gain equalization (original) (raw)
Definition: a technique for making the gain spectrum of an optical amplifier device flatter over a certain optical frequency range
Alternative term: gain flattening
optical amplifiersRelated: Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifier for Multiple Signalsgainfiber amplifierstunable optical filterswavelength division multiplexing
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Contents
What is Gain Equalization?
The optical gain e.g. from a fiber amplifier has some dependence on the wavelength, which can be disturbing in certain applications. For example, in optical fiber communications with wavelength division multiplexing, the wavelength dependence of the gain can unbalance the optical powers in the transmitted channels. Therefore, it is common to apply methods for gain equalization, also called gain flattening. There are various technological options:
- For a given kind of active fiber, the shape of the gain spectrum can often be optimized simply by adjusting the average excitation level of the laser-active ions. (This holds for amplifier transitions in quasi-three-level laser gain media, which are most common in the area of fiber amplifiers.) The excitation level can be adjusted e.g. by varying the pump power or the length of the active fiber.
- The material composition of the fiber core can be optimized. For example, silica fibers can be optimized with various codopants, and fluoride fibers can offer a fairly flat gain spectrum.
- Amplifier fibers of different glass compositions can be combined in an amplifier chain to obtain a wideband hybrid amplifier.
- Another approach is a split-band amplifier, where a wavelength-dependent splitter distributes the signal content over two or more different fiber amplifiers, and another wavelength-dependent fiber coupler serves to recombine the spectral components.
- One can use a Raman amplifier, where the gain spectrum can be tailored with a proper combination of pump sources at different wavelengths [7].
- Optical filters (gain flattening filters) can be used, which have higher losses in wavelength regions where the gain is higher. Such filters are often based on some kind of fiber Bragg gratings (long-period gratings, slanted gratings or chirped gratings), although various other types of filters have been demonstrated.
Gain Equalization with Gain Flattening Filters
It is common to first apply some method to get a roughly flat gain spectrum — for example, optimizing the length of an erbium-doped fiber –, and then do the fine tuning with some gain flattening filter.
For the optimization of a fiber amplifier with flattening filters, various aspects need to be taken into account. In particular:
- One can attenuate too strong signals after the amplifier. That has a minimal impact on the noise performance, but is not power-efficient.
- Alternatively, one may apply attenuation at the input end. This is far more power-efficient, but the noise figure of the system will be increased: attenuating weak signals is more problematic concerning introduced quantum noise.
- A better trade-off between power efficiency and noise figure can be achieved with a dual-stage amplifier design, where the gain flattening filter is placed between the stages.
Figure 1: Example from a case study [???] with the RP Fiber Power software for gain equalization with a gain flattening filter at the amplifier input. Both long- and short-wavelength spectral parts need to be attenuated. Without previous optimization of the fiber length, far more attenuation would be required.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is gain equalization?
Gain equalization, also called gain flattening, refers to methods used to make the wavelength-dependent optical gain of an amplifier, such as a fiber amplifier, more uniform across a certain spectral range.
Why is gain equalization important for WDM systems?
In wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems, a wavelength-dependent gain can unbalance the optical powers in the different transmitted channels. Gain equalization is applied to prevent this issue.
What is a gain flattening filter?
A gain flattening filter is an optical filter designed to have higher transmission loss in wavelength regions where an amplifier's gain is highest. This equalizes the overall spectral response of the amplifier system.
Where should a gain flattening filter be placed in an amplifier design?
For a good trade-off between power efficiency and noise figure, a gain flattening filter is often placed between two stages of a dual-stage amplifier.
Can gain be equalized without using filters?
Yes, gain can be partially flattened by optimizing an amplifier's design, for example by adjusting the active fiber length and pump power, by using special glass compositions, or by using a Raman amplifier with multiple pump wavelengths.
Suppliers
Sponsored content: The RP Photonics Buyer's Guide contains four suppliers for gain equalization filters. Among them:
âš™ hardware
The Gain flattening filter (GFF), based on fiber Bragg grating technology, with model number OEGFF-100 is a reflective type filter. The OEGFF-100 can be used in C-band or L-band erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) or Raman amplifier. One advantage of the OEGFF-100 compared with the thin film based GFF filter is that each filter shape is different due to customized fitting curve, and therefore no accumulated error when several of them are cascaded with each other. Advanced fiber Bragg grating fabrication technology and a patented temperature compensation package ensures the lowest ripple and smallest error function for the best gain equalization performance for your EDFA products.
Bibliography
| [1] | K. Inoue et al., “Tunable gain-equalization using a Mach–Zehnder optical filter in multistage amplifiers”, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 3, 718 (1991); doi:10.1109/68.84463 |
|---|---|
| [2] | S. F. Su et al., “Gain equalization in multiwavelength lightwave systems using acousto-optic tunable filters”, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 4, 269 (1992); doi:10.1109/68.122389 |
| [3] | R. Kashyap et al., “Wavelength flattened saturated erbium amplifier using multiple side-tap Bragg gratings”, Electron. Lett. 29 (11), 1025 (1993); doi:10.1049/el:19930685 |
| [4] | B. Clesca et al., “1.5 μm fluoride-based fiber amplifiers for wideband multichannel transport networks”, Opt. Fiber Technol. 1, 135 (1995); doi:10.1006/ofte.1995.1004 |
| [5] | A. M. Vengsarkar et al., “Long-period fiber-grating-based gain equalizers”, Opt. Lett. 21 (5), 336 (1996); doi:10.1364/OL.21.000336 |
| [6] | N. Park et al., “High-power Er–Yb-doped fiber amplifier with multichannel gain flatness within 0.2 dB over 14 nm”, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 8, 1148 (1996); doi:10.1109/68.531818 |
| [7] | Y. Emori et al., “100 nm bandwidth flat-gain Raman amplifiers pumped and gain-equalized by 12-wavelength-channel WDM laser diode unit”, Electron. Lett. 35, 1355 (1999); doi:10.1109/OFC.1999.766052 |
| [8] | M. Harurnoto et al., “Gain-flattening filter using long-period fiber gratings”, J. Lightwave Technol. 20 (6), 1027 (2002); doi:10.1109/JLT.2002.1018814 |
| [9] | Ik-Bu Sohn et al., “Gain flattened and improved EDFA using microbending long-period fibre gratings”, Electron. Lett. 38 (22), 1324 (2002); doi:10.1049/el:20020915 |
| [10] | G. Qin, R. Jose and Y. Ohishi, “Design of ultimate gain-flattened O-, E-, and S+ C+ L ultrabroadband fiber amplifiers using a new fiber Raman gain medium”, J. Lightwave Technol. 25 (9), 2727 (2007) |
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