Trinidad and Tobago (original) (raw)
Trinidad and Tobago
Map of Trinidad and Tobago | Hear National Anthem "Forged from the Love of Liberty" | Text of National Anthem Adopted 31 Aug 1962 | Constitution (1 Aug 1976) |
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Capital: Port-of-Spain | Currency: Trinidad and Tobago Dollar (TTD); 1935-1965 British West Indies Dollar (XBWD); 1899-1951 Trinidad and Tobago Dollar (TTO) | National Holiday: 31 Aug (1962) Independence Day | Population: 1,208,789 (2019) |
GDP: 42.85billion(2017)∣∗∗Exports∗∗:42.85 billion (2017) | Exports: 42.85billion(2017)∣∗∗Exports∗∗:9.93 billion (2017) Imports: $6.11 billion (2017) | Ethnic groups: East Indian 35.4%, African 34.2%, mixed - other 15.3%, mixed African/East Indian 7.7%, other 1.3%, unspecified 6.2% (2011) | |
Total Active Armed Forces: 4,063 (2010) Merchant marine: 105 ships (2019) | Religions: Protestant 32.1% (Pentecostal/Evangelical/Full Gospel 12%, Baptist 6.9%, Anglican 5.7%, Seventh-Day Adventist 4.1%, Presbyterian/Congregational 2.5, other Protestant .9), Roman Catholic 21.6%, Hindu 18.2%, Muslim 5%, Jehovah's Witness 1.5%, other 8.4%, none 2.2%, unspecified 11.1% (2011) | ||
International Organizations/Treaties: ACP, ACS, AOSIS, APM, BTWC, C, Caricom, CCM, CDB, CELAC, CTBT, CWC, EITI, ESCR, FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, OST (signatory), PA (observer), Paris Club (associate), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP,UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
Trinidad and Tobago Index | Chronology 31 Jul 1498 Trinidad discovered and claimed for Spain by Columbus, named Isla La Santissima Trinidad. 15 Dec 1521 Trinidad a Spanish colony; subordinated to Audiencia of Santo Domingo (to 1739). 1592 Permanent settlement of Trinidad begun, part of the province of Guayana y Trinidad. 27 May 1717 Trinidad part of the Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada. (see Colombia). 11 May 1724 - 20 Aug 1739 Trinidad subject to Santo Domingo. 1731 Trinidad made a separate province of Venezuela. 20 Aug 1739 - 8 Sep 1777 Trinidadpart of Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada. 4 Jun 1762 Trinidad a Comandancia general (part of Venezuela). 10 Feb 1763 Tobago a British colony (French rule 1781-93 and 1802-03). 10 Feb 1763 Tobago ceded to Britain by France. 8 Sep 1777 - 1797 Trinidad a province of Venezuela Captaincy-general. 18 Feb 1797 Trinidad occupied by Britain (Spanish surrender 21 Feb 1797). 27 Mar 1802 Spain formally cedes Trinidad to Britain; Trinidad a British colony. 1 Jan 1889 Colony of Trinidad and Tobago 18 Sep 1950 Granted semi-responsible government. 28 Oct 1956 Self-government 3 Jan 1958 - 31 May 1962 Part of the Federation of the West Indies (with Antigua, Barbados, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Turks and Caicos Islands) 31 Aug 1962 Independence from Britain (Trinidad and Tobago). 1 Aug 1976 Republic of Trinidad and Tobago |
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Trinidad and Tobago (from 1899) | |
Trinidad (1530-1899) | |
Tobago (1628-1899) | |
West Indies Federation (1958-1962) | |
Trinidad
Map of Trinidad | Capital: Port-of-Spain (Puerto de Espa�a 1783-1797; San Jos� de Oru�a 1592-1783) | Population: 196,000 (1889 est.) |
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Governors of Guayana and Trinidad
1521 - 1526 Diego Col�n Moniz (b. 1479/80 - d. 1526)
12 Jul 1530 - 1538 Anton�o Sede�o
1571 - 1591 Juan Ponce de Le�n
1580 - 1597 Antonio de Berr�o y Oru�a (d. 1597)
1597 - 1612 Fernando de Berr�o (1st time)
1615 - 1618 Diego Palomeque de Acu�a
1619 - 1622 Fernando de Berr�o (2nd time)
1624 - 1631 Lu�s de Monsalve y Saavedra
1631 - 1636 Crist�val de Aranda
1636 - 1641 Diego Lopez de Escobar
1642 - 1657 Mart�n de Mendoza de la Hoy
y Berr�o
1657 - 1664 Juan de Viedma
1665 - 1668 Jos� de Haspe y Zu�iga
1670 - 1677 Diego Ximenes de Aldana
1678 - 1682 Tiburcio de Haspe y Zu�iga
1682 - 1684 Diego Su�rez Ponce de Le�n (1st time)
1684 - 1690 Sebastian de Roseta
1693 - 1696 Diego Su�rez Ponce de Le�n (2nd time)
1696 - 1698 Francisco de Menez
1698 - Dec 1699 Jos� de Le�n y Echales (d. 1699)
1699 - 1701 .... (acting)
1701 - 1705 Francisco Ru�z de Aguirre
1705 - 1711 Felipe de Artieda
1711 - 1716 Crist�bal F�lix de Guzm�n
1716 - 1721 Pedro de Jara
1721 Juan de Orvay (acting)
1721 - 1726 Mart�n P�rez de Anda y Salazar
1726 - 1730 Agust�n de Arredondo
1730 - 1731 Bartolom� de Aldunate y Rada (b. 1679 - d. 1733)
Governors of Trinidad
1731 - 1733 Bartolom� de Aldunate y Rada (s.a.)
1733 - 11 Oct 1735 Jos� Orbale
+ Pedro Ximenes
(alcaldes ordinarios; acting)
11 Oct 1735 - 1745 Esteban Sim�n de Li�an y Vera
1745 - 4 Dec 1745 alcaldes (in rebellion)
4 Dec 1745 - 19 Jun 1746 F�lix Espinosa de los Monteros (b. 1720 - d. 1778)
(provisional)
19 Jun 1746 - 7 Jan 1752 Juan Jos� Salcedo
7 Jan 1752 - 17 Jan 1757 Francisco Manclares
17 Jan 1757 - 6 Apr 1760 Pedro de la Moneda
6 Apr 1760 - 1762 Jacinto San Juan
1762 - 1765 Jos� Antonio Gil-Knight
19 Jun 1765 - 1766 Juan de Bruno (acting)
5 Apr 1766 - 31 Mar 1773 Jos� de Flores
31 Mar 1773 - 30 Nov 1776 Juan de Dios Vald�s de Yarza y (b. c.1716 - d. 1783)
Gaspar
30 Nov 1776 - 11 Jul 1779 Manuel Falquez (d. 1779)
Aug 1779 - 31 Mar 1781 Rafael Delgar
(military governor)
21 Aug 1779 - 31 Mar 1781 Mart�n de Salaverr�a
(civil governor)
31 Mar 1781 - 23 Jan 1784 Juan Francisco Machado
23 Jan 1784 - 18 Oct 1784 Antonio Barreto (acting)
18 Oct 1784 - 18 Feb 1797 Jos� Mar�a Chac�n y S�nchez de Soto(b. 1747 - d. 1833)
18 Feb 1797 - Mar 1797 Sir Ralph Abercromby (b. 1734 - d. 1801)
Mar 1797 - Jan 1803 Thomas Picton (b. 1758 - d. 1815)
(military governor to 29 Jun 1801)
Jan 1803 - 20 Jul 1803 Civil Commission
- William Fullarton (b. 1754 - d. 1808)
- Thomas Picton (s.a.)
- Samuel Hood (b. 1762 - d. 1814)
20 Jul 1803 - 9 Jan 1810 Sir Thomas Hislop (b. 1764 - d. 1843)
9 Jan 1810 - 25 Apr 1811 Henry Dunbar Tolley (acting) (b. 1784 - d. 1837)
25 Apr 1811 - 14 Jun 1813 Hector William Munro (acting) (b. 1769 - d. 1821)
14 Jun 1813 - 12 Apr 1821 Sir Ralph James Woodford (1st time)(b. 1784 - d. 1828)
12 Apr 1821 - 18 Feb 1823 Aretas William Young (acting) (b. 1777 - d. 1835)
18 Feb 1823 - 1 Apr 1828 Sir Ralph James Woodford (2nd time)(s.a.)
1 Apr 1828 - 17 Apr 1828 Henry Capadose (acting) (b. 1778 - d. 1848)
18 Apr 1828 - 26 Jul 1828 Sir Charles Felix Smith (1st time) (b. 1786 - d. 1858)
26 Jul 1828 - 10 Mar 1829 James Alexander Farquharson (b. 1775 - d. 1834)
(acting)
10 Mar 1829 - 20 Nov 1829 Lewis Grant (1st time) (b. 1778 - d. 1852)
20 Nov 1829 - 15 Feb 1830 Richard Doherty (1st time)(acting) (b. 1785 - d. 1862)
15 Feb 1830 - 15 May 1830 Lewis Grant (2nd time) (s.a.)
(from 13 Sep 1831, Sir Lewis Grant)
15 May 1830 - 3 Jun 1830 Richard Doherty (2nd time)(acting) (s.a.)
3 Jun 1830 - 5 Dec 1831 Sir Charles Felix Smith (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
5 Dec 1831 - 9 Jun 1833 Sir Lewis Grant (3rd time) (s.a.)
9 Jun 1833 - 8 Mar 1839 Sir George Fitzgerald Hill (b. 1763 - d. 1839)
8 Mar 1839 - 24 Mar 1839 John Alexander Mein (1st time) (b. 1786 - d. 1841)
(acting)
24 Mar 1839 - 28 Mar 1839 Sir Evan John Murray McGregor (b. 1785 - d. 1841)
(governor-general)28 Mar 1839 - 13 Apr 1840 John Alexander Mein (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)13 Apr 1840 - 21 Nov 1840 Sir Henry George Macleod (1st time)(b. 1791 - d. 1847)
21 Nov 1840 - 14 Dec 1840 Maurice Barlow (acting) (b. 1795 - d. 1875)
14 Dec 1840 - 25 Sep 1841 John Tyler (acting)
25 Sep 1841 - 9 May 1842 Sir Charles Chichester (1st time) (b. 1795 - d. 1847)
(acting)
9 May 1842 - 29 Jun 1842 Sir Henry George Macleod (2nd time)(s.a.)
29 Jun 1842 - 8 Aug 1842 Francis Fuller (acting)
8 Aug 1842 - 3 May 1843 Sir Charles Chichester (2nd time) (s.a.)
(2nd time)
3 May 1843 - 29 Apr 1846 Sir Henry George Macleod (3rd time)(s.a.)
8 Feb 1845 - 2 Jul 1845 E.C. Archer (acting)
2 Jul 1845 - 21 Apr 1846 Sir Henry George Macleod (4th time)(s.a.)
21 Apr 1846 - 22 Apr 1846 Nicholas R. Brown (acting)
22 Apr 1846 - 11 Feb 1853 George Francis Robert Harris, (b. 1810 - d. 1872)
Baron Harris (1st time)
11 Feb 1853 - 25 Feb 1853 Halliday (acting)
25 Feb 1853 - 26 Jan 1854 George Francis Robert Harris, (s.a.)
Baron Harris (2nd time)
26 Jan 1854 - 10 Mar 1854 Legendre Charles Bourchier (acting)(b. 1815 - d. 1866)
10 Mar 1854 - 27 Oct 1856 Sir Charles Elliot (b. 1801 - d. 1875)
27 Oct 1856 - 26 Jan 1857 B. Brooks (acting)
26 Jan 1857 - 7 Apr 1860 Robert William Keate (1st time) (b. 1814 - d. 1873)
7 Apr 1860 - 25 Mar 1861 James Walker (acting) (b. 1809 - d. 1885)
25 Mar 1861 - May 1861 Edward John Holworthy (acting) (b. 1817? - d. 1864)
May 1861 - 25 Jul 1864 Robert William Keate (2nd time) (s.a.)
25 Jul 1864 - 6 Sep 1864 Thompson (acting)
6 Sep 1864 - 24 Apr 1866 Sir John Henry Thomas Manners- (b. 1814 - d. 1877)
Sutton
24 Apr 1866 - 7 Nov 1866 Edward Everard Rushworth (acting) (b. 1818 - d. 1877)
7 Nov 1866 - 8 Apr 1868 Sir Arthur Charles Hamilton-Gordon (b. 1829 - d. 1912)
(1st time)
8 Apr 1868 - 20 Apr 1868 James William Bostock (acting) (b. 1825 - d. 1901)
20 Apr 1868 - 25 Jun 1868 Sir Arthur Charles Hamilton-Gordon (s.a.)
(2nd time)
25 Jun 1868 - 21 Dec 1868 Cornelius Hendericksen Kortright (b. 1817 - d. 1899)
(acting)
21 Dec 1868 - 25 Jun 1870 Sir Arthur Charles Hamilton-Gordon (s.a.)
25 Jun 1870 - 11 Jul 1872 James Robert Longden (1st time) (b. 1827 - d. 1891)
11 Jul 1872 - 21 May 1873 William Hepburn Rennie (acting) (b. 1829 - d. 1874)
21 May 1873 - 27 Apr 1874 James Robert Longden (2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Apr 1874 - 27 May 1874 John Scott Bushe (1st time)(acting)(b. 1826 - d. 1887)
2 May 1874 - 26 Apr 1874 William Wellington Cairns (b. 1828 - d. 1888)
26 Apr 1874 - 20 Nov 1874 John Scott Bushe (2nd time)(acting)(s.a.)
20 Nov 1874 - 8 Dec 1876 Henry Turner Irving (1st time) (b. 1833 - d. 1923)
8 Dec 1876 - 3 Feb 1877 John Scott Bushe (3rd time)(acting)(s.a.)
3 Feb 1877 - 2 Feb 1878 George William Des Voeux (acting) (b. 1834 - d. 1909)
2 Feb 1878 - 27 Jul 1880 Henry Turner Irving (2nd time) (s.a.)
(from 25 May 1878, Sir Henry Turner Irving)
27 Jul 1880 - 27 Aug 1880 William Rowland Pyne (acting) (b. 1838 - d. 1885)
27 Aug 1880 - 2 Nov 1880 William Alexander George Young (b. 1827 - d. 1885)
(acting)
2 Nov 1880 - 28 Jun 1882 Sir Sanford Freeling (1st time) (b. 1828 - d. 1894)
28 Jun 1882 - 1 Sep 1882 John Scott Bushe (3rd time)(acting)(s.a.)
1 Sep 1882 - 27 Mar 1884 Sir Sanford Freeling (2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Mar 1884 - 19 Jun 1884 John Scott Bushe (4th time)(acting)(s.a.)
19 Jun 1884 - 8 Aug 1884 Sir Frederick Palgrave Barlee (b. 1827 - d. 1884)
8 Aug 1884 - 24 Jan 1885 John Scott Bushe (5th time)(acting)(s.a.)
24 Jan 1885 - 2 Oct 1885 Sir Arthur Elibank Havelock (b. 1844 - d. 1908)
2 Oct 1885 - 9 Oct 1885 David Wilson (acting) (b. 1838 - d. 1924)
9 Oct 1885 -29 May 1886 Sir William Robinson (1st time) (b. 1836 - d. 1912)
29 May 1886 - 16 Jul 1886 John Scott Bushe (6th time)(acting)(s.a.)16 Jul 1886 - 15 Sep 1888 Sir William Robinson (2nd time) (s.a.)15 Sep 1888 - 4 Nov 1888 Henry William John Fowler (acting) (b. 1842 - d. 1893)
4 Nov 1888 - 31 Dec 1888 Sir William Robinson (3rd time) (s.a.)
Tobago
4 Aug 1498 Possibly discovered and claimed for Spain by Columbus,
named Isla de la Asunci�n.
1502 Named Isla La Magdalena by Alonzo de Ojeda and Juan de la Cosa;
later it is known as Tavaco, then Tabagua, finally as Tobago.
1580 English claim Tobago for England (no settlement).
Jan 1614 � 16 May 1614 Brief Spanish settlement.
1627 Failed English attempted settlement from Barbados.
25 Feb 1628 King Charles I of England, grants Tobago to Philip Herbert, Earl
of Montgomery (later Earl of Pembroke)(b. 1584 - d. 1650).
Apr 1628 � Dec 1636 Dutch colony (Nieuw Walcheren) by the Dutch West-India Company,
patented to Jan de Moor (abandoned 1630 � Feb 1634).
1 Jan 1637 Dutch colony destroyed by the Spanish.
9 Oct 1639 � Aug 1640 English settlement, organized by Robert Rich, Earl of Warwick, a
successor to the Earl of Pembroke (repeatedly 1642�1643).
1646 Duke of Courland (in modern Latvia) acquires the grant from
Earl of Warwick, not consented to by the King of England
(grant of 1642 by king to duke is common, but fake tale created
by Courlanders to justify colonization).
1649 - 1650 Brief Courlander attempted settlement.
20 May 1654 Courlander colony (Neu Kurland) established on the north-west
coast at Jacobstadt (now Plymouth). Sep 1654 Dutch colony (Nieuw Walcheren) re-established by the Dutch
West India Company, patented to the Lampsins brothers, on the
south-west coast.
11 Dec 1659 Courlander colony occupied by the Dutch, the entire island united
united under Dutch administration, Jacobstadt is renamed Fort
Beveren.
28 Aug 1662 Proprietorship (barony of Tobago) given to Cornelis Lampsins
by French King Louis XIV (in 30 Sep 1664 the retention of the
Dutch colonial status specified by the Dutch General Estates).
Jan 1666 - Sep 1666 English occupation, administered from Barbados, nominally
in the name of Courland under the Treaty of 17 Nov 1664.
Sep 1666 - Mar 1667 French occupation, subordinate to Grenada (abandoned Mar 1667 �
17 Apr 1667).
17 Apr 1667 - 18 Dec 1672 Dutch colony (Tobago) re-established, under the West India
Company administration, subordinated to Dutch Guiana.
17 Feb 1669 � 20 Feb 1669 Courlanders land on the island, but are soon captured by the Dutch.
18 Dec 1672 - 21 Dec 1672 English occupation (abandoned 21 Dec 1672 - 1 Sep 1676).
19 Feb 1674 Tobago restored to the Dutch by Treaty of Westminster.
1 Sep 1676 - 12 Dec 1677 Dutch colony re-established by the Holland Province of Netherlands.
12 Dec 1677 � 27 Dec 1677 French destroy the Dutch colony, the colony remains abandoned
until Jun 1680.
10 Aug 1678 Dutch cede the island to France by the Treaty of Nijmegen,
but the French do not assert their rights (in 15 Dec 1683 the
English Privy Council declares neutrality of Tobago against
French and Courlander claims).
Jun 1680 - 1693 Courlander colony re-established (abandoned Mar 1683 � 13 Jun 1686
and 2 Mar 1687 - 5 Oct 1687), titular governors appointed by the
Duke of Courland until 1786: 1690-99 Adolph Esmit (b. 1625/30 �
d. 1699); c.1710 Edward Cowley; 1726�27? von Brincken; and 1737-
1786? Ewald von Klopmann (d. 1786?) (after Courlander withdrawal
the island not permanently settled by the Europeans until 1764).
Apr 1732 � 4 May 1732 Sweden fails in attempt to settle on northern coast of Tobago
(named Fort Frederick).
18 Oct 1748 Neutral territory as recognized by the United Kingdom and
France in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
Dec 1748 - 1749 French settlement, subordinate to Martinique, abandoned upon
ratification of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
1762 British claim Tobago, but no settlement.
10 Feb 1763 Tobago ceded to Britain by France in Treaty of Paris (British take
possession on Nov 1763). Part of South Caribbean Islands colony
until 1802 (see Grenada).
12 Nov 1764 Tobago a separate British colony, permanent settlement begun.
2 Jun 1781 - 15 Apr 1793 French colony.
15 Apr 1793 British occupation of Tobago.
25 Oct 1797 - 19 Apr 1801 Nominally part of Lucie d�partement of France (Saint Lucia
and Tobago; not effected due to British occupation).
7 Oct 1802 - 30 Jun 1803 French colony.
30 Jun 1803 British crown colony.
1 Apr 1833 - 1 Jan 1889 Part of the Windward Islands (see under Grenada).
1 Jan 1889 Tobago annexedto Trinidad (Colony of Trindad and Tobago).
1 Jan 1899 Tobago a ward of Colony of Trinidad and Tobago.
1959 - 1964 Department of Tobago Affairs headed by a non-resident permanent
secretary.
1964 - 1977 Ministry for Tobago Affairs, part of Trinidad and Tobago government,
replaces the Department of Tobago Affairs.
1977 - 1980 Central Administrative Services Tobago Affairs replaces the Ministry
for Tobago Affairs.
23 Sep 1980 Autonomy; Tobago House of Assembly is established by Act No. 37
of 1980.
Spanish Commander
Jan 1614 � 16 May 1614 Juan Rodriguez
Dutch Governors
Apr 1628 � Dec 1636 Jan de Moor (proprietor) (d. 1642)
Apr 1628 � 1630 Jacob Maerszoon (Maertsen)
1630 - Feb 1634 abandoned
Feb 1634 � Oct 1636 Willem Gayner
Oct 1636 � Dec 1636 Cornelis de Moor
English Commanders
9 Oct 1639 � Aug 1640 Robert Marsham (d. 1640)
1640 - 1642 abandoned
1642 - 1643 Edward Marshall
Courlander Commander
1649 - 1650 Cornelis Caron (d. af.1666)
Courlander Governors (in the north west)
20 May 1654 � Jan 1657 Willem Mollens (d. 1659)
1657 � 1658 Wolfrat von Brederow, gen. Clottring
1658 � 11 Nov 1659 Christian Holtzbruch (acting) (d. af.1661)
11 Nov 1659 � 11 Dec 1659 Christoffel Kysseling (acting) (d. af.1660)
(self-proclaimed)
Dutch Commanders (in the south west, from 11 Dec 1659 the whole island)
Sep 1654 � Jan 1666 Cornelis Lampsins (b. 1600 - d. 1664)
(from 28 Aug 1662, baron de Tobago)
+ Adriaen Lampsins (b. c.1598 - d. 1666)
(proprietors; jointly to 2 Sep 1664)
Sep 1654 � 1656 Pieter Becquart
1656 � Jan 1666 Hubert de Beveren
Jan 1666 - Sep 1666 John Scott -English commander (b. c.1634? - d. 1696)
Sep 1666 � Mar 1667 sieur de Vincent -French commander (d. af.1670)Mar 1667 � 17 Apr 1667 a bandoned
17 Apr 1667 - 4 May 1667 Pieter Constant (1st time)(acting) (d. af.1683)
4 May 1667 � 22 Apr 1668 Jan Lansman (acting)
22 Apr 1668 - 1672 Abel Thisso (d. af.1678)
17 Feb 1669 - 20 Feb 1669 Hans Jurgen Waltmann
(Courlander governor; in opposition to Dutch)
1672 - 18 Dec 1672 Pieter Constant (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1672 � 21 Dec 1672 Tobias Bridge �English commander (d. af.1674)
21 Dec 1672 - 1 Sep 1676 abandoned
1 Sep 1676 - 12 Dec 1677 Jacob Binckes (b. 1637 - d. 1677)
1 Sep 1676 - 12 Dec 1677 Heinrich Karloff (Henrik Carloff) (b. 1621/22 - d. c.1694)
(commissioner-general)
12 Dec 1677 � 27 Dec 1677 Jean d'Estrees -French commander (b. 1624 � d. 1707)
Courlander Governors
Jun 1680 - 1681 Robert Bennett (acting)
1681 � Dec 1681 Andreas Hamelton (acting) (d. 1681)
Dec 1681 � Mar 1683 Franz Monck (d. af.1686)
Mar 1683 � 13 Jun 1686 abandoned
13 Jun 1686 � 2 Mar 1687 Berthold Otto Schmoll (acting) (b. 1657 � d. 1719)
2 Mar 1687 - 5 Oct 1687 abandoned
5 Oct 1687 � Oct 1687 Dietrich von Altenbockum (d. 1687)
Oct 1687 � 30 Jun 1688 Abraham Marin (1st time)(acting) (d. 1689)
30 Jun 1688 - 8 Dec 1688 Jan Cornelson (1st time)(acting) (d. 1689)
8 Dec 1688 � 1689 Abraham Marin (2nd time)(acting) (s.a.)
1689 � Nov 1689 Jan Cornelson (2nd time)(acting) (s.a.)
Nov 1689 � 5 Jun 1690 Jan Anton Vanton (acting)
5 Jun 1690 � 1693 .... [name not recorded](acting)
Swedish Commander
Apr 1732 - 4 May 1732 Laurentz (Lorentz) Brander till
Barima
French Commander
Dec 1748 - 1749 de Montalais (or Hurault)
1749 - Nov 1763 abandoned
British Commandants
Nov 1763 - Jun 1764 ....
[name of officer commanding first garrison detachment unknown]
Jun 1764 - 12 Nov 1764 Richard Legge
Lieutenant governors
12 Nov 1764 - 19 Jul 1766 Alexander Browne (d. 1766)
19 Jul 1766 - 29 Jun 1768 Richard Legge (acting)(commandant)
2 Dec 1766 - 16 Oct 1767 William Hill
29 Jun 1768 - Apr 1769 Robert Stewart (1st time) (acting) (d. 1773)
(president of council)
Apr 1769 - 10 Jun 1769 Roderick Gwynne (Gwyne) (b. 1735 - d. 1769)
10 Jun 1769 - Sep 1769 Benjamin Brown (1st time)(acting)
Sep 1769 - Jul 1770 Robert Stewart (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
(president of council)
Jul 1770 - Nov 1770 Benjamin Brown (2nd time)(acting)
Nov 1770 - 9 Apr 1771 Robert Stewart (3rd time) (acting) (s.a.)
(president of council)
9 Apr 1771 - 16 Apr 1775 William Young (1st time) (b. 1725 - d. 1788)
16 Apr 1775 - Jan 1775 Peter Campbell (1st time)(acting) (d. 1779)
(president of council)
Jan 1775 - 17 Feb 1777 William Young (1st time) (s.a.)
17 Feb 1777 - Jan 1779 Peter Campbell (2nd time)(acting) (s.a.)
(president of council)
Jan 1779 - 23 Feb 1780 John Graham (acting) (d. 1788)
(president of council)
23 Feb 1780 - 2 Jun 1781 George Ferguson (b. 1748 - d. 1820)
Governors
2 Jun 1781 - 8 Nov 1782 Philibert Fran�ois Rouxel de (b. 1735 - d. 1793)
Blanchelande
Nov 1782 - 1786 Ren� Marie, vicomte d'Arrot (b. 1754 - d. 1821)
(de Darrot)
6 Dec 1786 - 14 May 1789 Arthur, comte Dillon (b. 1750 - d. 1794)
14 May 1789 - May 1792 Antoine de Jobal de Poigny (acting)(b. 1747 - d. 1817)
May 1792 - Jun 1792 Louis-Fran�ois F�lix Roger de la
Sauvag�re (acting)
Jun 1792 - Jan 1793 Jacques Philippe de Marguenat (b. 1741 - d. 1794)
3 Feb 1793 - 15 Apr 1793 Pierre Jacques Fulcrand de la (b. 1740 - d. 1822)
Roque de Montels
Captains-General and Governors-in-chief
15 Apr 1793 - 6 May 1793 Cornelius Cuyler (commander) (b. c.1740 - d. 1819)
6 May 1793 - 6 Jan 1794 William Myers (acting) (b. 1750 - d. 1805)
6 Jan 1794 - 20 May 1794 George Poyntz Ricketts (b. 1749 - d. 1800)
20 May 1794 - 2 Apr 1795 Joseph Robley (1st time) (acting) (b. 1742 - d. 1807)
2 Apr 1795 - 22 Mar 1796 William Lindsay (1st time) (b. 17.. - d. 1796)
22 Mar 1796 5 Apr 1796 James Campbell (1st time)(acting) (b. 1736 - d. 1805)
5 Apr 1796 - 22 May 1796 William Lindsay (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 May 1796 - 17 Jun 1797 James Campbell (2nd time)(acting) (s.a.)
17 Jun 1797 - l3 Jul 1797 Thomas Wilson (acting) (b. 17.. - d. 1801)
13 Jul 1797 - 16 Oct 1798 Stephen de Lancey (b. 1748 - d. 1799)
16 Oct 1798 - 28 Jan 1800 Joseph Robley (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
28 Jan 1800 - 26 Oct 1800 Richard Master (b. 17.. - d. 1800)
26 Oct 1800 - 2 Oct 1802 Joseph Robley (3rd time) (acting) (s.a.)
2 Oct 1802 - 7 Oct 1802 Hugh Lyle Carmichael (acting) (b. 1764 - d. 1813)
7 Oct 1802 - 26 Dec 1802 Jean-Joseph Fran�ois L�onard de (b. 1756 - d. 1802)
Sahuguet d'Amarzit de La Roche
26 Dec 1802 - 30 May 1803 de Muguetot (president) (acting)
2 Jun 1802 - 14 Jun 1803 Louis-Maurice Taupin de (b. 1757 - d. 1823)
Magnytot (prefect)
30 May 1803 - 30 Jun 1803 Louis C�sar Gabriel de Berluy, (b. 1765 - d. 1819)
comte Berthier
30 Jun 1803 - 21 Jul 1803 Thomas Picton (acting) (b. 1758 - d. 1815)
21 Jul 1803 - 9 Aug 1803 William Johnstone (acting)
9 Aug 1803 - 1 Jun 1804 Donald MacDonald (acting) (b. 17.. - d. 1804)
1 Jun 1804 - 16 Jul 1804 James Montgomerie (acting) (b. 1756 - d. 1829)
16 Jul 1804 - 1805 John Halkett (b. 1768 - d. 1852)
4 Aug 1804 - 13 Oct 1805 James Campbell (acting) (b. 17.. - d. 1805)
13 Oct 1805 - 27 May 1806 Robert Mitchell (acting)
27 May 1806 - 23 Apr 1807 John Balfour (1st time)(acting)
23 Apr 1807 - 10 Jan 1815 Sir William Young (b. 1747 - d. 1815)
10 Jan 1815 - 1 Jul 1816 John Balfour (2nd time)(acting)
1 Jul 1816 - 13 Nov 1816 John Campbell (acting)
13 Nov 1816 - 1819 Sir Frederick Philipse Robinson (b. 1763 - d. 1862)
(1st time)
1819 George Cumine (acting)
1819 - 1820 Sir Frederick Philipse Robinson (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1820 John Robley (acting) (b. 1775 - d. 1821)
1820 - 1823 Sir Frederick Philipse Robinson (s.a.)
(3rd time)
1823 J.W. Nichol (acting)
1823 - 5 Jul 1826 Sir Frederick Philipse Robinson (s.a.)
(4th time)
5 Jul 1826 - 1827 William Bransell (acting) (d. 1829?)
1827 - 1 Aug 1828 Elphinstone Pigott (acting) (b. 1761 - d. 1828)
1 Aug 1828 - 28 Dec 1829 Nathaniel Shepherd Blackwell (b. 1778 - d. 1833)
(1st time)
28 Dec 1829 - 13 Jan 1830 Alexander Gairdner (1st time) (d. 1849)
(acting)
13 Jan 1830 - 12 Apr 1833 Nathaniel Shepherd Blackwell (s.a.)
(2nd time)
12 Apr 1833 - 26 Jun 1833 Alexander Gairdner (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
Lieutenant-Governors
26 Jun 1833 - 27 Jun 1841 Henry Charles Darling (1st time) (b. 1780 - d. 1845)
27 Jun 1841 - 15 Mar 1842 Joseph Scott (1st time)(acting)
15 Mar 1842 - 11 Feb 1845 Henry Charles Darling (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Feb 1845 - 1 Apr 1845 Joseph Scott (2nd time)(acting)
1 Apr 1845 - 21 Sep 1845 Henry Yeates (1st time (acting) (b. 1791? - d. 1854)
26 Sep 1845 - 14 Dec 1850 Laurence Graeme (b. 1797 - d. 1850)
15 Dec 1850 - 16 Apr 1851 Henry Yeates (2nd time)(acting) (s.a.)
16 Apr 1851 - 28 Jun 1851 David Robert Ross (b. 1797 - d. 1851)
29 Jun 1851 - 14 Jan 1852 Henry Yeates (3rd time)(acting (s.a.)
14 Jan 1852 - 25 Jul 1852 Dominick Daly (b. 1798 - d. 1868)
25 Jul 1852 - 27 Feb 1854 Henry Yeates (4th time)(acting) (s.a.)
27 Feb 1854 - 10 Jul 1856 Willoughby Shortland (b. 1804 - d. 1869)
10 Jul 1856 - 9 Aug 1856 James Kirk (acting) (b. 1800 - d. 1874)
9 Aug 1856 - 8 Jun 1857 James Henry Keens (acting) (b. 1809? - d. 1878)
8 Jun 1857 - 23 May 1860 James Vickery Drysdale (1st time)
24 May 1860 - 26 Dec 1860 Edwin Donald Baynes (acting) (b. 1828 - d. 1884)
26 Dec 1860 - 1864 James Vickery Drysdale (2nd time)
14 Oct 1864 - 1872 Cornelius Hendericksen Kortright (b. 1817 - d. 1899)
(acting to 1865)
12 Sep 1872 - 1875 Herbert Taylor Ussher (b. 1836 - d. 1880)
9 Aug 1875 - 1877 Robert William Harley (b. 1829 - d. 1892)
1877 John Henry Keens (acting) (b. 1805 - d. 1888)
29 Sep 1877 - 1880 Augustus Frederick Gore (b. 1826 - d. 1887)
Administrators
Jul 1880 - 1882 Edward Daniel Laborde (b. 1826 - d. 1898)
1882 - 1883 .... (acting)
1 May 1883 - Jun 1885 John Worrell Carrington (b. 1847 - d. 1913)
1885 Loraine Geddes Hay (1st time) (b. 1847 - d. 1904)
19 Sep 1885 - 1888 Robert Baxter Llewellyn (b. 1845 - d. 1919)
29 Jun 1886 - 16 Jul 1886 John Scott Bushe (b. 1825 - d. 1887)
(acting for Llewellyn)
Commissioners
20 Dec 1888 - 1892 Loraine Geddes Hay (2nd time) (s.a.)
1892 David Barnes Horsford (acting) (b. 1841 - d. 1907)
1892 Thomas Crossley Rayner (acting) (b. 1860 - d. 1914)
Dec 1892 - 1893 William Low (1st time)
1893 Herbert Hamilton Sealy (acting) (b. 1856 - d. 1901)
1893 - 1897 William Low (2nd time)
1897 Samuel William Snaggs (acting) (b. 1856 - d. 1924)
1897 - 1 Jan 1899 Joseph Clanfergael O'Halloran (b. 1846 - d. 1920)
(acting)
Wardens (magistrates)
Jan 1899 - 1903 James Todd Rousseau (1st time) (b. 1860 - d. 1910)
Jun 1903 - Jun 1904 William Charles Nock (acting) (b. 1862 - d. 19..)
1904 - 28 Oct 1910 James Todd Rousseau (2nd time) (s.a.)
Oct 1910 - Feb 1911 William Louis Joseph Kernahan (b. 1860 - d. 19..)
(acting)
Feb 1911 - May 1913 Edward Carlyon Eliot (b. 1879 - d. 1940)
1913 - 1919 Hubert Pinckeney Cother Strange (b. 1863 - d. 1949)
Jan 1919 - 1926 Leonardo Joseph Sorzano (b. 1863 - d. 1945)
1 Apr 1926 - 1937 Henry Meaden (b. 1882 - d. 19..)
1937 - 1938 Beaumont Webster Celestain (acting)(b. 1896 - d. 19..)
Aug 1938 - 1944 Joseph Henry Maingot (b. 1893 - d. 19..)
1944 - 1956 Thomas Charles Cambridge (b. 1906 - d. 1967)
1956 - 1958 Vincente J. "Monty" de Montbrun (b. 1908 - d. 2001)
Commissioners for Tobago Affairs
10 Mar 1958 - 1959 G.W. Gordon
(Permanent Secretary, Tobago Affairs)
1959 - 1964 Victor Edward Bruce (b. 1920 - d. 1986)
(from 1964, permanent secretary, Ministry of Tobago Affairs)
Minister for Tobago Affairs
1964 - Sep 1976 Eric Eustace Williams (b. 1911 - d. 1981) PNM
1977 post abolished
Permanent Secretary of Central Administrative Services Tobago Affairs
1977 - 1980 Harold Englehardt Leacock (b. 1913 - d. 1993) Non-party
Chairmen of the House of Assembly
4 Dec 1980 - 16 Dec 1986 Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson (b. 1926 - d. 2014) DAC;1986 NAR
16 Dec 1986 - 31 Oct 1989 Jefferson "Jeff" G. Davidson (b. 1928 - d. 2023) NAR
1 Nov 1989 - Dec 1996 Lennox Alcindor Denoon (b. 1930 - d. 2007) NAR
Chief Secretaries of the House of Assembly
Dec 1996 - 31 Jan 2001 Hochoy Charles NAR
1 Feb 2001 - 26 Jan 2017 Orville Delano London (b. 1945) PNM
26 Jan 2017 - 30 Apr 2020 Kelvin V. Charles (b. 1957) PNM
30 Apr 2020 - 6 May 2020 Joel Jack (acting) PNM
6 May 2020 - 9 Dec 2021 Ancil K. Dennis (b. 1987) PNM
9 Dec 2021 - Farley Chavez Augustine (b. 1985) PDP
Party abbreviations: NAR = National Alliance for Reconstruction (A.N.R. Robinson personalist, aims to be multi-ethnic, est.1986); PDP = Progressive Democratic Patriots (Tobago autonomist, est.Jun 2016); PNM = People's National Movement (social liberal, center-left, mainly Black, est.1955);
- Former parties:DAC = Democratic Action Congress (Tobago autonomist, merged into NAR, 1971-1986 and 2003-2012)
Trinidad and Tobago
1 Jan 1889 Colony of Trinidad and Tobago
3 Jan 1958 - 31 May 1962 Part of the Federation of the West Indies (with Antigua,
Barbados, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica,
Montserrat, St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla, St. Lucia,
St. Vincent, and Turks and Caicos Islands).
31 Aug 1962 Independence
1 Aug 1976 Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
Governors
1 Jan 1889 - 20 May 1889 Sir William Robinson (1st time) (b. 1836 - d. 1912)
20 May 1889 - 5 Dec 1889 Henry William John Fowler (1st time) (b. 1842 - d. 1893)
(acting)
5 Dec 1889 - 31 Jul 1891 Sir William Robinson (2nd time) (s.a.)
31 Jul 1891 - 19 Aug 1891 Henry William John Fowler (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
19 Aug 1891 - 25 Sep 1891 Sir Frederick Napier Broome (b. 1842 - d. 1896)
(1st time)
25 Sep 1891 - 11 Nov 1891 Henry William John Fowler (3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
11 Nov 1891 - 22 Sep 1892 Sir Frederick Napier Broome (s.a.)
(2nd time)
22 Sep 1892 - 9 Nov 1892 Henry William John Fowler (4th time) (s.a.)
(acting)
9 Nov 1892 - 19 May 1893 Sir Frederick Napier Broome (s.a.)
(3rd time)
19 May 1893 - 20 Oct 1893 Henry William John Fowler (4th time) (s.a.)
(acting)
20 Oct 1893 - 26 Nov 1896 Sir Frederick Napier Broome (s.a.)
(4th time)
2 Jun 1897 - 23 Apr 1898 Sir Hubert Edward Henry Jerningham (b. 1842 - d. 1914)
(1st time)
23 Apr 1898 - 21 Sep 1898 Sir Clement Courtenay Knollys (b. 1849 - d. 1905)
(1st time)(acting)
21 Sep 1898 - 11 May 1899 Sir Hubert Edward Henry Jerningham (s.a.)
(2nd time)
11 May 1899 - 27 Sep 1899 Sir Clement Courtenay Knollys (s.a.)
(2nd time)(acting)
27 Sep 1899 - 6 Jul 1900 Sir Hubert Edward Henry Jerningham (s.a.)
(3rd time)
6 Jul 1900 - 4 Dec 1900 Sir Clement Courtenay Knollys (s.a.)
(3rd time)(acting)
4 Dec 1900 - 3 Jul 1902 Sir Cornelius Alfred Moloney (b. 1848 - d. 1913)
(1st time)
3 Jul 1902 - 9 Jun 1903 Sir Clement Courtenay Knollys (s.a.)
(4th time)(acting)
9 Jun 1903 - 25 Mar 1904 Sir Cornelius Alfred Moloney (s.a.)
(2nd time)
25 Mar 1904 - 30 Aug 1904 Hugh Clifford (acting) (b. 1866 - d. 1941)
30 Aug 1904 - 8 May 1907 Sir Henry Moore Jackson (1st time) (b. 1849 - d. 1908)
8 May 1907 - 4 Nov 1907 Sir Gilbert Thomas Carter (acting) (b. 1848 - d. 1927)
4 Nov 1907 - 27 Nov 1907 Samuel William Knaggs (1st time) (b. 1856 - d. 1924)
(acting)
27 Nov 1907 - 10 Mar 1908 Sir Henry Moore Jackson (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Mar 1908 - 12 May 1909 Samuel William Knaggs (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
12 May 1909 - 8 Aug 1910 Sir George Ruthven Le Hunte (b. 1852 - d. 1925)
(1st time)
8 Aug 1910 - 22 Nov 1910 Samuel William Knaggs (3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
22 Nov 1910 - 30 Jun 1911 Sir George Ruthven Le Hunte (s.a.)
(2nd time)
30 Jun 1911 - 3 Jul 1911 Robert Gervase Bushee (acting) (b. 1851 - d. 1927)
3 Jul 1911 - 6 Aug 1912 Sir George Ruthven Le Hunte (s.a.)
(3rd time)
6 Aug 1912 - 3 Dec 1912 Samuel William Knaggs (4th time) (s.a.)
(acting)
3 Dec 1912 - 29 Jan 1913 Sir George Ruthven Le Hunte (s.a.)
(4th time)
29 Jan 1913 - 17 Feb 1913 Samuel William Knaggs (5th time) (s.a.)
(acting)
17 Feb 1913 - 23 Jul 1913 Sir George Ruthven Le Hunte (s.a.)
(5th time)
23 Jul 1913 - 9 Sep 1913 Samuel William Knaggs (6th time) (s.a.)
(acting)
9 Sep 1913 - 19 Oct 1915 Sir George Ruthven Le Hunte (s.a.)
(6th time)
19 Oct 1915 - 1 Jun 1916 Samuel William Knaggs (7th time) (s.a.)
(acting)
1 Jun 1916 - 31 Mar 1919 Sir John Robert Chancellor (1st time)(b. 1870 - d. 1952)
31 Mar 1919 - 16 Oct 1919 William Montgomerie Gordon (acting) (b. 1855 - d. 1929)
16 Oct 1919 - 31 Dec 1921 Sir John Robert Chancellor (2nd time)(s.a.)
1 Jan 1922 - 1924 Sir Samuel Herbert Wilson (b. 1873 - d. 1950)
Aug 1924 - Nov 1924 Sir Thomas Alexander Best (acting) (b. 1870 - d. 1941)
22 Nov 1924 - 1929 Sir Horace Archer Byatt (b. 1875 - d. 1933)
1929 - 22 Mar 1930 Selwyn MacGregor Grier (acting) (b. 1878 - d. 1946)
22 Mar 1930 - 1936 Sir Alfred Claud Hollis (b. 1874 - d. 1961)
1936 - 17 Sep 1936 Alfred Wallace Seymour (acting) (b. 1881 - d. 1960)
17 Sep 1936 - 10 Jan 1938 Sir Arthur George Murchison Fletcher (b. 1878 - d. 1954)
Jan 1938 - 8 Jul 1938 Sir John Huggins (1st time) (acting) (b. 1891 - d. 1971)
8 Jul 1938 - 1942 Sir Hubert Winthrop Young (b. 1885 - d. 1950)
1942 - 8 Jun 1942 Sir John Huggins (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
8 Jun 1942 - 3 Feb 1947 Sir Bede Edmund Hugh Clifford (b. 1890 - d. 1969)
7 Mar 1947 - Mar 1950 Sir John Valentine Wistar Shaw (b. 1894 - d. 1982)
20 Sep 1949 - 19 Apr 1950 Patrick Muir Renison (b. 1911 - d. 1965)
(acting [for Shaw to Mar 1950])
19 Apr 1950 - 1 Apr 1954 Sir Hubert Elvin Rance (b. 1898 - d. 1974)
Apr 1954 - 23 Jun 1955 Maurice Henry Dorman (acting) (b. 1912 - d. 1993)
23 Jun 1955 - Jun 1959 Sir Edward Betham Beetham (b. 1905 - d. 1979)
Jun 1959 - 4 Jul 1960 Ellis Emmanuel Innocent Clarke (b. 1917 - d. 2010)
(acting)
4 Jul 1960 - 31 Aug 1962 Sir Solomon Hochoy (b. 1905 - d. 1983)
Queen�
31 Aug 1962 - 1 Aug 1976 the Queen of the United Kingdom
Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
31 Aug 1962 - 15 Sep 1972 Sir Solomon Hochoy (s.a.)
15 Sep 1972 - 31 Jan 1973 Sir Arthur Hugh McShine (acting) (b. 1906 - d. 1983)
31 Jan 1973 - 1 Aug 1976 Sir Ellis Emmanuel Innocent Clarke (s.a.)
Presidents
1 Aug 1976 - 13 Mar 1987 Ellis Emmanuel Innocent Clarke (s.a.) PNM/Non-party
(acting to 28 Jan 1977)
13 Mar 1987 - 18 Mar 1987 Michael Jay Williams (acting) (b. 1929) NAR
18 Mar 1987 - 18 Mar 1997 Noor Mohamed Hassanali (b. 1918 - d. 2006) Non-party
18 Mar 1997 - 17 Mar 2003 Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson (b. 1926 - d. 2014) NAR/None
17 Mar 2003 - 18 Mar 2013 George Maxwell Richards (b. 1931 - d. 2018) PNM/None
18 Mar 2013 - 19 Mar 2018 Anthony Thomas Aquinas Carmona (b. 1953) Non-party
19 Mar 2018 - 20 Mar 2023 Paula-Mae Weekes (f) (b. 1958) Non-party
20 Mar 2023 - Christine Carla Kangaloo (f) (b. 1961) Non-party
**Leader of Government Business
18 Sep 1950 - 28 Oct 1956 Albert Maria Gomes (b. 1911 - d. 1978) PPG
Chief minister
28 Oct 1956 - 9 Jul 1959 Eric Eustace Williams (b. 1911 - d. 1981) PNM
Premier
9 Jul 1959 - Dec 1961 Eric Eustace Williams (s.a.) PNM
Prime ministers
Dec 1961 - 29 Mar 1981 Eric Eustace Williams (s.a.) PNM
30 Mar 1981 - 18 Dec 1986 George Michael Chambers (b. 1928 - d. 1997) PNM
18 Dec 1986 - 17 Dec 1991 Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson (s.a.) NAR
(Jamaat al-Muslimeen hostage 27 Jul - 1 Aug 1990)
17 Dec 1991 - 9 Nov 1995 Patrick Augustus Mervyn Manning (b. 1946 - d. 2016) PNM
(1st time)
9 Nov 1995 - 24 Dec 2001 Basdeo Panday (b. 1933 - d. 2024) UNC
24 Dec 2001 - 26 May 2010 Patrick Augustus Mervyn Manning (s.a.) PNM
(2nd time)
26 May 2010 - 9 Sep 2015 Kamla Persad-Bissessar (f) (b. 1952) UNC
9 Sep 2015 - Keith Christopher Rowley (b. 1949) PNM
�Full style
(a) 31 Aug 1962 - 2 Nov 1962: "By the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith";
(b) 2 Nov 1962 - 1 Aug 1976: "By the Grace of God, Queen of Trinidad and Tobago and of Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth."
Territorial Disputes: Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago abide by the Apr 2006 Permanent Court of Arbitration decision delimiting a maritime boundary and limiting catches of flying fish in Trinidad and Tobago's exclusive economic zone; in 2005, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago agreed to compulsory international arbitration under United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) challenging whether the northern limit of Trinidad and Tobago's and Venezuela's maritime boundary extends into Barbadian waters; Guyana has also expressed its intention to include itself in the arbitration as the Trinidad and Tobago-Venezuela maritime boundary may extend into its waters as well.
Party abbreviations: NAR = National Alliance for Reconstruction (A.N.R. Robinson personalist, aims to be multi-ethnic, est.1986); PNM = People's National Movement (social liberal, center-left, mainly Black, est.1955); UNC = United National Congress (democratic socialist, center-left, mainly ethnic East Indian, split from NAR, est.1988);
- Former parties: PPG = Party of Political Progress Groups (moderate, 1950-1957, merged into Democratic Labour Party)
Federation of the West Indies
21 Feb 1958 - 31 May 1962 | Flag Variant |
---|
Map of the West Indies Federation | Hear National Anthem "God Save the Queen" | Proposed Local Anthem "A Song for Federation" (same tune as modern Trinidad anthem) (not adopted) | Constitution of the West Indies (3 Jan 1958) -------------------------------- British Caribbean Federation Act (3 Jan 1958) |
---|---|---|---|
Capital: Port-of-Spain (de facto) | Currency: British West Indies Dollar (XBWD) (1949-1965) | Federation Holidays: 3 Jan (1958) Inception of the Federation ----------------------------------- 23 Feb (1956) Federation Day | Population: 3,264,600 (1962) |
GDP: N/A | Exports: 580.6million(1960)∗∗Imports∗∗:580.6 million (1960) Imports: 580.6million(1960)∗∗Imports∗∗:474.4 million (1960) | Ethnic groups: mostly Black, with European, East Indian, mixed race, Chinese, Carib, and others | |
Federal Defense Forces: 900 (1961) Defense was the Responsibility of U.K. | Religions: mostly Protestant, some Roman Catholic, Hindus and Muslims | ||
International Organizations/Treaties: C, IOC, ITU (associate), UNESCO (associate), UPU, WMO |
23 Feb 1956 Representatives of the U.K. government and the British West Indies
reach an agreement in London, which provided for the
establishment of a West Indies federation within the British
Commonwealth.
2 Aug 1956 British Caribbean Federation Act 1956 (date of formation 3 Jan
1958 set by an Order-in-Council proclaimed on 13 Dec 1957).
31 Jul 1957 Constitution of the West Indies, annexed to the West Indies
(Federation) Order in Council, 1957, SI 57 No. 1364 (effective
3 Jan 1958).
3 Jan 1958 - 31 May 1962 Federation of the West Indies (Antigua [with Barbuda], Barbados,
Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica [with the Cayman Islands and the
Turks and Caicos], Montserrat, St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla,
St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Trinidad and Tobago, were the provinces
of the federation)(less commonly referred to as the British
Caribbean Federation).
19 Sep 1961 Jamaica referendum votes 54.1% to 45.9% to exit the Federation.
16 Jan 1962 Trinidad's ruling party (the People's National Movement)
recommends that Trinidad take no part in a truncated federation.
31 May 1962 Federation dissolved.
**Queen� 3 Jan 1958 - 31 May 1962 **the Queen of the United Kingdom
Governor-general
3 Jan 1958 - 31 May 1962 Patrick George Thomas (b. 1901 - d. 1974)
Buchan-Hepburn, Baron Hailes
21 Feb 1958 - 4 Mar 1958 John Stanley Mordecai (b. 1903 - d. 1986)
(acting for Lord Hailes)
9 Oct 1958 - 31 Oct 1958 John Stanley Mordecai (s.a.)
(acting for Lord Hailes)
4 Mar 1959 - 11 Mar 1959 Louis Nathaniel Blache-Fraser (b. 1904 - d. 1987)
(acting for Lord Hailes)
6 Apr 1959 - 18 Apr 1959 Louis Nathaniel Blache-Fraser (s.a.)
(acting for Lord Hailes)
21 Jun 1959 - 24 Jun 1959 Louis Nathaniel Blache-Fraser (s.a.)
(acting for Lord Hailes)
10 Jul 1959 - Sep 1959 Sir Robert Duncan Harris Arundell (b. 1904 - d. 1989)
(acting for Lord Hailes)
26 Oct 1959 - 7 Nov 1959 John Stanley Mordecai (s.a.)
(acting for Lord Hailes)
31 Dec 1959 - 3 Jan 1960 John Stanley Mordecai (s.a.)
(acting for Lord Hailes)
24 Feb 1961 - 12 Mar 1961 John Stanley Mordecai (s.a.)
(acting for Lord Hailes)
3 Apr 1961 - 6 Apr 1961 John Stanley Mordecai (s.a.)
(acting for Lord Hailes)
2 Jul 1961 - 8 Aug 1961 Sir Alfred Baillie Rennie (b. 1896 - d. 1987)
(acting for Lord Hailes)
8 Aug 1961 - 11 Aug 1961 Louis Nathaniel Blache-Fraser (s.a.)
(acting for Lord Hailes)
11 Aug 1961 - 15 Oct 1961 John Stanley Mordecai (s.a.)
(acting for Lord Hailes)
13 Nov 1961 - 17 Nov 1961 John Stanley Mordecai (s.a.)
(acting for Lord Hailes)
9 Apr 1962 - 15 Apr 1962 John Stanley Mordecai (s.a.)
(acting for Lord Hailes)
15 Apr 1962 - 6 May 1962 Harvey Lloyd da Costa (b. 1914 - d. 2000)
(acting for Lord Hailes)
Prime minister
18 Apr 1958 - 31 May 1962 Sir Grantley Herbert Adams (b. 1898 - d. 1971) WIFLP
Interim Commissioner for (Dissolution of) The West Indies
29 May 1961 - 31 May 1961 Sir Stephen Elliot Vyvyan Luke (b. 1905 - d. 1988)
�Full style 3 Jan 1958 - 31 May 1962: "By the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith."
Party abbreviation: WIFLP = West Indies Federal Labour Party ("Federalists", democratic socialist, federalist, pro-Commonwealth, party a confederation of local parties from each of the constituent territories [Antigua Labour Party, Barbados Labour Party, Dominica Labour Party, Grenada United Labour Party, Jamaican People's National Party, Montserrat Trade and Labour Union, Saint Kitts Workers' League, Saint Lucia Labour Party, Saint Vincent Labour Party, Trinidad and Tobago People's National Movement], until 1 Sep 1956 named Federation of Labour Parties of the British Caribbean then Caribbean Federal Labour Party, Jun 1956-31 May 1962)
� Ben Cahoon