aug 1827 - Sep 1827 Abdul Mutalib bin Ghalib (b. 1790 - d. 1886)
(1st time)
Sep 1827 - 1836 Muhammad (III) bin Abdul Muin (b. 1767 - d. 1858)
(1st time)
c.1833 Ahmad Pasha
(representative of Muhammad Ali in Hejaz)
1836 - 1840 Muhammad bin Abdul Muin (s.a.)
(commander of the Egyptian Army)
1840 - Jul 1851 Muhammad (III) bin Abdul Muin (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Jul 1851 - 6 Jan 1856 Abdul Mutalib bin Ghalib (s.a.)
(2nd time)
6 Jan 1856 - 28 Mar 1858 Muhammad (III) bin Abdul Muin (s.a.)
(3rd time)
1 May 1858 - 26 Jun 1877 Abdullah Pasha bin Muhammad (b. 1823 - d. 1877)
11 Jul 1877 - 15 Mar 1880 Hussein bin Muhammad (b. 1838 - d. 1880)
Jun 1880 - 31 Aug 1881 Abdul Mutalib bin Ghalib (s.a.)
(3rd time)
31 Aug 1881 - 30 Aug 1882 Abdullah Pasha bin Muhammad (b. 1845 - d. 1908)
(1st time)
30 Aug 1882 - 17 Jul 1905 Aun ar-Rafiq Pasha bin Muhammad (b. 1841 - d. 1905)
14 Oct 1905 - 26 Oct 1908 Ali Pasha bin Abdullah (b. 1859 - d. 1941)
26 Oct 1908 - 29 Oct 1908 Abdullah Pasha bin Muhammad (s.a.)
(2nd time)(did not arrive in Mecca)
29 Oct 1908 - 29 Oct 1916 Hussein Pasha bin Ali (b. 1856 - d. 1931)
(formally dismissed by Ottoman Sultan 2 Jul 1916)
1 Aug 1916 - 21 Mar 1917 Ali Haidar Pasha (in Medina) (b. 1866 - d. 1935)
(Ottoman designee in opposition to Hussein)
Kings�
29 Oct 1916 - 3 Oct 1924 Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi (s.a.)
(= Hussein Pasha bin Ali)
(assumed Caliph title on 11 Mar 1924)
3 Oct 1924 - 19 Dec 1925 Ali bin Hussein al-Hashimi (b. 1879 - d. 1935)
8 Jan 1926 - 22 Sep 1932 Abdul Aziz (b. 1880 - d. 1953)

Grand Viziers
10 Jun 1916 - 3 Oct 1924 Ali bin Hussein al-Hashimi (s.a.)
Oct 1924 - Nov 1925 Abdullah as-Sarraj (acting) (b.c.1876 - d. 1949) HNP
Nov 1925 - Dec 1925 Sheikh Muhammad al-Tawil (acting) HNP
Dec 1925 � Jan 1926 Abdullah Alireza (interim) (b. 1853 - d. 1932)
(head of interim government)
Agent-General (and from 31 Dec 1931, Chairman of the Council of ministers)
17 Aug 1926 - 22 Sep 1932 Faysal bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud (b. 1906 - d. 1975) Non-party

�Full styles of the ruler:
(a) from 29 Oct 1916: the Grand Sharif assumed the title Malik al'umat Alearabia wa Amir al-Mumenin ("King of the Arab Nation and Commander of the Faithful"). From 6 Nov 1916, recognized by the Allied powers only as "King of the Hejaz, Commander of the Faithful, Grand Sharif and Emir of Mecca"; on 11 Mar 1924, he assumed title Caliph al-Islam ("Caliph of Islam"). From 3 Oct 1924, "King of the Hejaz and Grand Sharif of Mecca";
(b) 29 Jan 1927 - 22 Sep 1932: Malik al-Hijaz wa Najd wa Mulhaqatahu ("King of the Hejaz and Nejd and Dependencies").

Former parties: HNP = Hizb al-Hijaz al-Watani (Hejaz National Party, Hijazinationalist, moderate, urban elites, 1924-1926)

Asir: see under Former Arabian States

Nejd (Najd)

16th cent. Ottoman Empire claims suzerainty over interior of Arabia.
Feb 1727 A member of the Al Sa`ud clan, Muhammad bin Sa`ud, local ruler
of the small settlement of Diriyah (Dariya), enjoying relative
freedom outside of rule by Ottomans, Sharif of Mecca, or al-Hasa.
1744 Ruler of Diriyah adopts the teachings of Muhammad bin Abdul
al-Wahhab founder of Wahhabism (Diriyah Emirate[Al-Imarat al-
_Dir'iyyah_]) (also called the "first Saudi state").
1801 Wahhabis raid and plunder Karbala.
by 1802 Diriyah dominates almost all of central Arabia.
30 Apr 1803 - 23 Jan 1813 Diriyah annexes the Hejaz.
1817 - Jul 1819 Egyptian occupation (on behalf of the Ottoman Empire), taking
Mawiyah Nov 1817, then Al-Rass, Al-Khabra, Unaizah and
Buraidah in Dec 1817, reaching Diriyah Apr 1818).
11 Sep 1818 Diriyah surrenders to Egyptian forces (end of first Saudi state).
1824 Egyptian forces withdraw from the Nejd.
1824 Riyadh re-occupied by Turki bin Abdullah, son of deposed ruler of
Diriyah, establishing Emirate of Nejd (Al-Imarat al-Negid)(which
is called the "second Saudi state").
May 1837 - Jan 1841 Egyptian administration (nominally under Ottoman suzerainty).
1887 Conquest by Jebel Shammar.
1891 - 15 Jan 1902 Direct rule by Jebel Shammar.
15 Jan 1902 Abdul Aziz ibn Sa`ud re-takes Riyadh; Emirate of Nejd (_Al-Imarat_
_al-Negid_)(restored), also called Emirate of Riyadh (_Al-Imarat_
_ar-Riysd'_).
29 Jul 1913 Anglo-Ottoman Convention establishes the 'Blue Line' separating
the Ottoman sanjak of Nejd from Qatar and the British protected
areas (Blue Line was drawn from the coast west of Qatar to the
Rub' al Khali)(not ratified).
9 Mar 1914 Anglo-Ottoman Convention signed defining the limits of Ottoman
jurisdiction in north-western Arabia (which contained express
reference to the 'Blue Line' of 1913), established the 'Violet
Line' which started from the end of the Blue Line to the border
between Ottoman Yemen and the British Aden Protectorates at
Bab el-Mandeb (ratified 5 Jun 1914).
29 May 1914 Secret Ottoman-Saudi Convention recognizes Ottoman suzerainty
over Nejd, with Ibn Saud as hereditary _Wali_ of _vilyet_ of Nejd.
26 Dec 1915 British recognize that Nejd, Hasa, Qatif, Jubayl and their
dependencies are countries of Ibn Sa`ud in the Anglo-Saudi Treaty
(Treaty of Darin).
22 Aug 1921 Sultanate of Nejd and Its Dependencies (As-Saltana al-Najd wa Mulhaqatahu).
2 Nov 1921 Jebel Shammar incorporated into Nejd.
13 Oct 1924 Mecca occupied by Nejd.
5 Dec 1925 Medina occupied by Nejd.
8 Jan 1926 Hejaz annexed (de facto).
29 Jan 1927 Kingdom of the Nejd and Its Dependencies (Al-Mamlaka al-Najd wa
Mulhaqatahu); informally as the Kingdom of the Hejaz, Nejd and
ItsDependencies (Al-Mamlaka _al-Hijaz wa Najd wa Mulhaqatahu).
20 May 1927 U.K. recognizes the independence of Ibn Sa`ud and his sovereignty
over Hejaz, Nejd and Dependencies (ratified 17 Sep 1927).
22 Sep 1932 Unification of Nejd with Hejaz as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (in
accordance with a royal decree of 18 Sep 1932).

Emirs (also Imams and Protectors of the Wahhabis)
1744 - 1765 Muhammad I bin Sa`ud (b. 17.. - d. 1765)
1765 - 2 Oct 1803 Abdul Aziz I bin Muhammad (b. 1721 - d. 1803)
al-Sa`ud
2 Oct 1803 - 1 May 1814 Sa`ud I bin Abdul Aziz (b. 1748 - d. 1814)
1 May 1814 - 11 Sep 1818 Abdullah I bin Sa`ud (d. 1818)
Mar 1820 - Dec 1820 Misrahi bin Sa`ud (d. 1820?)
(occupied Dariyah in Mar 1820, but captured by Egyptians)
1823 - 9 May 1834 Turki bin Abdullah (b. 1755 - d. 1834)
May 1834 - Jun 1834 Mishari bin Abdul Rahman (d. 1834)
18 Jun 1834 - May 1837 Faysal I bin Turki (1st time) (b. 1785 - d. 1865)
(continues in rebellion to Dec 1838)
May 1837 - 1841 Khalid I bin Sa`ud (d. 1861)
1841 - 13 Jul 1843 Abdullah II bin Thunayan (d. 1843)
13 Jul 1843 - 2 Dec 1865 Faysal I bin Turki (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Dec 1865 - 9 Apr 1871 Abdullah III bin Faysal (1st time) (b. c.1820 - d. 1889)
10 Apr 1871 - Jan 1875 Sa`ud II bin Faysal (d. 1875)
Jan 1875 - Aug 1875 Abdul Rahman bin Faysal (b. 1845 - d. 1928)
1875 - 1887 Abdullah III bin Faisal (2nd time) (s.a.)
1887 Muhammad II bin Faysal (d. 1887)
****Jebel Shammar Governors**
1887 - 1888 Salim bin Subhan
1888 - 1889 Fahhad bin Uwaid bin Rukhaiyis
1889 - 27 Nov 1889 Abdullah (III) bin Faisal (s.a.)
1889 - Jan 1891 Abdul Rahman bin Faisal (s.a.)
(in rebellion Jul - Aug 1890)
1891 Muhammad (III) bin Sa`ud bin Faysal (d. 1894)1891 - 15 Jan 1902 `Ajlan bin Muhammad (b. 18.. - d. 1902)
**Emir**
15 Jan 1902 - 22 Aug 1921 Abdul Aziz (b. 1880 - d. 1953)
(= Abdul Aziz Abdul Rahman Al Saud)
(called Ibn Sa`ud outside Saudi Arabia)
Sultan
22 Aug 1921 - 29 Jan 1927 Abdul Aziz (s.a.)
King�
29 Jan 1927 - 22 Sep 1932 Abdul Aziz (s.a.)

�Style 29 Jan 1927 - 22 Sep 1932: Malik al-Hijaz wa Najd wa Mulhaqatahu ("King of the Hejaz and Nejd and Dependencies").

al-Hasa`

c.650 BC - c.300 AD Part of the Gerrha kingdom.
899 - 1077 Al-Ahsa comes under control of the Qarmatian leader, Abu-Sa'id
Jannabi, and is declared independent from the Abbasids in
Baghdad.
1077 Qarmatian state of Al-Ahsa is overthrown by the Uyunids.
1238 - 1383 Usfurid dynasty takes over the region of Al-Ahsa and Al-Qatif.
1383 Usfurids are overthrown by the Jarwanids.
1440 Jabrids (Banu Jabr) take over Al-Ahsa, Qatif, Bahrain, and Kish
Island, and extend their influence to eastern Nejd.
1521 Jabrid kingdom falls to the Muntafiq tribe of southern
Mesopotamia, who rule Al-Ahsa on behalf of the Ottoman Empire.
The Ottomans station their garrisons in the region.
1521 - 1529? Al Qatif occupied by the Portuguese (Catifa) and briefly in 1551.
1552 - 1670 Part of Ottoman Empire (as Lahsa _Beylerbeylik_1552-1560; from 1560
Eyalet-i Lahsa).
1670 Ottomans are expelled by the tribe of Banu Khalid, who make their
capital in Al-Mubarraz.
1670 - 1796 Bani Khalid emirate, also called Sheikhdom of al-Hasa` (Ahsa),
under the Banu Khalid dynasty.
1780 � 1795 Vassal of Diriyah.
1795 - 1818 Annexed to Diriyah.
1818 � 1819 Occupied by Egypt (nominally under Ottoman suzerainty).
1830 - 1838 Occupied by Emirate of Nejd.
1838 - 1841 Egyptian administration (nominally under Ottoman suzerainty).
1843 - Jun 1871 Under Jebel Shamar Emirate rule.
Jun 1871 Ottoman rule restored (as Necid [Najd] sanjak of Baghdad
[from 1875 Basra] vilayet [seeIraq]).
9 May 1913 Annexed by Nejd (remains nominally Ottoman to 1914).

Ottoman Beylerbeys
1552 - Sep/Oct 1559 Bilal Mehmet Pasha
Sep/Oct 1559 Mustafa Pasha (d. 1559)
Sep/Oct 1559 - 1560 Murat Pasha
Ottoman Governors-general 1560 - Jan/Feb 1566 Mehmet Pasha
Feb 1566 - 1572 Ali Pasha
1572 - Oct/Nov 1573 Osman Pasha
Oct/Nov 1573-May/Jun 1575 Sinan Pasha
May/Jun 1575-Jun/Jul 1576 Ilyas Pasha
Jun/Jul 1576 - 1579 Ahmet Pasha (1st time)
1579 Gazanfer Pasha
1579 - 1582 Ahmet Pasha (2nd time)
1582 - 1584 Mehmet Pasha
1584 - 1589 Ahmet Pasha (3rd time)
1589 - May/Jun 1590 H�seyin Pasha
May/Jun 1590-Mar/Apr 1595 Ahmet Pasha (4th time)
1595 Abd�lbaki Pasha
1595 - Oct/Nov 1602 Ahmet Pasha (5th time)
Oct/Nov 1609-Sep/Oct 1609 Behram Pasha
Sep/Oct 1609-Apr/May 1610 Ali Pasha
Apr/May 1610 - 16.. Ibrahim Pasha
1631? - 1635? Afrasyab-oglu Ali Pasha
16.. - 1643 Mehmet Pasha
.... - .... Fati-eh Pasha
.... - .... Muhammad Pasha
16.. - 1670 Umar Pasha
Emirs of Bani Khalid
1670 - 1682 Barak I Ghurair bin Masoud Al Humaid
1682 � 1691 Muhammad I bin Ghurair (d. 1691)
1691 - 1722 Sa'dun bin Muhammad
1722 - 1736 `Ali bin Muhammad (d. 1736)
1736 � 1752 Sulayman bin Muhammad Al Khalidi (d. 1752)
(pretender 1723�1726)
1752 � 1774 `Urayar bin Dudjayn bin Sa`dun (d. 1774)
1752 Hamada (pretenter)
1774 - 1775 Butaiyin bin `Urayar (d. 1775)
1775 Dudjayn bin `Urayar (d. 1775)
1775 � 1786 Sa`dun II bin `Urayar
1786 - 1793 Duwaihis bin `Urayar
1789 � 1791 `Abd al-Muhsin bin `Abd Allah (d. 1791)
(in the North)(regent 1787-1789)
1789 � 1793 Zayid bin `Urayar (1st time) (in South)
1791 � 1793 Barrak II Abdul Mohsen Al-Sadah
(1st time) (in North)
1793 - 1794 Zayid bin `Urayar (2nd time)
1794 - 1795 Barak II Abdul Mohsen Al-Sadah
(2nd time)
Diriyah governors
1795 � 179. Nadjim bin Duhaynim
1798 � 1804 Sulayman bin Muhammad bin Madjid
1804 - 1809 Ibrahim bin `Ufaysan
1809 - 1810 `Abd Allah bin `Ufaysan, Bahrayn
1810 � 1812 Fahd bin Sulayman bin `Ufaysan
1813 - 1818 ....
1818 Madjid (1st time) (d. 1830)
+ Muhammad III (1st time)
Egyptian governors
1819 � 182. Mehmed Agha (in Hufuf)
1819 - 1819 Halil Agha (in Qatif)
1819 � 182. Musrif (in Qatif)
Sheiks
1823 - 1830 Madjid (2nd time) (s.a.)
+ Muhammad III (2nd time)
1830 - 1838 `Umar bin Muhammad (1st time)
1830 - 1839 `Abd Allah bin Ghanim (in Qatif)
1839 Mehmed Efendi I (in Hufuf) (d. 1839)
1839 � 1840 Mehmed Efendi II (in Hufuf)
1840 � 1841 Hamad bin Mubarak
1841 Musa al-Hamli
1842 `Umarbin Muhammad (2nd time)
1842 Fahd bin `Abd Allah (acting)
1842 Bilal bin Salim al-Harq
1843 `Abd Allah bin Battal al-Mutayri
1844 - 1853 Ahmad bin Muhammad as-Sudayri
(1st time)
1853 � 1857 Muhammad bin Ahmad (1st time)
1857 � 1861 Ahmad bin Muhammad as-Sudayri
(2nd time)
1861 � 1870 Muhammad bin Ahmad (2nd time)
1870 � 1871 Nasir bin Djabir al-Khalidi
1871 � 1872 Fariq Pasha
**Ottoman _Mutassarrifs_ (Lieutenant-governors)**
1871 - 1872 Nafiz Pasha
1872 - 1873 Mehmet Pasha
1873 - 1874 Faiz Pasha
1874 - 1875 Baz`i al-Khalidi Pasha
1875 - 1876 Mazyad Pasha
1876 - 1877 Said Bey (1st time)
1877 Husyein Bey
1877 - 1879 Said Pasha (1st time)
1879 - 1880 Said Bey (2nd time)
1880 - 1881 Abdulgani Pasha
1881 - 1885 Said Pasha (2nd time)
1885 - 1886 Nazih Pasha
1886 - 1887 Mehmet Salih Pasha
1887 - 1890 Rifaat Pasha
1890 - 1891 Akif Bey (d. 1890)
1891 - 1894 Said Pasha (3rd time)
1894 � 1896 Ibrahim Pasha
1896 Abdallah Pasha
1896 - 1900 Said Pasha (4th time)
1900 - 1901 Musa Kazim Efendi
1901 - 1902 Tevfik Bey
1902 - 1904 Sayyid Talib Pasha
1904 - 1905 Faik Pasha
1905 � 1907 Necib Pasha
1907 Reshid Pasha
1908 Mumtaz Efendi
1908 - 1909 Mahmud Mahir Bey
1909 Arif Bey
1909 - 1911 Ail Suad Bey
1911 - 1912 Nedim Bey
1912 - 9 May 1913 Abbas Hilmi Bey
9 May 1913 - 1914 Abdul Aziz Abdul Rahman Al Saud (b. 1880 - d. 1953)
Pasha (called Ibn Sa`ud outside Arabia)

Jebel Shammar (Ha'il)

| c.1836 - 2 Nov 1921 | | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |

1792 - 1818 Annexed to Diriyah.
1836 - 1841 Egyptian suzerainty (nominally under Ottoman suzerainty).
1836 Emirate of Jebel Shammar (Al-Imarat ash-Shammar)(also referred
to as the Emirate of Hail [Ha'il] after its capital).
2 Nov 1921 Jebel Shammar incorporated into Nejd.

Emirs
1836 - Apr 1847 Abdullah (I) bin Ali al Rashid (b. 1788 - d. 1847)
Apr 1847 - 11 Mar 1868 Talal bin Abdullah al Rashid (b. 1823 - d. 1868)
Mar 1868 - Jan 1869 Mutaib (I) bin Abdullah al Rashid (d. 1869)
1869 - 1872 Bandar bin Talal al Rashid (d. 1872)
1872 - 28 Nov 1897 Muhammad (I) bin Abdullah al (d. 1897)
Rashid
1 Dec 1897 - 13 Apr 1906 Abdul Aziz bin Mutaib al Rashid (b. 1868 - d. 1906)
13 Apr 1906 - 27 Dec 1906 Mutaib (II) bin Abdul Aziz al (b. 1888 - d. 1906)
Rashid
Jan 1907 - Jan 1908 Sultan bin Hammud al Rashid (b. 1870 - d. 1908)
Jan 1908 - Sep 1908 Sa`ud (I) bin Hammud al Rashid (b. 1875 - d. 1909)
14 Sep 1908 - Mar 1920 Sa`ud (II) bin Abdul Aziz al (b. 1885 - d. 1920)
Rashid
Mar 1920 - 1920 Abduallah (II) bin Mutaib al (b. 1906 - d. 1946)
Rashid
1920 - 2 Nov 1921 Muhammad (II) bin Talal al Rashid (b. c.1904 - d. 1954)

Saudi Arabia

22 Sep 1932 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (al-Mamlaka al-`Arabiyya al-Su`udiyya).

Kings�
22 Sep 1932 - 9 Nov 1953 Abdul Aziz (also known Abu Turki) (b. 1880 - d. 1953)
(called Ibn Sa`ud outside Saudi Arabia)
9 Nov 1953 - 2 Nov 1964 Sa`ud (b. 1902 - d. 1969)
30 Mar 1964 - 2 Nov 1964 Faysal -Regent (b. 1906 - d. 1975)
2 Nov 1964 - 25 Mar 1975 Faysal (s.a.)
25 Mar 1975 - 13 Jun 1982 Khalid (b. 1913 - d. 1982)
13 Jun 1982 - 1 Aug 2005 Fahd (b. 1923? - d. 2005)
1 Jan 1996 - 21 Feb 1996 Abdullah -Regent (b. 1924 - d. 2015)
21 Feb 1996 - 1 Aug 2005 Abdullah (de facto regent) (s.a.)
1 Aug 2005 - 23 Jan 2015 Abdullah (s.a.)
22 Nov 2010 - 23 Feb 2011 Sultan (de facto regent) (b. 1928 - d. 2011)
23 Jan 2015 - Salman (b. 1935)

Chairman of the Council of Ministers
22 Sep 1932 - 9 Oct 1953 Faysal bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud (s.a.) Non-party
Prime ministers
9 Oct 1953 - 16 Aug 1954 Sa`ud (1st time) (s.a.) Non-party
16 Aug 1954 - 21 Dec 1960 Faysal (1st time) (s.a.) Non-party
21 Dec 1960 - 31 Oct 1962 Sa`ud (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
31 Oct 1962 - 25 Mar 1975 Faysal (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
29 Mar 1975 - 13 Jun 1982 Khalid (s.a.) Non-party
13 Jun 1982 - 1 Aug 2005 Fahd (s.a.) Non-party
1 Aug 2005 - 23 Jan 2015 Abdullah (s.a.) Non-party
23 Jan 2015 - 27 Sep 2022 Salman (s.a.) Non-party
27 Sep 2022 - Muhammad bin Salman (b. 1985) Non-party

�Full style: Malik al-Mamlaka al-`Arabiyya al-Su_ _`udiyya ("King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" [short form "King of Saudi Arabia"]); from 17 Oct 1986, the ruler's name is prefixed with: Khadim al-Haramayn al-Sharifayn ("Servant of the Two Noble Sanctuaries [Mecca and Medina]").

Territorial Disputes: Saudi Arabia has been building a fence along its border with Iraq to keep out militants and smugglers; Jordan and Saudi Arabia signed an agreement to demarcate their maritime borders in 2007; Saudi Arabia and UAE have disputed the Shaybah oilfield, which Saudi Arabia controls; Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continue discussions on a maritime boundary with Iran; in December 2019, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait signed an agreement to demarcate land in a neutral zone and to restart oil production in shared fields, which had been suspended since 2014 because of disagreements; Yemen and Saudi Arabia signed the Treaty of Jeddah in 2000, which specified the coordinates of their land and maritime border and made provisions for grazing, the placement of armed forces, and future resource exploitation; in 2010, Saudi Arabia reinforced its concrete-filled security barrier along sections of the now fully demarcated border with Yemen to stem illegal cross-border activities; Egyptian-administered islands of Tiran and Sanafir, administered by Egypt since 1950 (based on 1906 Egyptian-Ottoman border delineation) were ceded to Saudi Arabia on 24 Jun 2017.

Political parties: (political parties are illegal).

� Ben Cahoon