Russia (original) (raw)

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Russia

| 1697 - 8 Nov 1917 Merchant Flag, 28 Apr 1883 - 8 Nov 1917 State Flag | 11 Jun 1858 - 28 Apr 1883 State Flag, 28 Feb 1887 - 11 May 1896 National Flag | 12 Aug 1914 - 15 Mar 1917 "National Flag" | | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | 8 Nov 1917 - 13 Apr 1918 (de facto) | 13 Apr 1918 - 17 Jun 1918 | 17 Jun 1918 - 6 Jul 1923 | | | 6 Jul 1923 - 12 Nov 1923 | 12 Nov 1923 - 5 Dec 1936 | 5 Dec 1936 - 19 Aug 1955 | | | 19 Aug 1955 - 25 Dec 1991 | Re-adopted 25 Dec 1991 | | |

Note: Names are listed in Russian (with notes) using a modified BGN/PCGN romanization system. Numbering of princes and tsars was not known until 1721 and they were named only by first name and patronymic. Dates before 22 Oct (2 Nov) 1721 are recorded in Old Style (Julian) calendar. The New Style (Gregorian) calendar was introduced in Russia effective (1) 14 Feb 1918.

**Rus' (of Vladimir)**c.862 Grand Principality of Rus' (later referred to as Kievan Rus'
[_Kiyevskaya Rus'_] by historians), ruled by the Ryurikovich
(Rurikid) dynasty. The dynasty follows agnatic seniority, and
established first at Novgorod, then from 882 at Kiev (see under
Ukraine).
1097 Council of Lyubech amends the succession rule and divides Kievan
Rus' into several regional autonomous principalities that had
equal rights to obtain suzerain throne of grand prince in Kiev.
1157 Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal' (formerly Rostov-Suzdal'),
within the Grand Principality of Rus', with its capital
at Vladimir (also known as Vladimir-na-Klyaz'me, to distinguish
from other cities with the same name).
12 Mar 1169 Kiev sacked by the forces of Andrey Yuryevich "Bogolyubskiy" of
of Vladimir-Suzdal'. Princes of Vladimir-Suzdal' begin to claim
"seniority" among other princes, but not the title and seat of
Grand Prince, which remained in Kiev (in 1186 on an occasion the
Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal' forced the Grand Prince of Kiev to
recognize him as the "brother").
Dec 1237/Feb 1241 The Mongols invade most of the regional principalities of Rus'
(Vladimir itself being sacked and destroyed on 3 Feb 1238).
1243 Under Mongol (from 1259, Golden Horde) suzerainty.
1243 The Mongols granted the title (non-hereditary until 1389) of Grand
Prince ("senior of all Princes of Rus�") to the Prince of
Vladimir, the seat of the Grand Prince is moved from Kiev to
Vladimir (title not granted 1246-1249, this arrangement is
interrupted 1249-1252).
13 Nov 1263 Principality of Moscow established as an appanage of Vladimir.
1299 Metropolitan Maksim (d. 1305) moves the seat of the Orthodox
Metropolitanate of Rus' from Kiev to Vladimir.
19 May 1389Vladimir is annexed by Moscow, seat of Grand Prince moved to Moscow.

Princes of Vladimir-Suzdal' (from 1216, Vladimir)(title_Knyaz'_)
(until the 14th century titles in Rus' usually lacked formal territorial reference)1157 - 1174 Andrey Yuryevich "Bogolyubskiy" (b. c.1111 - d. 1174)
("the Pious")
1174 - 1175 Yaropolk Rostislavich (d. af.1196)
1175 - 1176 Mikhail Yuryevich (b. c.1145 - d. 1176)
1176 - 1212 Vsevolod Yuryevich "Bol'shoye (b. 1154 - d. 1212)
Gnezdo" ("the Big Nest")
1212 - 1216 Yuriy Vsevolodovich (1st time) (b. 1188 - d. 1238)
1216 - 1218 Konstantin Vsevolodovich (b. 1186 - d. 1218)
1218 - 1238 Yuriy Vsevolodovich (2nd time) (s.a.)
1238 - 30 Sep 1246 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (b. 1191 - d. 1246)
(also grand prince of Kiev 1236-1238, 1243-1246)
1246 - 1248 Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich (b. 1196 - d. 1252)
1248 Mikhail Yaroslavich "Khorobrit" (b. 1229 - d. 1248)
("the Brave")
1248 - 1252 Andrey Yaroslavich (b. c.1222 - d. 1264)
Grand Princes of Vladimir (title Velikiy knyaz')
(from 1305, styled Grand Princes of all Rus' [_Veliky knyaz' vseya Rusi_])
1252 - 14 Nov 1263 Aleksandr Yaroslavich "Nevskiy" (b. 1221 - d. 1263)
(also prince of Novgorod 1236-1259,
grand prince of Kiev 1249-1252)
1264 - 16 Sep 1272 Yaroslav Yaroslavich (b. 1230 - d. 1272)
(also prince of Tver' 1247-1272)
1272 - Jan 1276 Vasiliy Yaroslavich (b. c.1236 - d. 1276)
(also prince of Kostroma 1247-1276)
1276 - 1281 Dmitriy Aleksandrovich (1st time) (b. 1250 - d. 1294)
(also prince of Pereyaslav-Zalesskiy 1263-1294)
Dec 1281 - 1283 Andrey Aleksandrovich "Gorodetskiy"(b. c.1255 - d. 1304)
(1st time)(also prince of Kostroma 1276-1304)
Dec 1283 - 1294 Dmitriy Aleksandrovich (2nd time) (s.a.)
1294 - 27 Jul 1304 Andrey Aleksandrovich "Gorodetskiy"(s.a.)
(2nd time)
1304 � 22 Nov 1318 Mikhail Yaroslavich (b. 1271/72 - d. 1318)
(also prince of Tver' 1282-1318)
1319 - 1322 Yuriy Danilovich (b. 1281 - d. 1325)
(also prince of Moscow 1303-1325)
1322 - 15 Sep 1326 Dmitriy Mikhaylovich "Groznye Ochi"(b. 1298 - d. 1326)
("the Fearsome Eyes")
(also prince of Tver' 1318-1326)
15 Sep 1326 - 1327 Aleksandr Mikhaylovich (b. 1301 - d. 1339)
(also prince of Tver' 1326-1339)
1328 - 1331 Aleksandr Vasilyevich (b. 130. - d. 1331)
(also prince of Suzdal' 1309-1331)
1331 - 31 Mar 1340 Ivan I Danilovich "Kalita" (b. c.1283 - d. 1340)
("the Moneybag")(also prince of Moscow 1325-1340)
1 Oct 1340 - 26 Apr 1353 Semyon Ivanovich "Gordyy" (b. 1317 - d. 1353)
("the Proud")(also prince of Moscow 1340-1353)
25 Mar 1354 - 13 Nov 1359 Ivan II Ivanovich "Krasnyy" (b. 1326 - d. 1359)
("the Fair")(also prince of Moscow 1353-1359)
22 Jun 1360 - Dec 1362 Dmitriy Konstantinovich "Odnook" (b. 1322 - d. 1383)
("the One-Eyed")(also prince of Suzdal' 1355-1365;
grand prince of Suzdal'-Nizhniy Novgorod 1365-1383)Jan 1363 - 19 May 1389 Dmitriy Ivanovich "Donskoy" (b. 1350 - d. 1389)
(also prince of Moscow 1359-1389)

Russia(and "Muscovy" [Moscow and Vladimir] 1389-1547)

Grand Princes of All-Rus' (title V elikiy k nyaz' vseya Rusi)
19 May 1389 - 27 Feb 1425 Vasiliy Dmitriyevich I (b. 1371 - d. 1425)
27 Feb 1425 - 25 Apr 1433 Vasiliy Vasilyevich II "Tyomnyy" (b. 1415 - d. 1462)
("the Blind") (1st time)
27 Feb 1425 - 1432 Velikaya Knyaginya Sofiya (b. 1371 - d. 1453)
Vitovtovna (f) -Regent
(= Zofia Witold�wna)
25 Apr 1433 - 28 Sep? 1433 Yuriy Dmitriyevich (1st time) (b. 1374 - d. 1434)
28 Sep? 1433 - 31 Mar 1434 Vasiliy Vasilyevich II "Tyomnyy" (s.a.)
(2nd time)
31 Mar 1434 - 5 Jun 1434 Yuriy Dmitriyevich (2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Jun 1434 - Jul 1434 Vasiliy Yuryevich "Kosoy" (b. c.1403 - d. 1448)
("the Squint")
Jul 1434 - 7 Jul 1445 Vasiliy Vasilyevich II "Tyomnyy" (s.a.)
(3rd time)(prisoner of Kazan khan 7 Jul - 1 Oct 1445)
7 Jul 1445 - 26 Oct 1445 Dmitriy Yuryevich "Shemyaka" (b. c.1405 - d. 1453)
(1st time)
26 Oct 1445 - 12 Feb 1446 Vasiliy Vasilyevich II "Tyomnyy" (s.a.)
(4th time)
12 Feb 1446 - 17 Feb 1447 Dmitriy Yuryevich "Shemyaka" (s.a.)
(2nd time)
17 Feb 1447 - 27 Mar 1462 Vasiliy Vasilyevich II "Tyomnyy" (s.a.)
(5th time)
28 Mar 1462 - 27 Oct 1505 Ivan Vasilyevich III "Velikiy" (b. 1440 - d. 1505)
("the Great")
Jun 1471 - 7 Mar 1490 Ivan Ivanovich "Molodoy" (b. 1458 - d. 1490)
("the Young") (co-ruler)
4 Feb 1498 - 14 Apr 1502 Dmitriy Ivanovich "Vnuk" (b. 1483 - d. 1509)
("the Grandson") (co-ruler)
14 Apr 1502 - 3 Dec 1533 Vasiliy Ivanovich III (b. 1479 - d. 1533)
(co-ruler to 27 Oct 1505)
3 Dec 1533 - 16 Jan 1547 Ivan Vasilyevich IV "Groznyy" (b. 1530 - d. 1584)
("the Terrible") 3 Dec 1533 - 4 Apr 1538 Velikaya Knyaginya Yelena (b. c.1508 - d. 1538)
Vasilyevna Glinskaya (f) -Regent
Senior Boyars of the Boyar Duma
(chiefs of administration during minority of grand prince and in absence of a formal regent)
Apr 1538 - Nov 1538 Knyaz' Vasiliy Vasilyevich Shuyskiy(b. c.1478 - d. 1538)
"Nemoy" ("the Mute")
Nov 1538 - Jul 1540 Knyaz' Ivan Vasilyevich Shuyskiy (d. 1542)
(1st time)
Jul 1540 - 25 Dec 1541 Knyaz' Ivan Fyodorovich Bel'skiy (d. 1542)
Jan 1542 - 14 May 1542 Knyaz' Ivan Vasilyevich Shuyskiy (s.a.)
(2nd time)
May 1542 - 30 Dec 1543 Knyaz' Andrey Mikhaylovich Shuyskiy(d. 1543)
"Chestokol"
Dec 1543 - Mar 1546 Knyaz' Dmitriy Fyodorovich Bel'skiy(b. 1499 - d. 1551)
T sars �
16 Jan 1547 - 29 Sep 1575 Ivan Vasilyevich IV "Groznyy" (s.a.)
(Ivan "the Terrible")
(co-ruler with style of Prince of Moscow,
Pskov and Rostov 29 Sep 1575 - Sep 1576)
(1st time)
29 Sep 1575 - Sep 1576 Semyon Bekbulatovich (Sayin Bulat) (b. 153. - d. 1616)
(style the Grand Prince of All Russia)
Sep 1576 - 18 Mar 1584 Ivan Vasilyevich IV "Groznyy" (s.a.)
(2nd time)
18 Mar 1584 - 7 Jan 1598 Fyodor Ivanovich I (b. 1557 - d. 1598)
18 Mar 1584 - 7 Jan 1598 Close Duma (a council of guardians)
(members chosen by Boris Godunov from 1586 on are omitted)
- Knyaz' Ivan Fyodorovich (b. c.1529 - d. 1593)
Mstislavskiy (to Jul 1585)
- Knyaz' Ivan Petrovich Shuyskiy (b. 15.. - d. 1588)
(to Oct 1586)
- Knyaz' Bogdan Yakovlevich (b. 15.. - d. 1611)
Bel'skiy (to Apr 1584)
- Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin- (b. c.1522 - d. 1586)
Yur'yev (to Aug 1584)
- Boris Fyodorovich Godunov (b. 1552 - d. 1605)
(from May 1584)(by 1587 referred to as
the chief [_Nachal'nyy_] of Close Duma)
7 Jan 1598 - 17 Feb 1598 Tsaritsa i Velikaya Knyaginya (b. c.1557 - d. 1603)
Irina Fyodorovna Godunova (f) -Regent
(from 15 Jan 1598, monastic name 'Aleksandra')
17 Feb 1598 - 13 Apr 1605 Boris Fyodorovich (s.a.)
(= Boris Fyodorovich Godunov)
13 Apr 1605 - 1 Jun 1605 Fyodor Borisovich II (b. 1589 - d. 1605)
13 Apr 1605 - 1 Jun 1605 Tsaritsa i Velikaya Knyaginya (b. 156. - d. 1605)
Mariya Grigoryevna Skuratova-
Bel'skaya (f) -Regent
Senior Boyar of the Boyar Duma
(chief of administration during interregnum and in absence a formal regent)
1 Jun 1605 - 20 Jun 1605 Knyaz' Fyodor Ivanovich (1st time) (b. c.1550 - d. 1622)
Mstislavskiy (in office 1585-1622)
Tsar
20 Jun 1605 - 17 May 1606 Dmitriy Ivanovich "Lzhedmitriy I" (b. 1581 - d. 1606)
(= Yuriy Bogdanovich Otrepyev?)
("First False Dmitriy")(usurper)
Senior Boyar of the Boyar Duma
17 May 1606 - 19 May 1606 Knyaz' Fyodor Ivanovich (2nd time) (s.a.)
Mstislavskiy
T sars �
19 May 1606 - 17 Jul 1610 Vasiliy Ivanovich IV (b. 1552 - d. 1612)
(= Knyaz' Vasiliy Ivanovich Shuyskiy)
11 Jun 1607 - 21 Dec 1610 Dmitriy Ivanovich "Lzhedmitriy II" (b. 15.. - d. 1610)
(= Matvey Verevkin?)
("Second False Dmitriy", claimed to be "First False Dmitriy")
(in rebellion; to Jun 1608 in Orel, Jun 1608 - Jan 1610 in
Tushino [a suburb of Moscow], from Jan 1610 in Kaluga)
Senior Boyar of the Seven Boyars [a regency council]
17 Jul 1610 - 24 Oct 1612 Knyaz' Fyodor Ivanovich (s.a.)
Mstislavskiy
(from 17 Aug 1610, for Vladislav Zhigimontovich)
T sar �
17 Aug 1610 - 27 Oct 1612 Vladislav Zhigimontovich (b. 1595 - d. 1648)
(= Władysław IV of Poland)
(remained in Poland)
Polish-Lithuanian Commanders in Moscow
21 Sep 1610 - 20 Oct 1610 Stanisław Ż�łkiewski (b. 1547 - d. 1620)
20 Oct 1610 - 27 Oct 1612 Aleksander Gosiewski (b. 1575? - d. 1639)
27 Jun 1612 - 27 Oct 1612 Mikołaj Struś (b. 1580 - d. 1627)
(acting for absent Gosiewski)
(in the Kremlin only from 3 Sep 1612)
Commissioners of the ("First") Council of All the Land (no specific style)
(in opposition to Polish rule; in the Simonov Monastery [a suburb of Moscow])
30 Jun 1611 - 27 Oct 1612 Knyaz' Dmitriy Timofeyevich (b. 157. - d. 1625)
Trubetskoy
+ Prokopiy Petrovich Lyapunov (b. 155. - d. 1611)
(to 22 Jul 1611)
+ Ataman Ivan Martynovich Zarutskiy(b. 156. - d. 1614)
(to 28 Jul 1612)
Commissioners of the ("Second") Council of All the Land (no specific style)(in opposition to Polish rule; in Yaroslavl')
7 Apr 1612 - 27 Oct 1612 Knyaz' Dmitriy Mikhaylovich (b. 1578 - d. 1641)
Pozharskiy

• Kuz'ma Minich Zakharyev (b. 157. - d. 1616)
  "Sukhorukiy"
  Commissioners of the ("United") Council of All the Land (no specific style)[regents]
  27 Oct 1612 - 25 Feb 1613 Knyaz' Dmitriy Timofeyevich (s.a.)
  Trubetskoy
  + Knyaz' Dmitriy Mikhaylovich (s.a.)
  Pozharskiy
  Senior Boyar of the Boyar Duma 25 Feb 1613 - 27 Mar 1613 Knyaz' Fyodor Ivanovich (3rd time) (s.a.)
  Mstislavskiy
  Tsars �
  27 Mar 1613 - 13 Jul 1645 Mikhail Fyodorovich (b. 1596 - d. 1645)
  (elected 21 Feb 1613 in absence)
  27 Mar 1613 - 14 Jun 1619 Kseniya (Xenia)Ivanovna (b. 157. - d. 1631)
  Shestova (f)-Regent
  (used her monastic name 'Marfa')
  14 Jun 1619 - 1 Oct 1633 Filaret Nikitich, Patriarkh (b. 1554 - d. 1633)
  Moskovskiy i vseya Rusi
  (co-ruler, with style of Great Sovereign)
  13 Jul 1645 - 30 Jan 1676 Aleksey Mikhaylovich (b. 1629 - d. 1676)
  13 Jul 1645 - 18 Aug 1645 Tsaritsa i Velikaya Knyaginya (b. c.1608 - d. 1645)
  Yevdokiya Lukyanovna
  Streshneva (f) -Regent
  30 Jan 1676 - 27 Apr 1682 Fyodor Alekseyevich III (b. 1661 - d. 1682)
  27 Apr 1682 - 22 Oct 1721 Pyotr Alekseyevich I "Velikiy" (b. 1672 - d. 1725)
  /2 Nov 1721 (co-ruler 26 May 1682 - 29 Jan 1696)
  27 Apr 1682 - 29 May 1682 Tsaritsa i Velikaya Knyaginya (b. 1651 - d. 1694)
  Natal'ya Kirillovna
  Naryshkina (f) -Regent
  26 May 1682 - 29 Jan 1696 Ivan Alekseyevich V (b. 1666 - d. 1696)
  29 May 1682 - 7 Sep 1689 Tsarevna i Velikaya Knyazhna Sof'ya(b. 1657 - d. 1704)
  Alekseyevna Romanova (f) -Regent
  10 Mar 1697 - 24 Aug 1698 Knyaz' Fyodor Yuryevich (b. 1640 - d. 1717)
  Romodanovskiy -Regent
  Emperors� (also Grand Princes of Finland 1809-1917and Kings of Poland 1815-1917)�
  2 Nov 1721 - 8 Feb 1725 Pyotr I "Velikiy" (s.a.)
  (Peter I "the Great")
  8 Feb 1725 - 17 May 1727 Yekaterina I (Catherine I)-Empress (b. 1684 - d. 1727)
  (= Marta Helena Skowrońska)
  18 May 1727 - 30 Jan 1730 Pyotr II (Peter II) (b. 1715 - d. 1730)
  30 Jan 1730 - 15 Feb 1730 Supreme Privy Council
  - Graf Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin (b. 1660 - d. 1734)
  - Knyaz' Dmitriy Mikhaylovich (b. 1665 - d. 1737)
  Golitsyn
  - Baron Andrey Ivanovich Ostermann (b. 1686 - d. 1747)
  (= Heinrich Johann Friedrich Baron Ostermann)
  - Knyaz' Vasiliy Lukich Dolgorukiy (b. 1672 - d. 1739)
  - Knyaz' Aleksey Grigoryevich (b. 167. - d. 1734)
  Dolgorukiy (Dolgorukov)
  - Knyaz' Mikhail Mikhaylovich (b. 1675 - d. 1730) Mil
  Golitsyn
  - Knyaz' Vasiliy Vladimirovich (b. 1667 - d. 1746) Mil
  Dolgorukiy
  15 Feb 1730 - 28 Oct 1740 Anna -Empress (b. 1693 - d. 1740)
  28 Oct 1740 - 6 Dec 1741 Ivan III (b. 1740 - d. 1764)
  (name Ivan VI used by historians)
  28 Oct 1740 - 20 Nov 1740 Ernst Johann von Biron, Herzog zu (b. 1690 - d. 1772)
  Kurland und Semgallen -Regent
  20 Nov 1740 - 6 Dec 1741 Anna Leopol'dovna (f) -Regent(b. 1718 - d. 1746)
  (= Elisabeth Katharina Christine von Mecklenburg-Schwerin)
  6 Dec 1741 - 5 Jan 1762 Yelizaveta I (Elizabeth I)-Empress (b. 1709 - d. 1762)
  5 Jan 1762 - 9 Jul 1762 Pyotr III (Peter III) (b. 1728 - d. 1762)
  (= Karl Peter Ulrich Herzog von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp)
  9 Jul 1762 - 17 Nov 1796 Yekaterina II "Velikaya" -Empress (b. 1729 - d. 1796)
  (= Sophie Auguste Friederike von Anhalt-Zerbst)
  (Catherine II "the Great")
  28 Sep 1773 - 19 Sep 1774 Yemel'yan Ivanovich Pugachev (b. c.1742 - d. 1775)
  (Pugachyov)(in rebellion claiming to be Pyotr III)
  17 Nov 1796-23/24 Mar 1801 Pavel I (Paul I) (b. 1754 - d. 1801)
  24 Mar 1801 - 1 Dec 1825 Aleksandr I "Blagoslovennyy" (b. 1777 - d. 1825)
  (Alexander I "the Blessed")
  1 Dec 1825 - 24 Dec 1825 Konstantin I (Constantine I) (b. 1779 - d. 1831)
  (proclaimed, but did not accept)
  24 Dec 1825 - 2 Mar 1855 Nikolay I (Nicholas I) (b. 1796 - d. 1855)
  (enthronement retroactive to 1 Dec 1825)
  2 Mar 1855 - 13 Mar 1881 Aleksandr II "Osvoboditel'" (b. 1818 - d. 1881)
  (Alexander II "the Liberator")
  13 Mar 1881 - 1 Nov 1894 Aleksandr III "Mirotvorets" (b. 1845 - d. 1894)
  (Alexander III "the Peacemaker")
  1 Nov 1894 - 15 Mar 1917 Nikolay II (Nicholas II)� (b. 1868 - d. 1918)
  Acting Heads of state
  15 Mar 1917 - 8 Nov 1917 the heads of government

Chancellor (first state officer, in charge of foreign affairs)4
16 Jul 1709 - 31 Jan 1734 Graf Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin (s.a.)
Procurator-General of the Govern ing Senate (chief state officer in charge of justice)4
29 Jan 1722 - 17 Apr 1736 Pavel Ivanovich Yaguzhinskiy (b. 1683 - d. 1736) Mil
(from 30 Jan 1731, Graf Pavel Ivanovich Yaguzhinskiy)
(removed 14 Aug 1726-13 Oct 1730 and position made vacant)
First Cabinet Ministers
21 Nov 1731 - 31 Jan 1734 Graf Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin (s.a.)
31 Jan 1734 - 19 Nov 1740 Graf Andrey Ivanovich Osterman (s.a.)
(1st time)(also vice-chancellor 1725-1741)
19 Nov 1740 - 14 Mar 1741 Graf Khristofor Antonovich Minikh (b. 1683 - d. 1767) Mil
(= Burkhard Christoph Graf von M�nnich)
14 Mar 1741 - 23 Dec 1741 Graf Andrey Ivanovich Osterman (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Chancellors (chief state officers, in charge of foreign affairs)4
21 Nov 1740 - 26 Nov 1742 Knyaz' Aleksey Mikhaylovich (b. 1680 - d. 1742)
Cherkasskiy
26 Nov 1742 - 26 Feb 1758 Graf Aleksey Petrovich Bestuzhev- (b. 1693 - d. 1766)
Ryumin
(vice-chancellor to 26 Jul 1744, in office from 1741)
26 Feb 1758 - 2 Apr 1765 GrafMikhail Illarionovich (b. 1714 - d. 1767)
Vorontsov
(vice-chancellor to 4 Dec 1758, in office from 1744)
2 Apr 1765 - 2 May 1773 Knyaz' Aleksandr Mikhaylovich (b. 1723 - d. 1807)
Golitsyn (vice-chancellor, in office 1762-1775)
2 May 1773 - 11 Apr 1783 GrafNikita Ivanovich Panin (b. 1718 - d. 1783) Mil
(acting)
13 Apr 1775 - 2 May 1797 Graf Ivan Andreyevich Osterman (b. 1725 - d. 1811)
(vice-chancellor to 20 Nov 1796, in office from 1775)
2 May 1797 - 17 Apr 1799 Knyaz' Aleksandr Andreyevich (b. 1747 - d. 1799)
Bezborodko
17 Apr 1799 - 6 Oct 1799 Graf Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey (b. 1768 - d. 1834)
(vice-chancellor, in office from 1798)
6 Oct 1799 - 4 Mar 1801 Graf Nikita Petrovich Panin (b. 1770 - d. 1837)
(vice-chancellor)
4 Mar 1801 - 27 Sep 1801 Knyaz' Aleksandr Borisovich (b. 1752 - d. 1818)
Kurakin (vice-chancellor, in office to 1802)
27 Sep 1801 - 20 Sep 1802 Graf Aleksandr Romanovich (b. 1741 - d. 1805)
Vorontsov (acting) **Procurator-Generals of the Govern ing Senate (chief state officers in charge of justice)4
9 May 1740 - 26 Aug 1760 Knyaz' Nikita Yuryevich Trubetskoy (b. 1700 - d. 1767) Mil
26 Aug 1760 - 5 Jan 1762 Knyaz' Yakov Petrovich Shakhovskoy (b. 1705 - d. 1777)
5 Jan 1762 - 14 Feb 1764 Aleksandr Ivanovich Glebov (b. 1722 - d. 1790) Mil
14 Feb 1764 - 28 Sep 1792 Knyaz' Aleksandr Alekseyevich (b. 1727 - d. 1793)
Vyazemskiy
29 Sep 1792 - 15 Dec 1796 Aleksandr Nikolayevch Samoylov (b. 1744 - d. 1814) Mil
(from 12 Jan 1793, Graf Aleksandr Nikolayevch Samoylov)
15 Dec 1796 - 19 Aug 1798 Knyaz' Aleksey Borisovich Kurakin (b. 1759 - d. 1829)
19 Aug 1798 - 18 Jul 1799 Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin (b. 1753 - d. 1827) Mil
(from 30 Jan 1799, Knyaz'Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin)
18 Jul 1799 - 20 Feb 1800 Aleksandr Andreyevich Bekleshov (b. 1745 - d. 1808) Mil
(1st time)
20 Feb 1800 - 28 Mar 1801 Pyotr Khrisanfovich Obol'yaninov (b. 1752 - d. 1841) Mil
28 Mar 1801 - 20 Sep 1802 Aleksandr Andreyevich Bekleshov (s.a.) Mil
(2nd time)
Chairman of the Permanent Council
13 Apr 1801 - 20 Sep 1802 Graf Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov (b. 1736 - d. 1816) Mil
Leading ministers in the Committee of Ministers (informal)
(formally the chairmanship alternated among ministers after each 4 meetings)
20 Sep 1802 - 28 Jan 1804 Graf Aleksandr Romanovich (s.a.)
Vorontsov
(minister of foreign affairs, chancellor 1802-1805)
28 Jan 1804 - 6 Dec 1807 Graf Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey (s.a.)
(minister of internal affairs 1802-1807, vice-chancellor 1802-1834)
6 Dec 1807 - 12 Jun 1810 Graf Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev (b. 1751 - d. 1826)
(minister of foreign affairs 1807-1814, chancellor 1809-1826)
Chairmen of the State Council and Chairmen of the Committee of Ministers 12 Jun 1810 - 1 Apr 1812 GrafNikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev (s.a.)
1 Apr 1812 - 28 May 1816 GrafNikolay Ivanovich Saltykov (s.a.) Mil
(from 11 Sep 1814, Knyaz' Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov)
(acting to 10 Apr 1812)
28 May 1816 - 18 Apr 1827 Knyaz' Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin (s.a.) Mil
(acting to 6 Jun 1816)
18 Apr 1827 - 11 May 1827 .... (acting)
11 May 1827 - 15 Jun 1834 Graf Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey (s.a.)
(from 18 Dec 1831, Knyaz' Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey)
15 Jun 1834 - 20 Jul 1834 .... (acting)
20 Jul 1834 - 20 Apr 1838 Graf Nikolay Nikolayevich (b. 1761 - d. 1838)
Novosil'tsev
21 Apr 1838 - 13 Mar 1847 Graf Illarion Vasilyevich (b. 1777 - d. 1847) Mil
Vasil'chikov
(from 13 Jan 1839, Knyaz' Illarion Vasilyevich Vasil'chikov)
13 Mar 1847 - 5 Oct 1848 Graf Vasiliy Vasilyevich Levashov (b. 1783 - d. 1848) Mil
(acting to 12 Jan 1848)
5 Oct 1848 - 13 Nov 1848 .... (acting)
13 Nov 1848 - 17 Apr 1856 Knyaz' Aleksandr Ivanovich (b. 1785 - d. 1857) Mil
Chernyshyov (Chernyshov)
17 Apr 1856 - 20 Jan 1861 Graf Aleksey Fyodorovich Orlov (b. 1786 - d. 1861) Mil
(from 7 Sep 1856, Knyaz' Aleksey Fyodorovich Orlov)
20 Jan 1861 - 2 Mar 1864 Graf Dmitriy Nikolayevich Bludov (b. 1785 - d. 1864)
2 Mar 1864 - 13 Jan 1865 Knyaz'Pavel Pavlovich Gagarin (b. 1789 - d. 1872)
(acting to 7 Mar 1864)
Chairmen of the Committee of Ministers
13 Jan 1865 - 4 Mar 1872 Knyaz' Pavel Pavlovich Gagarin (s.a.)
4 Mar 1872 - 10 Mar 1872 .... (acting)
10 Mar 1872 - 1 Jan 1880 Pavel Nikolayevich Ignatyev (b. 1797 - d. 1880) Mil
(from 24 Dec 1877, Graf Pavel Nikolayevich Ignatyev)
1 Jan 1880 - 6 Jan 1880 .... (acting)
6 Jan 1880 - 16 Oct 1881 Pyotr Aleksandrovich Valuyev (b. 1815 - d. 1890)
(from 2 Mar 1880, Graf Pyotr Aleksandrovich Valuyev)
16 Oct 1881 - 11 Jan 1887 Mikhail Khristoforovich Reytern (b. 1820 - d. 1890)
(= Michael von Reutern)
13 Jan 1885 - May 1885 Graf Konstantin Ivanovich fon der (b. 1830 - d. 1912)
Palen (= Magnus Constantin Graf von der Pahlen)
(acting for Reytern)
11 Jan 1887 - 13 Jan 1887 .... (acting)
13 Jan 1887 - 15 Jun 1895 Nikolay Khristianovich fon Bunge (b. 1823 - d. 1895) Non-party
(= Nikolai Karl Paul von Bunge)
15 Jun 1895 - 27 Oct 1895 .... (acting)
27 Oct 1895 - 11 Jun 1903 Ivan Nikolayevich Durnovo (b. 1834 - d. 1903) Non-party
11 Jun 1903 - 29 Aug 1903 .... (acting)
29 Aug 1903 - 6 Nov 1905 Sergey Yulyevich Vitte (Witte) (b. 1849 - d. 1915) Non-party
(from 1 Oct 1905, Graf Sergey Yulyevich Vitte [Witte])
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers ( Prime ministers)
6 Nov 1905 - 5 May 1906 Graf Sergey Yulyevich Witte (s.a.) Non-party
5 May 1906 - 21 Jul 1906 Ivan Logginovich Goremykin (b. 1839 - d. 1917) GPr
(1st time)
21 Jul 1906 - 18 Sep 1911 Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin (b. 1862 - d. 1911) Non-party
15 Sep 1911 - 12 Feb 1914 Vladimir Nikolayevich Kokovtsov (b. 1853 - d. 1943) GPr
(acting to 22 Sep 1911 [for Stolypin to 18 Sep 1911])
12 Feb 1914 - 2 Feb 1916 Ivan Logginovich Goremykin (s.a.) GPr
(2nd time)
2 Feb 1916 - 23 Nov 1916 Boris Vladimirovich Shtyurmer (b. 1848 - d. 1917) GPr/RS
(St�rmer)
23 Nov 1916 - 9 Jan 1917 Aleksandr Fyodorovich Trepov (b. 1862 - d. 1928) GPr/RS
9 Jan 1917 - 12 Mar 1917 Knyaz' Nikolay Dmitriyevich (b. 1850 - d. 1925) GPr
Golitsyn
Chairman of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma
12 Mar 1917 - 15 Mar 1917 Mikhail Vladimirovich Rodzyanko (b. 1859 - d. 1924) Okt
Minister-presidents (prime ministers) of the Provisional Government
15 Mar 1917 - 20 Jul 1917 Knyaz' Georgiy Yevgenyevich L'vov (b. 1861 - d. 1925) KDP
20 Jul 1917 - 8 Nov 1917 Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerenskiy (b. 1881 - d. 1970) PSR
(continues in opposition in Gatchina to 14 Nov 1917)
7 Nov 1917 - 8 Nov 1917 Nikolay Mikhaylovich Kishkin (b. 1864 - d. 1930) KDP
(acting for Kerenskiy)
18 Nov 1917 - 2 Dec 1917 Sergey Nikolayevich Prokopovich (b. 1871 - d. 1955) Non-party
(acting [notionally for Kerenskiy], in opposition; in Petrograd)

Alternative "White" (anti-Bolshevik) Central Governments 1918-1920

Chairman of the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly ("Komuch")(in Samara)
8 Jun 1918 - 23 Sep 1918 Vladimir Kazimirovich Vol'skiy (b. 1877 - d. 1937) PSR
Chairmen of the All-Russian Provisional Government ("Ufa Directory")
24 Sep 1918 - 18 Nov 1918 Nikolay Dmitriyevich Avksentyev (b. 1878 - d. 1943) PSR
(in Ufa to 8 Oct 1918, then in Omsk)
7 Nov 1918 - 12 Nov 1918 Vasiliy Georgiyevich Boldyrev (b. 1875 - d. 1933) Mil
(acting for Avksentyev; in Omsk)
Supreme Rulers (Verkhovnyy Pravitel')
18 Nov 1918 Pyotr Vasilyevich Vologodskiy (b. 1863 - d. 1928) PSR
(acting)(chairman of council of ministers; in Omsk)
18 Nov 1918 - 15 Jan 1920 Aleksandr Vasilyevich Kolchak (b. 1874 - d. 1920) Mil
(in Omsk to 12 Nov 1919, in Novo-Nikolayevsk from 20 Nov
1919 to 4 Dec 1919, then by Dec 25 1919 in Nizhneudinsk)15 Jan 1920 - 11 Apr 1920 Supreme "White" central authority lapsed
Ruler (Pravitel ') and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces in the South of Russia
11 Apr 1920 - 19 Aug 1920 Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Vrangel' (b. 1878 - d. 1928) Mil
(Wrangel)(in Sevastopol')
Ruler (Pravitel') and Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army
19 Aug 1920 - 16 Nov 1920 Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Vrangel' (s.a.) Mil
(in Sevastopol')
Chairman of the Russian Council
5 Apr 1921 - Oct 1922 Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Vrangel' (s.a.) Mil
(in Istanbul exile; from Sep 1922 in
Sremski Karlovci, Yugoslavia)

Chairman of the Council of Managers (in Samara)
16 Aug 1918 - 23 Sep 1918 Yevgeniy Frantsevich Rogovskiy (b. 1888 - d. 1950) PSR
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (in Irkutsk)
4 Nov 1918 - 22 Nov 1919 Pyotr Vasilyevich Vologodskiy (s.a.) PSR;Dec 1918 KDP
22 Nov 1919 - 15 Jan 1920 Viktor Nikolayevich Pepelyayev (b. 1885 - d. 1920) KDP
(left seat of government Irkutsk 26 Dec 1919,
to join Kolchak in Nizhneudinsk)
28 Dec 1919 - 5 Jan 1920 Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Cherven- (b. 1872 - d. 1920) KDP
Vodali
(acting for Pepelyayev; in Irkutsk)
Chairman of the Council of Managers with the Commander-in-chief 11 Apr 1920 - 19 Aug 1920 Aleksandr Vasilyevich Krivoshein (b. 1857 - d. 1921) Non-party
(acting to 2 Jun 1920)(in Sevastopol')
11 Apr 1920 - 2 Jun 1920 Pavel Nikolayevich Shatilov (b. 1881 - d. 1962) Mil
(acting for absent Krivoshein)
Chairman of the Council of Managers of Government in the South of Russia
19 Aug 1920 - 11 Nov 1920 Aleksandr Vasilyevich Krivoshein (s.a.) Non-party
(in Sevastopol')

French Occupation in Russia

14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812 French forces under Napol�on occupy Moscow (parts of the
Russian Empire occupied Jun 1812 - Dec 1812 and divided into
Government-General of Moscow (Gouvernement g�n�ral de Moscou),
Government-General of Smolensk (Gouvernement g�n�ral de Smolensk),
Grand Principality of Lithuania (Lithuanie)(see Lithuania),
and Duchy of Courland (Courlande)(see Latvia).

Commanders-in-chief of the Grande Arm�e Jun 1812 - Dec 1812 Napol�on I, Emperor of the French (b. 1769 - d. 1821) Mil
5 Dec 1812 - Dec 1812 Joachim Napol�on Murat, King of (b. 1767 - d. 1815) Mil
Naples (acting for absent Napol�on)
Intendants-General of the Grande Arm�e (for civil affairs)Jun 1812 - Dec 1812 Guillaume-Mathieu, comte Dumas (b. 1753 - d. 1837) Mil
Nov 1812 - Dec 1812 Pierre Antoine No�l Bruno, comte (b. 1767 - d. 1829) Mil
Daru (acting for absent Dumas)

Governor-general of Moscow Province
14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812 Adolphe �douard Casimir Joseph (b. 1768 - d. 1835) Mil
Mortier, duc de Tr�vise
Intendant of Moscow Province (for civil affairs; subordinated to Intendant-General)
14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812 Jean-Baptiste Barth�lemy de Lesseps(b. 1766 - d. 1834) Non-party

Governors-General of Smolensk and Provinces from Dnieper to Moscow
16 Aug 1812 - 27 Aug 1812 Henri Fran�ois Delaborde (interim) (b. 1764 - d. 1833) Mil
27 Aug 1812 - Oct 1812 Louis, comte Baraguey d'Hilliers (b. 1764 - d. 1813) Mil
Oct 1812 - 17 Nov 1812 Henri Fran�ois, comte Charpentier (b. 1769 - d. 1831) Mil
Intendant of Smolensk Province (for civil affairs; subordinated to Intendant-General)
16 Aug 1812 - 17 Nov 1812 Armand Levasseur de Villeblanche (b. 1785 - d. 1812) Non-party

�The style of the ruler was:
(a) 16 Jan 1547 - 19 Jan 1589: Tsar' i Velikiy Knyaz' vseya Rossi ("Tsar and Grand Prince of All-Russia");
(b) 19 Jan 1589 - 27 Mar 1654: Tsar' i Velikiy Knyaz' vseya Samoderzhets' Rossi ("Tsar and Grand Prince of All-Russia Autocrat");
(c) 27 Mar 1654 - 3 Sep 1655: Tsar' i Velikiy Knyaz', vseya Velikiya i Malyya Rossi Samoderzhets' ("Tsar and Grand Prince, of All Great and Little Russia Autocrat");
(d) 3 Sep 1655 - 22 Nov 1721: Bozhiyeyu Milostiyu Velikiy/Velikaya Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Tsar'/Tsaritsa vseya Velikiya i Malyya i Belyya Rossii Samodyerzhets ("By the Grace of God, Great Sovereign King/Queen of All Great and Little and White Russia Autocrat");
(e) long style after 22 Nov 1721: Bozhiyeyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator/Imperatritsa i Samodyerzhets/Samodyerzhitsa Vserossiyskiy/Vserossiyskaya, Moskovskiy, Kiyevskiy, Vladimirskiy, Novgorodskiy;Tsar'Tsar'/Tsaritsa Kazanskiy, Tsar'/Tsaritsa Astrakhanskiy, Tsar'/Tsaritsa Sibirskiy, Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Pskovskiy i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya Smolenskiy; Knyaz'/Knyaginya Estlyandskiy, Liflyandskiy, Koryel'skiy, Tverskiy, Yugorskiy, Permskiy, Vyatskiy, Bolgarskiy i inykh;Gosudar'/Gosudarynya i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya Novagoroda nizovskiya zemli, Chernigorskiy, Ryazanskiy, Rostovskiy, Yaroslavskiy, Byelozerskiy, Udorskiy, Obdorskiy, Kondiyskiy i vseya severnyya strany Povelitel';i Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Iverskiya zemli i Kartalinskikh i Gruzinskikh Tsarey/Tsarina; i Kabardinskiya zemli, Cherkasskikh i Gorskikh Knyazey/Knyaginya i inykh Naslednyy Gosudar'/Gosudarynya i Obladatel' ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor/Empress and Autocrat of Moscow, of Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod; King/Queen of Kazan, King/Queen of Astrakhan, King/Queen of Siberia; Lord/Lady of Pskov; Grand Prince/Princess of Smolensk; Prince/Princess of Estonia, Livonia, Courland, Tver, Yougoria, Perm, Vyatka, [Volga] Bulgaria, and of other lands; Lord/Lady and Grand Prince/Princess of Novgorod of Low Country, Chernigov, Ryazan, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Byelozersk, Oudoria [Udorskiy],Obdoria [Obdorskiy], Kondia [Kondiyskiy], and Commander of all the Northern lands; Sovereign Lord/Lady of Imeretia, Kartli, Kabardian lands; Lord/Lady of the Cherkasskiy and Mountain Princes, and Lord of many other countries");
(f) 6 May 1906 - 15 Mar 1917: Bozhiyeyu pospeshestvuyushcheyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator i Samodyerzhets Vserossiyskiy, Moskovskiy, Kiyevskiy, Vladimirskiy, Novgorodskiy; Tsar' Kazanskiy, Tsar' Astrakhanskiy, Tsar' Pol'skiy, Tsar' Sibirskiy, Tsar' Khersonisa Tavricheskogo,Tsar' Gruzinskiy; Gosudar' Pskovskiy i Velikiy Knyaz' Smolenskiy, Litovskiy, Volynskiy, Podol'skiy i Finlyandskiy; Knyaz' Estlyandskiy, Liflyandskiy, Kurlyandskiy i Semigal'skiy, Samogitskiy, Byelostokskiy, Koryel'skiy, Tverskiy, Yugorskiy, Permskiy, Vyatskiy, Bolgarskiy i inykh; Gosudar' i Velikiy Knyaz' Novagoroda Nizovskiya zemli, Chernigorskiy, Ryazanskiy, Polotskiy, Rostovskiy, Yaroslavskiy, Byelozerskiy, Udorskiy, Obdorskiy, Kondiyskiy, Vitebskiy, Mstislavskiy i vseya severnyya strany Povelitel'; i Gosudar' Iverskiya, Kartalinskiya i Kabardinskiya zemli i oblasti Armenskiya; Cherkasskikh i Gorskikh Knyazey i inykh Naslednyy Gosudar' i Obladatel'; Gosudar' Turkestanskiy; Naslednik Norvezhskiy, Gertsog Shlesvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy i Oldenburgskiy i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor and Autocrat of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod; King of Kazan, King of Astrakhan, King of the Polish, King of Siberia, King of Taurian Chersonese, and King of Georgia; Lord of Pskov; Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia, and Finland; Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland and Semigallia, Samogitia, Byelostok [Bialystok], Karelia, Tver, Yougoria, Perm, Vyatka, [Volga] Bulgaria, and of other lands; Lord and Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Low Country, Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Byelozersk, Oudoria [Udorskiy], Obdoria [Obdorskiy],Kondia [Kondiyskiy], Vitebsk, Mstislav, and Commander of all the Northern lands; Sovereign of Imeretia, Kartli, Kabardian lands and the province of Armenia; Lord of the Cherkasskiy and Mountain Princes; Sovereign of Turkestan; Heir of Norway; Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarschen and Oldenburg, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera");
- The shortened style was:Bozhiyeyu pospeshestvuyushcheyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator i Samodyerzhets Vserossiyskiy, Tsar' Pol'skiy, Velikiy Knyaz' Finlyandskiy, i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor/Empress
and Autocrat, King of the Polish, Grand Prince of Finland, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera").

�The colloquial use of the term "tsar" (or less often "czar") for the emperor is strictly incorrect. Since 2 Nov 1721 the correct style was Bozhiyeyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator/Imperatritsa i Samodyerzhets/Samodyerzhitsa Vserossiyskiy/Vserossiyskaya ("By the Grace of God, N.N., Emperor/Empress and Autocrat of all Russia"); the term tsar was used in the full style for subsidiary (and partially imaginary) polities; in particular, it was used to mean "king" with regard to Poland.

�on15 Mar 1917 Emperor Nikolay II (s.a.) abdicated for himself, and Tsarevich Aleksey Nikolayevich (b. 1904 - d. 1918), in favor of his brother Grand Duke Mikhail Aleksandrovich Romanov (b. 1878 - d. 1918), who was proclaimed Emperor Mikhail II. In his manifesto on 17 Mar 1917 he deferred to the will of the people and acknowledged the Provisional Government, but neither abdicated nor refused to accept the throne. On 13 Jun 1918, Mikhail was murdered in Perm.

4During the period 1722-1802 there were essentially two chief state civil officers, the Chancellor having rank of the first civil officer and dealing with foreign affairs, and the Procurator-General ranking below and dealing with justice and having general oversight of other interior affairs. Several times during this period a collective body resembling cabinet of ministers was created (the Supreme Privy Council 1726-1730, Cabinet of Ministers 1731-1741, Conference of Ministers 1756-1762, Council at the Highest Court 1761-1801, Permanent Council 1801-1802), but only twice (1731-1741, 1801-1802) there was a position of the chief minister. Neither the chief minister, nor the chief state civil officers were heads of government, the Emperor headed the government.

Noble and Ecclesiastical Titles: Baron = Baron; Graf = Count;Knyaz'/Knyaginya = Prince/Princess; Patriarkh = Patriarch; Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya/Knyazhna = Grand Prince/Princess; Tsarevna = Daughter of a Tsar; Tsaritsa = Wife of a Tsar.

Party abbreviations: GPr= Gruppa Pravykh (Group of Right-wing, parliamentary group, 1906-1917);KDP = Konstitutsionno-Demokraticheskaya Partiya (Constitutional Democratic Party, "Kadets", Russian liberal, 12 Oct 1905-1920, banned by Bolsheviks from 12 Dec 1917); Okt = Soyuz 17 Oktyabrya (Union of October 17, "Octobrists", conservative, moderate constitutionalist, Nov 1905-1918); PSR = Partiya Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of Socialists-Revolutionaries, "SRs", democratic socialist, agrarian socialist, split Aug 1917 into Left [became PLSR] and Right wings, 1902-1922);RKP = Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist communist, state party, former RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918 - 31 Dec 1925, renamed Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)[All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]);RS = Russkoye Sobraniye (Russian Assembly, monarchist, Russian nationalist, 1906-1917); RSDRP-B = Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party [Bolsheviks], Russian revolutionary socialist, Marxist communist, from 8 Nov 1917 state party, split from RSDRP est.1898, 1 Jan 1912-8 Mar 1918, renamed RKP); RSDRP-M = Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Men'shevikov)(Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party [Mensheviks], split from RSDRP-B, democratic socialist, Orthodox Marxist, 1 Jan 1912-1922); Mil = Military

1905-1906 Russian revolutionary "republics"

Note: On some occasions the Bolshevik-led rebels succeed in taking over several large cities, they were popularly referred to as the "republics." Rebel Soviets (Councils) of Workers' Deputies also attempted unsuccessful uprisings in Moscow, Rostov-na-Donu, and Perm in Dec 1905 - Jan 1906. Prominent Soviets were elected also in Ivanovo-Voznesensk (modern Ivanovo; the first Soviet, founded 28 May 1905) and Saint Petersburg (26 Oct 1905).

![[Russian revolutionary "republics" red flag 1905-1906]](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/su-1917.gif "[Russian revolutionary "republics" red flag 1905-1906]")

Chita "republic"

Chairman of the Soviet of Soldiers' and Cossacks' Deputies
5 Dec 1905 - 4 Feb 1906 Anton Antonovich Kostyushko- (b. 1876 - d. 1906) RSDRP
Valyuzhanich

Krasnoyarsk "republic"

Chairman of the United Soviet of Workers ' and Soldiers' Deputies
22 Dec 1905 - 9 Jan 1906 Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Melnikov (b. 1880 - d.af.1917)RSDRP

Novorossiysk "republic"

Chairman of the Soviet of Workers' Deputies
25 Dec 1905 - 8 Jan 1906 Bernshteyn "Nikolayev" RSDRP

Sochi "republic"

Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee
10 Jan 1906 - 18 Jan 1906 Nikifor Prokofyevich Poyarkov (b. 1870 - d. 1922) RSDRP

Party abbreviation: RSDRP = Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party, 1898 - 1912, in Jan 1912 [formally Aug 1917] split into RSDRP-B and RSDRP-M)

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

30 Dec 1922 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) including
Russian S.F.S.R, Ukraine, Byelorussia, and Transcaucasia
(T.S.F.S.R.)
13 May 1925 Accession of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
5 Dec 1929 Accession of Tadzhikistan (formally 18 Mar 1931).
5 Dec 1936 Accession of Kazakhstan and Kirgiziya; T.S.F.S.R. dissolved -
Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaidzhan become full union republics.
31 Mar 1940 - 16 Jul 1956 Accession of Karelo-Finnish S.S.R.
2 Aug 1940 Accession of Moldavia
3 Aug 1940 Accession of Lithuania.
5 Aug 1940 Accession of Latvia.
6 Aug 1940 Accession of Estonia.
6 Sep 1991 Recognition of Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian independence.
25 Dec 1991 President of U.S.S.R. announces resignation followed by takeover
procedures ceding state power to authorities of Russian
Federation.
26 Dec 1991 Final dissolution of the U.S.S.R.; R.S.F.S.R. independent
as Russia.

General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks )
(from 31 Dec 1925, All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks ])
3 Apr 1922 - 13 Oct 1952 Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (b. 1878 - d. 1953)
(= Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili
[Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili])
(from 21 Dec 1929, personal style Vozhd [Leader])
General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
13 Oct 1952 - 5 Mar 1953 Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (s.s.)
5 Mar 1953 - 14 Mar 1953 Secretaries - Georgiy Maksimilianovich Malenkov(b. 1902 - d. 1988)
(to 14 Mar 1953)(senior member)
-Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov (b. 1902 - d. 1982)
- Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (b. 1894 - d. 1971)
(Khrushchyov)
- Semyon Denisovich Ignatyev (b. 1904 - d. 1983)
- Pyotr Nikolayevich Pospelov (b. 1898 - d. 1979)
- Nikolay Nikolayevich Shatalin (b. 1904 - d. 1984)
(acting)
First Sec retaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
14 Mar 1953 - 14 Oct 1964 Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (s.a.)
(Khrushchyov)(secretariat chairperson to 7 Sep 1953)
14 Oct 1964 - 8 Apr 1966 Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (b. 1906 - d. 1982)
General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 8 Apr 1966 - 10 Nov 1982 Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (s.a.)
12 Nov 1982 - 9 Feb 1984 Yuriy Vladimirovich Andropov (b. 1914 - d. 1984)
9 Feb 1984 - 10 Mar 1985 Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (b. 1911 - d. 1985)
11 Mar 1985 - 24 Aug 1991 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (b. 1931 - d. 2022)
(Gorbachyov)
24 Aug 1991 - 29 Aug 1991 Vladimir Antonovich Ivashko (b. 1932 - d. 1994)
(Volodymyr Antonovych Ivashko)
(acting)
("leading role" of party abolished 13 Mar 1990)

Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee (serving jointly)�
30 Dec 1922 - 12 Jan 1938 Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (b. 1875 - d. 1946)RKP;1925 VKP
(Russian RSFSR)
30 Dec 1922 - 12 Jan 1938 Grigoriy Ivanovich Petrovskiy (b. 1878 - d. 1958) VKP
(Hryhoriy Ivanovych Petrovsʹkyy)
(Ukrainian SSR)
30 Dec 1922 - 16 Jun 1937 Aleksandr Grigoryevich Chervyakov (b. 1892 - d. 1937) VKP
(Alyaksandr Ryhoravich Charvyakow)
(Byelorussian SSR)
30 Dec 1922 - 19 Mar 1925 Nariman Kerbalay Nadzhaf-ogly (b. 1870 - d. 1925) VKP
Narimanov (Transcaucasian SFSR)
(Nariman Karbalayi Nacaf oğlu Narimanov)
21 May 1925 - Jun 1937 Gazanfar Makhmud-ogly Musabekov (b. 1888 - d. 1938) VKP
(Qazanfar Mahmud oğlu Musabayov)
(Transcaucasian SFSR)
21 May 1925 - 21 Jul 1937 Nedirbay Aytakov (Turkmen SSR) (b. 1894 - d. 1938) VKP
(Nadirbay Ayta�)
21 May 1925 - 17 Jun 1937 Fayzulla Gubaydullayevich (b. 1896 - d. 1938) VKP
Khodzhayev (Uzbek SSR)
(Fayzullo Ubaydulloyevich Xojayev)
18 Mar 1931 - 4 Jan 1934 Nusratullo Makhsum (Lutfulayev) (b. 1881 - d. 1937) VKP
(Nusratullo Maxsum)(Tadzhik SSR)
4 Jan 1934 - Sep 1937 Abdullo Rakhimbayevich Rakhimbayev (b. 1896 - d. 1938) VKP
(Abdullo Raximboyevich Raximboyev)
(Tadzhik SSR)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
12 Jan 1938 - 17 Jan 1938 Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev (b. 1895 - d. 1971) VKP
+ Nikolay Mikhaylovich Shvernik (b. 1888 - d. 1970) VKP
(acting)
17 Jan 1938 - 19 Mar 1946 Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (s.a.) VKP
19 Mar 1946 - 15 Mar 1953 Nikolay Mikhaylovich Shvernik (s.a.) VKP;1952 KPSS
15 Mar 1953 - 7 May 1960 Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov (b. 1881 - d. 1969) KPSS
(Klyment Okhrimovych Voroshylov)
7 May 1960 - 15 Jul 1964 Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (1st time) (s.a.) KPSS
15 Jul 1964 - 9 Dec 1965 Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan (b. 1895 - d. 1978) KPSS
(Anastas Hovhannesi Mikoyan)
9 Dec 1965 - 16 Jun 1977 Nikolay Viktorovich Podgornyy (b. 1903 - d. 1983) KPSS
(Mykola Viktorovych Pidhornyy)
16 Jun 1977 - 10 Nov 1982 Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (2nd time) (s.a.) KPSS
10 Nov 1982 - 16 Jun 1983 Vasiliy Vasilyevich Kuznetsov (b. 1901 - d. 1990) KPSS
(1st time) (acting)
16 Jun 1983 - 9 Feb 1984 Yuriy Vladimirovich Andropov (s.a.) KPSS
9 Feb 1984 - 11 Apr 1984 Vasiliy Vasilyevich Kuznetsov (s.a.) KPSS
(2nd time) (acting)
11 Apr 1984 - 10 Mar 1985 Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (s.a.) KPSS
10 Mar 1985 - 2 Jul 1985 Vasiliy Vasilyevich Kuznetsov (s.a.) KPSS
(3rd time) (acting)
2 Jul 1985 - 1 Oct 1988 Andrey Andreyevich Gromyko (b. 1909 - d. 1989) KPSS
(Andrey Andreyevich Hramyka)
1 Oct 1988 - 25 May 1989 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (s.a.) KPSS
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
25 May 1989 - 15 Mar 1990 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (s.a.) KPSS
President
15 Mar 1990 - 25 Dec 1991 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (s.a.) KPSS;
(suspended by Yanayev 19-21 Aug 1991) 24 Aug 1991: Non-party
19 Aug 1991 - 21 Aug 1991� Gennadiy Ivanovich Yanayev (b. 1937 - d. 2010) KPSS
(acting; in dissidence)

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars ("Sovnarkom")
6 Jul 1923 - 21 Jan 1924 Vladimir Ilyich Ul'yanov (Lenin) (b. 1870 - d. 1924) RKP
6 Jul 1923 - 2 Feb 1924 Lev Borisovich Kamenev (b. 1883 - d. 1936) RKP
(Rozenfel'd)
+ Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov (b. 1881 - d. 1938) RKP
+ Aleksandr Dmitriyevich Tsyurupa (b. 1870 - d. 1928) RKP
+ Khristiyan Georgiyevich Rakovskiy(b. 1873 - d. 1941) KPU-B
(Khrystyyan Heorhiyovych Rakovs'kyy)
(to 15 Jul 1923)
+ Vlas Yakovlevich Chubar' (b. 1891 - d. 1939) KPU-B
(Vlas Yakovych Chubar)
(from 15 Jul 1923)
+ Ivan (Mamia) Dmitriyevich (b. 1881 - d. 1937) KPS-B
Orakhelashvili
(Mamia Dimitris dze Orakhelashvili)
(acting [for Lenin to 21 Jan 1924])
2 Feb 1924 - 19 Dec 1930 Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov (s.a.) RKP;1925 VKP
19 Dec 1930 - 6 May 1941 Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Molotov (b. 1890 - d. 1986) VKP
(Skryabin)
6 May 1941 - 15 Mar 1946 Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (s.a.) VKP
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
15 Mar 1946 - 5 Mar 1953 Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (s.a.) VKP;1952 KPSS
6 Mar 1953 - 8 Feb 1955 Georgiy Maksimilianovich Malenkov (s.a.)KPSS
8 Feb 1955 - 27 Mar 1958 Nikolay Aleksandrovich Bulganin (b. 1895 - d. 1975) KPSS
27 Mar 1958 - 15 Oct 1964 Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (s.a.) KPSS
(Khrushchyov)
15 Oct 1964 - 23 Oct 1980 Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin (b. 1904 - d. 1980) KPSS
23 Oct 1980 - 27 Sep 1985 Nikolay Aleksandrovich Tikhonov (b. 1905 - d. 1997) KPSS
27 Sep 1985 - 14 Jan 1991 Nikolay Ivanovich Ryzhkov (b. 1929 - d. 2024) KPSS
Prime ministers
14 Jan 1991 - 22 Aug 1991 Valentin Sergeyevich Pavlov (b. 1937 - d. 2003) KPSS
19 Aug 1991 - 28 Aug 1991 Vitaliy Khusseynovich Doguzhiyev (b. 1935 - d. 2016) KPSS
(acting [to 22 Aug 1991 for Pavlov])
Chairman of the Committee on Operational Management of the National Economy (from 20 Sep
1991, also Chairman of the Inter-republican Economic Committee; from 14 Nov 1991, Chairman
of the Interstate Economic Committee - Prime Minister of the Economic Community)
28 Aug 1991 - 25 Dec 1991 Ivan Stepanovich Silayev (b. 1930 - d. 2023) Non-party

�chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union was a collective body comprised by several chairmen, in principle one of each constituent soviet republic, although Kalinin (from Russian S.F.S.R.) was often viewed as the single chairman.

�The State Council for the State of Emergency took the power on 19 August 1991, the failed coup and was disbanded two days after. The paramount Soviet leaders comprised it: Vice President Gennadiy Ivanovich Yanayev (s.a.); Prime minister Valentin Sergeyevich Pavlov (s.a.); KGB chairman Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kryuchkov (b. 1924 - d. 2007); Defense minister Dmitriy Timofeyevich Yazov (b. 1924 - d. 2020); Interior minister Boris Karlovich Pugo (b. 1937 - d. 1991); First deputy chairman of the Defense Council Oleg Dmitriyevich Baklanov (b. 1932 - d. 2021); chairman of the Peasants' Union Vasiliy Alexandrovich Starodubtsev (b. 1931 - d. 2011); and chairman of the Association of State Enterprises Aleksandr Ivanovich Tizyakov (b. 1926 - d. 2019).

Territorial Disputes (1945-1991): Bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve disputed sections of the boundary with China; U.S. Government has not recognized the incorporation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the Soviet Union; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group occupied by Soviet Union since 1945, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with Norway over portion of Barents Sea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and the U.S.S.R.

Party abbreviations: KPSS =Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza (Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Marxist-Leninistcommunist, USSR state party to 13 Mar 1990, former VKP, 13 Oct 1952 - 29 Aug 1991);
- Former parties: **KPU -B = Komunistychna Partiya (Bil'shovykiv) Ukrayiny/Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)Ukrainy (Communist Party [Bolsheviks] of Ukraine, communist, separated 1 Mar 1919 from RKP, 12 Jul 1918-13 Oct 1952, renamed Komunistychna Partiya Ukrayiny/ Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Ukrainy [Communist Party of Ukraine]);RKP = Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninistcommunist, state party, former RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918-31 Dec 1925, renamed VKP); **KPS-B = Komunisturi Partiis (Bolshevikebis) Sak'art'velos/Kommunisticheskaya Partiya(Bol'shevikov) Gruzii (Communist Party [Bolsheviks] of Georgia, communist, May 1920-13 Oct 1952, renamed Communist Party of Georgia); VKP = Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninistcommunist, USSR state party, former RKP, 31 Dec 1925-13 Oct 1952, renamed KPSS)

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

8 Nov 1917 Russian Soviet Republic (polity style not formally adopted).
8 Nov 1917 - 25 Oct 1922 Russian civil war.
31 Jan 1918 Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
30 Dec 1922 Part of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union).
5 Dec 1936 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Jul 1941 � Jul 1944 German occupation of the western parts of the Russian S.F.S.R.
12 Jun 1990 Declaration of state sovereignty adopted.
12 Dec 1991 Russian S.F.S.R. Supreme Council passes a resoltuion
denouncing the Union Treaty of 1922.
26 Dec 1991 U.S.S.R. dissolved, Russian S.F.S.R. independent as Russia.

**Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party (Bolsheviks)(from 8 Mar 1918, Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks]) 9 Nov 1917 - 25 Mar 1919 Vladimir Ilyich Ul'yanov (Lenin) (b. 1870 - d. 1924)
+ Yakov Mikhaylovich Sverdlov (b. 1885 - d. 1919)
(to 16 Mar 1919)
+ Lev Davidovich Trotskiy (b. 1879 - d. 1940)
(Bronshteyn)
+ Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (b. 1878 - d. 1953)
(= Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili
[Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili])
+ Grigoriy Yakovlevich Sokolnikov (b. 1888 - d. 1939)
(= Hirsh Yankelevich Brilliant)
(8 Mar - 29 Jul 1918, 11-18 Mar 1919)
+ Yelena Dmitriyevna Stasova (f) (b. 1873 - d. 1966)
(from 8 Mar 1918)
Political Bureau of **the Central Committee of **the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 25 Mar 1919 - 3 Apr 1922 Vladimir Ilyich Ul'yanov (Lenin) (s.a.)
+ LevDavidovich Trotskiy (s.a.)
+ Lev Borisovich Kamenev (b. 1883 - d. 1936)
(Rozenfel'd)
+ Nikolay Nikolayevich Krestinskiy (b. 1883 - d. 1938)
(to 16 Mar 1921)
+ Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (s.a.)

• Nikolay Ivanovich Bukharin (b. 1888 - d. 1938)
  + Grigoriy Yevseyevich Zinovyev (b. 1883 - d. 1936)
  (= Hersh Aronovich Radomysl'skiy)
  + Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (b. 1875 - d. 1946)
  + Yelena Dmitriyevna Stasova (f) (s.a.)
  (Jul - 26 Sep 1919)
  + Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Molotov (b. 1890 - d. 1966)
  (Skryabin)(from 16 Mar 1921)
  3 Apr 1922 - 19 Jun 1990 part of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (and predecessors) Chairman of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) for Affairs of the Russian S.F.S.R.
  19 Jul 1936 - Apr? 1937 Nikolay Ivanovich Yezhov (b. 1895 - d. 1940)Apr? 1937 **Post abolished Chairmen of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union for the Russian S.F.S.R.
  27 Feb 1956 - 16 Nov 1964 Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (b. 1894 - d. 1971)
  (Khrushchyov)
  16 Nov 1964 - 8 Apr 1966 Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (b. 1906 - d. 1982) 8 Apr 1966 Post abolished Chairman of the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
  9 Dec 1989 - 19 Jun 1990 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (b. 1931 - d. 2022)
  (Gorbachyov)
  First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian S.F.S.R.
  22 Jun 1990 - 6 Aug 1991 Ivan Kuz'mich Polozkov (b. 1935) KPR
  6 Aug 1991 - 25 Aug 1991 Valentin Aleksandrovich Kuptsov (b. 1937) KPR
  (activities of the party suspended 23 Aug 1991)

Chairman of the Military-Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies
7 Nov 1917 - 8 Nov 1917 Pavel Yevgenyevich Lazimir (b. 1891 - d. 1920) PLSR 7 Nov 1917 - 8 Nov 1917 Nikolay Ilyich Podvoyskiy (b. 1880 - d. 1948) RSDRP-B (acting for Lazimir)
Chairman of the Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies 8 Nov 1917 - 9 Nov 1917 Lev Borisovich Kamenev (s.a.) RSDRP-B
(Rozenfel'd)
Chairmen of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
9 Nov 1917 - 21 Nov 1917 Lev Borisovich Kamenev (s.a.) RSDRP-B/RKP
21 Nov 1917 - 16 Mar 1919 Yakov Mikhaylovich Sverdlov (s.a.) RKP
16 Mar 1919 - 30 Mar 1919 Mikhail Fyodorovich Vladimirskiy (b. 1874 - d. 1951) RKP
(acting)
30 Mar 1919 - 15 Jul 1938 Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (s.a.) RKP;1925 VKP
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
15 Jul 1938 - 19 Jul 1938 Andrey Aleksandrovich Zhdanov (b. 1896 - d. 1948) VKP
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
19 Jul 1938 - 4 Mar 1944 Aleksey Yegorovich Badayev (b. 1883 - d. 1951) VKP
9 Apr 1943 - 4 Mar 1944 Ivan Alekseyevich Vlasov (b. 1903 - d. 1969) VKP
(acting for Badayev)
4 Mar 1944 - 25 Jun 1946 Nikolay Mikhaylovich Shvernik (b. 1888 - d. 1970) VKP
25 Jun 1946 - 7 Jul 1950 Ivan Alekseyevich Vlasov (s.a.) VKP
7 Jul 1950 - 16 Apr 1959 Mikhail Petrovich Tarasov (b. 1899 - d. 1970)VKP;1952 KPSS
16 Apr 1959 - 26 Nov 1959 Nikolay Grigoryevich Ignatov (b. 1901 - d. 1966) KPSS
(1st time)
26 Nov 1959 - 20 Dec 1962 Nikolay Nikolayevich Organov (b. 1901 - d. 1982) KPSS
20 Dec 1962 - 14 Nov 1966 Nikolay Grigoryevich Ignatov (s.a.) KPSS
(2nd time)
14 Nov 1966 - 23 Dec 1966 Timofey Arkadyevich Akhazov (b. 1907 - d. 1979) KPSS
+ Pyotr Petrovich Sysoyev (b. 1912 - d. 1986) KPSS
(acting)
23 Dec 1966 - 26 Mar 1985 Mikhail Alekseyevich Yasnov (b. 1906 - d. 1991) KPSS
26 Mar 1985 - 3 Oct 1988 Vladimir Pavlovich Orlov (b. 1921 - d. 1999) KPSS
3 Oct 1988 - 29 May 1990 Vitaliy Ivanovich Vorotnikov (b. 1926 - d. 2012) KPSS
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
29 May 1990 - 10 Jul 1991 Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (b. 1931 - d. 2007) KPSS:12 Jul
1990 Non-party

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars ("Sovnarkom")
9 Nov 1917 - 21 Jan 1924 Vladimir Ilyich Ul'yanov (Lenin) (s.a.) RSDRP-B/RKP
23 May 1922 - 2 Oct 1922 Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov (b. 1881 - d. 1938) RKP
+ Aleksandr Dmitriyevich Tsyurupa (b. 1870 - d. 1928) RKP
+ Lev Borisovich Kamenev (s.a.) RKP
(from 14 Sep 1922)
(acting for Lenin)
13 Dec 1922 - 2 Feb 1924 Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov (s.a.) RKP
+ Aleksandr Dmitriyevich Tsyurupa (s.a.) RKP
+ Lev Borisovich Kamenev (s.a.) RKP
(acting [for Lenin to 21 Jan 1924])
2 Feb 1924 - 18 May 1929 Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov (s.a.) RKP;1925 VKP
18 May 1929 - 3 Nov 1930 Sergey Ivanovich Syrtsov (b. 1893 - d. 1937) VKP
3 Nov 1930 - 22 Jul 1937 Daniil Yegorovich Sulimov (b. 1890 - d. 1937) VKP
22 Jul 1937 - 17 Sep 1938 Nikolay Aleksandrovich Bulganin (b. 1895 - d. 1975) VKP
17 Sep 1938 - 2 Jun 1940 Vasiliy Vasilyevich Vakhrushev (b. 1902 - d. 1947) VKP
(acting to 29 Jul 1939)
2 Jun 1940 - 23 Jun 1943 Ivan Sergeyevich Khokhlov (b. 1895 - d. 1973) VKP
5 May 1942 - 2 May 1943 Konstantin Dmitriyevich Pamfilov (b. 1901 - d. 1943) VKP
(acting for Khokhlov)
2 May 1943 - 23 Jun 1943 Aleksey Nikolayevich Sukhov (b. 1903 - d. 1974) VKP
(acting for Khokhlov)
23 Jun 1943 - 23 Mar 1946 Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin (b. 1904 - d. 1980) VKP
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (prime ministers)
23 Mar 1946 Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin (s.a.) VKP
23 Mar 1946 - 9 Mar 1949 Mikhail Nikolayevich Rodionov (b. 1907 - d. 1950) VKP
9 Mar 1949 - 20 Oct 1952 Boris Nikolayevich Chernousov (b. 1908 - d. 1978) VKP
20 Oct 1952 - 24 Jan 1956 Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Puzanov (b. 1906 - d. 1998) KPSS
24 Jan 1956 - 19 Dec 1957 Mikhail Alekseyevich Yasnov (s.a.) KPSS
19 Dec 1957 - 31 Mar 1958 Frol Romanovich Kozlov (b. 1908 - d. 1965) KPSS
31 Mar 1958 - 23 Nov 1962 Dmitriy Stepanovich Polyanskiy (b. 1917 - d. 2001) KPSS
23 Nov 1962 - 23 Jul 1971 Gennadiy Ivanovich Voronov (b. 1910 - d. 1994) KPSS
23 Jul 1971 - 28 Jul 1971 Aleksey Mikhaylovich Shkol'nikov (b. 1914 - d. 2003) KPSS
+ Nikolay Fyodorovich Vasilyev (b. 1916 - d. 2011) KPSS
(acting)
28 Jul 1971 - 24 Jun 1983 Mikhail Sergeyevich Solomentsev (b. 1913 - d. 2008) KPSS
24 Jun 1983 - 3 Oct 1988 Vitaliy Ivanovich Vorotnikov (s.a.) KPSS
3 Oct 1988 - 15 Jun 1990 Aleksandr Vladimirovich Vlasov (b. 1932 - d. 2002) KPSS
15 Jun 1990 - 26 Sep 1991 Ivan Stepanovich Silayev (b. 1930 - d. 2023) Non-party
26 Sep 1991 - 6 Nov 1991 Oleg Ivanovich Lobov (acting) (b. 1937 - d. 2018) Non-party

Party abbreviation: KPSS = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza (Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Marxist-Leninist communist, USSR state party to 13 Mar 1990, former VKP, 13 Oct 1952 - 29 Aug 1991); KPR = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiyskoy SFSR (Communist Party of the Russian S.F.S.R., created within KPSS, 19 Jun 1990 - 6 Nov 1991; from 14 Feb 1993 Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii);
- Former parties: PLSR = Partiya Levykh Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, democratic socialist, Aug 1917�1923, split from PSR, allied with RSDRP-B/RKP);RKP = Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninistcommunist, state party, former RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918-31 Dec 1925, renamed VKP); RSDRP-B = Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party [Bolsheviks], Marxistcommunist, from 8 Nov 1917 state party, 1 Jan 1912-8 Mar 1918, renamed RKP); VKP = Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninistcommunist, USSR state party, former RKP, 31 Dec 1925-13 Oct 1952, renamed KPSS)

Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Note: Although the U.S.S.R. was "Soviet Socialist" from its founding, all the republics began as "Socialist Soviet" and did not change to the other order until various dates in 1937. In addition, in the national languages of several republics the word "Council/Conciliar" in the respective language was only quite late changed to an adaptation of the Russian "Soviet" - and never in others, e.g., Ukraine.

For the individual Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union see individual listings:

Russian Federation

Adopted 21 Aug 1991

12 Jun 1991 Russian S.F.S.R. adopts a declaration of state sovereignty.
12 Dec 1991 Russian S.F.S.R. Supreme Council passes a resolution denouncing
the Union Treaty of 1922.
26 Dec 1991 Russian S.F.S.R. independent asRussia Federation (Russia)
(style not endorsed constitutionally until 21 Apr 1992).

Presidents
10 Jul 1991 - 31 Dec 1999 Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (b. 1931 - d. 2007) Non-party
21 Sep 1993 - 4 Oct 1993 Aleksandr Vladimirovich Rutskoy (b. 1947) Non-party
(acting; in dissidence)
5 Nov 1996 - 6 Nov 1996 Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin (b. 1938 - d. 2010) NDR
(acting for Yeltsin)
31 Dec 1999 - 7 May 2008 Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (b. 1952) Non-party;
(1st time)(acting to 7 May 2000) 2008: YR
7 May 2008 - 7 May 2012 Dmitriy Anatolyevich Medvedev (b. 1965) YR
7 May 2012 - Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (s.a.) YR
(2nd time)

Prime ministers (chairman of the government 6 Nov 1991 - 14 Dec 1992 and
from 23 Dec 1993, chairman of the council of ministers 14 Dec 1992 - 23 Dec 1993)
26 Sep 1991 - 6 Nov 1991 Oleg Ivanovich Lobov (acting) (b. 1937 - d. 2018) Non-party
(deputy chairman of council of ministers)
6 Nov 1991 - 14 Apr 1992 Gennadiy Eduardovich Burbulis (b. 1945 - d. 2022) Non-party
(first deputy chairman of the government)
(acting)
14 Apr 1992 - 14 Dec 1992 Yegor Timurovich Gaydar (Gaidar) (b. 1956 - d. 2009) Non-party
(first deputy chairman of the government to
15 Jun 1992, then acting chairman of government)
(acting)
14 Dec 1992 - 23 Mar 1998 Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin (s.a.) NDR
(1st time)
23 Mar 1998 Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (s.a.) Non-party
(acting)
23 Mar 1998 - 23 Aug 1998 Sergey Vladilenovich Kiriyenko (b. 1962) Non-party
(acting to 24 Apr 1998)
23 Aug 1998 - 11 Sep 1998 Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin (s.a.) NDR
(2nd time) (acting)
11 Sep 1998 - 12 May 1999 Yevgeniy Maksimovich Primakov (b. 1929 - d. 2015) Non-party
12 May 1999 - 9 Aug 1999 Sergey Vadimovich Stepashin (b. 1952) Non-party
(acting to 19 May 1999)
9 Aug 1999 - 7 May 2000 Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (s.a.) Non-party
(1st time)(acting to 16 Aug 1999)
7 May 2000 - 24 Feb 2004 Mikhail Mikhaylovich Kasyanov (b. 1957) Non-party
(acting to 17 May 2000)
24 Feb 2004 - 5 Mar 2004 Viktor Borisovich Khristenko (b. 1957) Non-party
(acting)
5 Mar 2004 - 14 Sep 2007 Mikhail Yefimovich Fradkov (b. 1950) Non-party
(acting 7-12 May 2004 and from 12 Sep 2007)
14 Sep 2007 - 8 May 2008 Viktor Alekseyevich Zubkov (b. 1941) Non-party
(1st time)(acting from 7 May 2008)
8 May 2008 - 7 May 2012 Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (s.a.) YR
(2nd time)
7 May 2012 - 8 May 2012 Viktor Alekseyevich Zubkov (s.a.) Non-party
(2nd time) (acting)
8 May 2012 - 16 Jan 2020 Dmitriy Anatolyevich Medvedev (s.a.) YR
(acting 7-8 May 2018)
16 Jan 2020 - Mikhail Vladimirovich Mishustin (b. 1966) Non-party
(acting 7-10 May 2024)
30 Apr 2020 - 19 May 2020 Andrey Removich Belousov (b. 1959) Non-party
(acting for Mishustin)

Territorial Disputes: Russia and China have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long border disputes; Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS), and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission; Russia and Estonia signed a technical border agreement in May 2005, but Russia recalled its signature in June 2005 after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; negotiations were reopened in 2012, and a treaty was signed in 2014 without the disputed preamble, but neither country has ratified it as of 2020; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following World War II but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; Russia's military support and subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia independence in 2008 continue to sour relations with Georgia; in 2011, Russia began to put up fences and barbed wire to fortify South Ossetia, physically dividing villages in the process; Russia continues to move the South Ossetia border fences further into Georgian territory; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kurils," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on Nov 2005; field demarcation commenced in 2007 and was expected to be completed by 2013; Russia and Lithuania committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; border demarcation was completed in 2018; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply; Russia and Norway signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010, opening the disputed territory for oil and natural gas exploration; a visa-free travel agreement for persons living near the border went into effect in May 2012; Russia remains involved in the conflict in eastern Ukraine while also occupying Ukraine's territory of Crimea; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov is suspended due to the occupation of Crimea by Russia; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the U.S.; the southwesterly "Western Limit" places about 70% of the Bering Sea under U.S. maritime jurisdiction; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea.

Party abbreviations: YR = Yedinaya Rossiya (United Russia, Russian nationalist, conservative, V. Putin personalist, government party, Eurosceptic, est.1 Dec 2001);
- Former parties: NDR = Vserossiyskoye Obshchestvenno-Politicheskoye Dvizheniye "Nash Dom - Rossiya" (All-Russian Political Movement "Our Home - Russia", centrist, government party, 12 May 1995-12 May 2006)

German Occupation in the Soviet Union

22 Jun 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union begins, by Army Group North,
Army Group Centre and Army Group South (on 5 Jul 1941, the rear
area commanders assume "political and administrative" authority
in the rear of army groups).
25 Jul 1941 Militarily administered area ("Operation Area East") begins to
diminish as civil administrators (Reichskommissare) of Ostland
(see under Latvia) and (from 1 Sep 1941) of Ukraine (see under
Ukraine) assume authority in parts of the former military area.
Nov 1942 Maximum extent of German advance (Novgorod, Demyansk, Rzhev,
Smolensk, Orel, Voronezh, Stalingrad, Novorossik, Maikop,
Elista, and Nal'chik are all occupied and with Leningrad under
siege).
Oct 1943/Mar 1944 Rear areas of the army groups cease to exist in course of the
Soviet counter attack.
Jan/Jul 1944 Germans lose last military administered areas (Army Group South:
Kirovograd 8 Jan 1944; Army Group A [31 Mar 1944 renamed South
Ukraine]: Sevastopol' 9 May 1944; Army Group Middle: Mogilev
28 Jun 1944; Army Group North: Pskov 23 Jul 1944).
14 Nov 1944 � 12 May 1945 Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia founded in
Prague by Andrey Andreyevich Vlasov (b. 1901 - d. 1946) commander
of the anti-Communist Russian Liberation Army. Its first seat
is in Berlin, later in Karlsbad (Karlovy Vary).

Commanders-in-chief of Army Group North (Heeresgruppe Nord)
(first in the Baltic States, then in north-eastern part of Russian S.F.S.R.)
22 Jun 1941 � 16 Jan 1942 Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb (b. 1876 - d. 1956)
17 Jan 1942 � 29 Jan 1944 Georg von K�chler (b. 1881 - d. 1968)
31 Jan 1944 � 30 Mar 1944 Walter Model (b. 1891 - d. 1945)
31 Mar 1944 � 3 Jul 1944 Georg Lindemann (b. 1884 - d. 1963)
4 Jul 1944 � 23 Jul 1944 Johannes Friessner (b. 1892 - d. 1971)
Commanders of (to 15 Mar 1942, Rear) Army Area North (Heeresgebiet Nord)
5 Jul 1941 � 31 Mar 1943 Franz von Roques (b. 1877 - d. 1967)
1 Apr 1943 � 26 Mar 1944 Kuno-Hans von Both (b. 1884 - d. 1955)
26 Mar 1944 Pos t abolished

Commanders-in-chief of Army Group Centre (Heeresgruppe Mitte)
(first in Belarus, then in western part of Russian S.F.S.R. and eastern part of Belarus)
22 Jun 1941 � 18 Dec 1941 Fedor von Bock (b. 1880 - d. 1945)
19 Dec 1941 � 12 Oct 1943 G�nther von Kluge (b. 1882 - d. 1944)
12 Oct 1943 � 27 Jun 1944 Ernst Busch (b. 1885 - d. 1945)
Commanders of (to 15 Mar 1942, Rear) Army Area Centre (Heeresgebiet Mitte)
5 Jul 1941 � 6 Jul 1943 Max von Schenckendorff (b. 1875 - d. 1943)
22 Jul 1943 � 30 Sep 1943 Ludwig K�bler (b. 1889 - d. 1947)
1 Oct 1943 � 21 Oct 1943 Edwin Graf von Rothkirch und Trach (b. 1888 � d. 1980)
21 Oct 1943 Post abolished
Commanders-in-chief of Army Group South (Heeresgruppe Sud) ( 9 Jul 1942 - 12 Feb 1943, **renamed Army Group B [ _Heeresgruppe B_])
(first in Ukraine, then in north-eastern part of Ukraine and Upper Don River area
of Russian S.F.S.R., finally in northern part of Ukraine)
22 Jun 1941 � 1 Dec 1941 Gerd von Rundstedt (b. 1875 - d. 1953)
1 Dec 1941 � 15 Jan 1942 Walter von Reichenau (b. 1884 - d. 1942)
18 Jan 1942 � 15 Jul 1942 Fedor von Bock (s.a.)
15 Jul 1942 � 9 Feb 1943 Maximilian Freiherr von Weichs (b. 1881 - d. 1954)
12 Feb 1943 � 31 Mar 1944 Erich von Manstein (b. 1887 - d. 1973)
Commanders of (to 15 Mar 1942, Rear) Army Area South (Heeresgebiet Sud) (9 Jul 1942 � 14 Feb 1943, renamed B [ _Heeresgebiet B_])
5 Jul 1941 � 27 Oct 1941 Karl von Roques (1st time) (b. 1880 - d. 1949)
27 Oct 1941 � 10 Jan 1942 Erich Friderici (1st time) (b. 1885 - d. 1964)
10 Jan 1942 � 9 Jul 1942 Karl von Roques (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Jul 1942 � 14 Feb 1943 Erich Friderici (2nd time) (s.a.)
14 Feb 1943 � 1 Oct 1943 Joachim Witth�ft (b. 1887 - d. 1966)
1 Oct 1943 Post abolished

Commanders-in-chief of Army Group A (Heeresgruppe A)(split from Army Group South)
(first in south-eastern part of Ukraine and Crimea, then in North Caucasus
area of Russian S.F.S.R. and Crimea, finally in southern part of Ukraine and Crimea)
10 Jul 1942 � 10 Sep 1942 Wilhelm List (b. 1880 - d. 1971)
10 Sep 1942 � 22 Nov 1942 Adolf Hitler (nominally) (b. 1889 - d. 1945)
10 Sep 1942 � 22 Nov 1942 Hans von Greiffenberg (b. 1893 - d. 1951)
(chief of general staff of the army group)

(de facto acting for Hitler)
22 Nov 1942 � 30 Mar 1944 Ewald von Kleist (b. 1881 - d. 1954)
Commanders of Army Area A (Heeresgebiet A)
13 Jul 1942 � 20 Jul 1942 Friedrich-Wilhelm von Rothkirch (b. 1884 - d. 1953)
und Panthen
20 Jul 1942 � 31 Dec 1942 Karl von Roques (s.a.)
1 Jan 1943 � 17 Sep 1943 Otto Hartmann (b. 1884 - d. 1952)
17 Sep 1943 � 8 Dec 1943 Helge Auleb (b. 1887 - d. 1964)
8 Dec 1943 Post abolished

Commander-in-chief of Army Group Don (Heeresgruppe Don)(split from Army Group A)
(in Lower Don River area of Russian S.F.S.R. and south-eastern part of Ukraine)
21 Nov 1942 � 12 Feb 1943 Erich von Manstein (s.a.)
Commanders of Army Area Don (Heeresgebiet Don)
21 Nov 1942 � 31 Dec 1942 Friedrich Mieth (1st time) (b. 1888 - d. 1944)
31 Dec 1942 � 12 Jan 1943 Karl Spang (b. 1886 - d. 1979)
13 Jan 1943 � 12 Feb 1943 Friedrich Mieth (2nd time) (s.a.)

Far Eastern Republic

12 Nov 1920 - 15 Nov 1922

Jun 1884 - Mar 1917 Office of the Russian Governor-general of Priamurye kray
(as of 1917, covered oblasti of Amur, Kamchatka, Primorye,
and Sakhalin, with headquarters at Khabarovsk).
6 Apr 1920 Far Eastern Republic (Dal'nevostochnaya Respublika) declares
independence (claiming Amur, Transbaikal, Kamchatka, Primorskiy,
and Sakhalin oblast i; but initially ruling only part of
Transbaikal oblast).
22 Apr 1920 - 25 May 1925 Northern Sakhalin occupied by Japan (see under Russia civil war).
14 May 1920 Recognized by Russian S.F.S.R.
15 Jul 1920 Recognized informally by Japan (also by China Feb 1921).
5 Aug 1920 Amur oblast joins the Far Eastern Republic.
22 Oct 1920 Remainder of Transbaikal_oblast_ annexed.
12 Dec 1920 Maritime (including Khabarovsk) and Kamchatka (including Chukotka)
join the Far Eastern Republic.
17 Feb 1921 Union treaty with the Russian S.F.S.R.
22 Mar 1921 Kamchatka (including Chukotka) ceded the Russian S.F.S.R.
(as agreed on 15 Dec 1920).
26 May 1921 - 25 Oct 1922 Primorye (Maritime) oblast in secession under "White" Russian
administration (see under Russia civil war).
15 Nov 1922 Incorporated into the Russian S.F.S.R. (see Far Eastern oblast
under Russian S.F.S.R. divisions).

Governors-general of Priamurye kray 26 Jul 1884 - 18 Feb 1893 Baron Andrey Nikolayevich Korf (b. 1831 - d. 1893)
21 Mar 1893 - 9 Apr 1898 Sergey Mikhaylovich Dukhovskoy (b. 1838 - d. 1901)
9 Apr 1898 - 12 Sep 1902 Nikolay Ivanovich Grodekov (b. 1843 - d. 1913)
14 Nov 1902 - 12 Aug 1903 Dean Ivanovich Subbotich (b. 1852 - d. 1920)
12 Aug 1903 - 15 Dec 1904 Yevgeniy Ivanovich Alekseyev (b. 1843 - d. 1917)
(also 12 Aug 1903 � 21 Jun 1905 viceroy [_Namestnik_] of the Far East)
1903 - 1904 Nikolay Petrovich Linevich (b. 1839 - d. 1908)
(acting for mostly absent Alekseyev)
15 Dec 1904 - 1 Dec 1905 Rostislav Aleksandrovich (b. 1841 - d. 1906)
Khreshchatitskiy
1 Dec 1905 - 19 Dec 1910 Pavel Fyodorovich Unterberger (b. 1842 - d. 1921)
12 Feb 1911 - 18 Mar 1917 Nikolay L'vovich Gondatti (b. 1860 - d. 1946)
Commissar of the Provisional Government in the Far East
25 Mar 1917 - 24 Dec 1917 Aleksandr Nikolayevich Rusanov (b. 1881 - d. 1936) PSR

Presiding member of the Presidium of the People's Revolutionary Authority of the Far Eastern Republic
6 Apr 1920 - 10 Nov 1920 Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Krasnoshchekov (b. 1880 - d. 1937) RKP
(chairman of interim managing board from 30 Oct 1920)
Chairmen of the Government of the Far Eastern Republic 10 Nov 1920 - 15 Sep 1921 Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Krasnoshchekov (s.a.) RKP
15 Sep 1921 - 14 Nov 1922 Nikolay Mikhaylovich Matveyev (b. 1876 - d. 1951) RKP

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (Prime Ministers)
11 Jul 1920 - 30 Oct 1920 Boris Zakharovich Shumyatskiy (b. 1886 - d. 1938) RKP
30 Oct 1920 - 26 Apr 1921 Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Krasnoshchekov (s.a.) RKP
26 Apr 1921 - 2 Oct 1922 Pyotr Mikhaylovich Nikiforov (b. 1882 - d. 1974) RKP
2 Oct 1922 - 14 Nov 1922 Pyotr Alekseyevich Kobozev (b. 1878 - d. 1941) RKP

Party abbreviations: PSR = Partiya Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of Socialists-Revolutionaries, "SRs", democratic socialist, agrarian socialist, split Aug 1917 into Left [became PLSR] and Right wings, 1902-1922); RKP = Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks],Russian Marxist communist, former RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918 - 31 Dec 1925, renamed All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks])

Swedish Ingria (Ingermanland)

1583 - 1590, 1617 - 1703

1581 - 1590 Sweden occupies Narva (in Estonia), Ivangorod, Yama (now Kingisepp)
and Koporye (Kaprio)(in 1590, retaken by Russia, except Narva).
10 Aug 1583 By Truce of Plussa (Plyussa) Sweden kept the annexed Russian towns
of Ivangorod, Yama, Koporye, and Korela (Kexholm [modern
Priozyorsk]) holding control over Ingria; the king of Sweden
styled "Duke of Karelia and Ingria."
18 May 1595 Russia receives back all of Ingria (with the towns of Ivangorod,
Yama, Koporye and Korela) by Treaty of Teusina (Tyavzin).
1609/1613 Gradually occupied by Sweden (Ivangorod in 1610).
27 Feb 1617 Ingria ceded to Sweden by Russia in Treaty of Stolbovo (including
the province of Ingria, south-west Karelia and province of
Kexholm (part of Finland to 1642), and fortress of N�teborg [now
Shlisselburg]). The kings of Sweden adopt the style "Dukes of
Karelians and Lords over Ingria."
1642 - 1656 Nyen (in present St. Petersburg) made capital of Ingria (in 1656
the capital reverts to Narva because of Russian occupation of
Nyen 1656 - 1658).
12 May 1703 Occupied and annexed by Russia; city of St. Petersburg founded on
27 May 1703 (Ivangorod occupied by Russia in 1704).
10 Sep 1721 Formally ceded to Russia by Sweden in Treaty of Nystad.

Stadholders in Narva (subject to governors of Estonia)
1581 - 1582 Carl Henriksson Horn af Kanckas (b. c.1550 - d. 1601)
(1st time)
1582 - 1583 Hermann Pederson Fleming zu (b. c.1520 - d. 1583)
Lechtis
1583 - 1584 Carl Henriksson Horn af Kanckas (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1584 - 1585 Krister Gabrielsson friherre (b. 1545 - d. 1592)
Oxenstierna
1585 - 1588 ....
1588 - 1590 Carl Henriksson Horn af Kanckas (s.a.)
(3rd time)
1590 - 1609 Restored to Russia
1607 - 1613 Philip von Scheiding (b. 1578 - d. 1646)
(not in Ingria until 1609)
1613 - 1615 Evert Karlsson Horn af Kanckas (b. 1585 - d. 1615)
1615 - 1617 Anders Eriksson H�stehufvud (b. 1577 - d. 1657)
Governors (Landsh�vding) over Ingermanland and Stadholders in Narva
(subject to the governors of Estonia)
1617 - 1620 Carl Carlsson friherre Gyllenhielm (b. 1574 - d. 1650)
1620 - 1622 Henrik Klasson Fleming (b. 1584 - d. 1650)
Governors over Ingermanland and Stadholders-General in Narva
(subject to the governors-general of Livonia)
1622 - 1626 Anders Eriksson H�stehufvud (s.a.)
1626 - 1629 Nils Assersson Mannersk�ld (1st time) (b. 1586 - d. 1655)
1629 Heinrich Matthias greve von Thurn (b. 1567 - d. 1640)
1629 - 1642 Nils Assersson Mannersk�ld (2nd time) (a.a.)
1633 - 1634 Arvid G�ransson Horn (b. 1590 - d. 1653)
(acting for absent Mannersk�ld)
Governors-general over Ingermanland and County of Kexholm
1642 - 1645 Erik Karlsson Gyllenstierna (b. 1602 - d. 1657)
1645 - 1651 Carl M�rner (b. 1605 - d. 1665)
1651 - 1654 Erik Gustavsson greve Stenbock (b. 1612 - d. 1659)
till Bogesund, friherre till
Kronob�ck och �resten
1654 - 1657 Gustaf Evertsson friherre Horn (b. 1614 - d. 1666)
af Marienborg
1657 - 1659 Krister Klasson friherre Horn af (b. 1622 - d. 1692)
�minne
1659 - 1664 Simon Grundel-Helmfelt (1st time) (b. 1617 - d. 1677)
1664 - 1668 Jacob Johan Justusson friherre (b. 1624 - d. 1695)
von Taube af Kudding (1st time)
1668 - 1673 Simon Grundel-Helmfelt (2nd time) (s.a.)
1673 - 1678 Jacob Johan Justusson friherre (s.a.)
von Taube af Kudding (2nd time)
1678 Gustaf Adam greve Ban�r (b. 1624 - d. 1681)
1678 - 1681 Jacob Johan Justusson friherre (s.a.)
von Taube af Kudding (3rd time)
Governors over Ingermanland and County of Kexholm
28 Apr 1681 - 1682 Martin friherre Schultz von (b. 1617 - d. 1682)
Ascheraden
1682 - 1683 Hans friherre Fersen, d.�. (b. 1625 - d. 1683)
1683 - 1687 G�ran greve Sperling (b. 1630 - d. 1691)
Governors-general over Ingermanland and County of Kexholm
1687 - 1691 G�ran greve Sperling (s.a.)
1691 - 1698 Otto Wilhelm friherre von Fersen (b. 1623 - d. 1703)
4 Jul 1698 - 1704 Otto greve von Wellingk (b. 1649 - d. 1708)
1702 - 1704 Henrik Piper (b. c.1645 - d. 1704)
(acting for absent Wellingk)

Swedish Noble titles: greve = count; friherre = baron.

Kalmyk Khanate

c.1632 The Torghut branch (called by others as the Kalmyks) of the
Mongolian Oirats settle along the lower Volga River (in modern
Russia and Kazakhstan), calling themselves the Oirat Horde.
16 Feb 1655 Russian suzerainty recognized, allowed to roam the east bank of
Volga up to Samara and west bank up to Tsaritsyn (modern
Volgograd).
1690 Becomes a khanate (title not recognized by Russia until 1697).
1715 Russian resident placed at the Kalmyk court (from 4 Dec 1717,
Kalmyk areas included in the Astrakhan governorate of Russia).
16 Jan 1771 Ubashi and a majority (3/4) of the Kalmyks begun return to
Dzungaria.
31 Oct 1771 Khanate abolished (announced 18 Dec 1771), direct rule by the
governor of Astrakhan (the Kalmyk affairs remain subject to
the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to 23 Mar 1825).
27 Oct 1800 � 8 Nov 1803 Khanate briefly restored (approximately in boundaries of the
modern Kalmyk Republic).

Khans
1672 � 1 Mar 1724 Ayushi (Ayuka)(1st time) (b. c.1642 - d. 1724)
(principal ruler to 1690)
1714 � 2 Mar 1722 Chakdor Jab -Co-ruler (d. 1722)
1724 Zargo (8-member council)
(acting)
2 Oct 1724 � 26 Nov 1735 Tseren Dondog (Donduk) (d. 1737)
(regent to 1 Mar 1731)
26 Nov 1735 � 2 Apr 1741 Dondog Ombo (Donduk Ombu) (d. 1741)
(regent to 15 Mar 1737)
1741 Zargo (8-member council)
(acting)
16 Sep 1741 � 2 Feb 1761 Dondog (Donduk) Dashi (b. c.1690 - d. 1761)
(regent to 2 Apr 1757)
2 Feb 1761 - 16 Jan 1771 Ubashi -Regent (b. 1744 � d. 1774)
25 May 1771 � 31 Oct 1771 Knyaz' Aleksey Fyodorovich (b. 1734 � d. 1781)
Dondukov (Kalmyk: Dodbi) -Head
(interim)
31 Oct 1771 � 26 Oct 1800 Khanate abolished27 Oct 1800 � 5 Jun 1803 Chuchey (Chugey) Tundutov -Regent (b. 17.. - d. 1803)
Chief Bailiff
5 Jun 1803 � 8 Nov 1803 Nikolay Ivanovich Strakhov (b. 1768 � d. 1811?)
(deputy chairman of the Zargo; in office 1802-04)

Karafuto

1264 - c.1368 Vassal of China (under Yuan dynasty), named Kuyi.
1635 First Japanese expedition to Sakhalin, under Murakami Kamon,
subsequently it is described/claimed as part of Matsumae domain
(Hokkaidō), from 1815 named Kita Ezo (North Hokkaidō).
1679 The Matsumae establish a settlement at Ōtomari (Korsakov).
6 Sep 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk does not mention Sakhalin, but it does
affirm that the Sino-Russian border is the Stanovoy Mountains
and that the area south of them (nominally including Sakhalin)
is under Chinese sovereignty.
1710 China (Manchus) sends an expedition to Sahaliyan (Sakhalin). Then
c.1750 troops land on Sakhalin (Sahaliyan ula angga hada), the
island's population becomes dependent on China (Jilin province).
20 Oct 1806 Lieutenant Nikolay Alexandrovich Khvostov (b. 1776 - d. 1809)
claims Sakhalin for Russia.
1845 Japan proclaims its sovereignty over Sakhalin.
3 Oct 1853Sakhalin claimed for Russia by Capt. Gennadiy Ivanovich Nevelskoy
(b. 1813 - d. 1876). Post named Muravyevskiy established near
the Japanese trading post as military base (under Nikolay
Busse), it is withdrawn on 11 Jun 1854 (burned down 3 Jul 1855).
7 Feb 1855 Treaty of Shimoda signed between Russia and Japan declares that
both nationals could inhabit the island, Russians in the North
and Japanese in the South (ratified 7 Dec 1856, confirmedon
30 Mar 1867 by temporary regulations).
2 Sep 1855 - Apr 1856 Urup Island is occupied by a joint Franco-British naval detachment,
and renamed "l'Isle de l'Alliance" as part of the operations
during the Crimean War. A local named Alcausti Artemi (Aleousti
Artemi) is named provisional governor.
28 Jul 1856 Russian Lieutenant-Commander Nikolay Matveyevich Chikhachev
(b. 1830 - d. 1917) founds Due (Duė), the first permanent Russian
settlement.
14 Nov 1860 China cedes all the land north of the Amur and east of the Ussuri
River (nominally including Sakhalin) to Russia by Convention
of Peking (ratified 26 Dec 1860).
20 Sep 1869 Japanese rename Kita Ezo as Karafuto.
4 Sep 1875 Sakhalin incorporated into Russia, in exchange for Japan obtaining
all of the Kuril Islands (on 15 Sep 1875) by Treaty of Saint
Petersburg (signed 4 May 1875, ratified 22 Aug 1875).
1884 Sakhalin special department (within Amur kray).
7 Jul 1905 Japan invades Sakhalin (Korsakov occupied 8 Jul 1905 and
Alexandrovsk on 24 Jul 1905. Russian forces surrender in the
South on 16 Jul 1905 and in North on 31 Jul 1905).
5 Sep 1905 Karafuto (Southern Sakhalin Island) annexed to Japan and
Northern Sakhalin is restored to Russia (on 13 Nov 1905) by
the Treaty of Portsmouth (ratified 25 Nov 1905).
1 Apr 1907 Karafuto Agency replaces Karafuto Department of Civil Affairs
(by edict dated 14 Mar 1907; under Ministry of Colonial Affairs
from 10 Jun 1929).
22 Apr 1920 - 25 May 1925 Northern Sakhalin occupied by Japan (see under Russia civil war).
1 Nov 1942 Karafuto Agency is transferred from the Ministry of Colonial
Affairs to the Ministry of Home Affairs.
1 Apr 1943 Karafuto (Karafuto-chō) incorporated into Japan proper as a
prefecture (by imperial edict of 26 Mar 1943).
11 Aug 1945 Soviet invasion of Southern Sakhalin (Esutoru occupied 16 Aug 1945,
Maoka 20 Aug 1945, Toyohara and Ōtomari on 25 Aug 1945, with
Japanese resistance ending on 2 Sep 1945).
2 Jan 1946 Karafuto government abolished (formally by Japan on 1 Jun 1949).
2 Feb 1946 Incorporation into Soviet Union as Yuzhnyy-Sakhalin (Southern
Sahkalin) oblast (see under Russian SFSR Admin.).
8 Sep 1951 Japan formally renounces sovereignty over Southern Sakhalin
by the Treaty of San Francisco (ratified 28 Apr 1952).

Japanese Sakhalin Military Commanders (of 13th Army Division)
7 Jul 1905 - 6 Jul 1906 Kensai Haraguchi (b. 1847 - d. 1919) Mil
6 Jul 1906 - 31 Mar 1907 Seizō Okazaki (b. 1851 - d. 1910) Mil
Director of the Department of Civil Affairs
28 Jul 1905 - 31 Mar 1907 Kiichirō Kumagai (b. 1866 - d. 1949)
Directors of the Karafuto Agency (governors)
1 Apr 1907 - 24 Apr 1908 Sachihiko Kusunose (b. 1858 - d. 1927)
24 Apr 1908 - 12 Jun 1908 Takejirō Tokonami (b. 1867 - d. 1935)
12 Jun 1908 - 5 Jun 1914 Sadatarō Hiraoka (b. 1863 - d. 1942)
5 Jun 1914 - 9 Oct 1916 Bunji Okada (b. 1874 - d. 1943)
13 Oct 1916 - 17 Apr 1919 Akira Sakaya (1st time) (b. 1870 - d. 1946)
17 Apr 1919 - 11 Jun 1924 Kinjirō Nagai (b. 1874 - d. 1927)
11 Jun 1924 - 5 Aug 1926 Akira Sakaya (2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Aug 1926 - 27 Jul 1927 Katsuzō Toyoda (b. 1882 - d. 1939)
27 Jul 1927 - 9 Jul 1929 Kōji Kita (b. 1878 - d. 1934)
9 Jul 1929 - 17 Dec 1931 Shinobu Agata (b. 1881 - d. 1942)
17 Dec 1931 - 5 Jul 1932 Masao Kishimoto (b. 1881 - d. 1963)
5 Jul 1932 - 7 May 1938 Takeshi Imamura (b. 1880 - d. 1960)
7 May 1938 - 9 Apr 1940 Shun'ichi Munesue (b. 1893 - d. 1954)
9 Apr 1940 - 1 Jul 1943 Masanori Ogawa (b. 1894 - d. 1977)
1 Jul 1943 - 30 Dec 1945 Toshio Ōtsu (b. 1893 - d. 1958)
Soviet Military Commander ( of 16th Army)
11 Aug 1945 - 27 Aug 1945 Leontiy Georgiyevich Cheremisov (b. 1893 - d. 1967) Mil
Heads of the Soviet Military Administration of Karafuto 27 Aug 1945 - 30 Sep 1945 Mikhail Vasilyevich Alimov (b. 1899 - d. 1978) Mil
(deputy commander of 56th Rifle Corps)
1 Oct 1945 - 2 Feb 1946 Maksim Alekseyevich Purkayev (b. 1894 - d. 1953) Mil
(commander of Far Eastern Military District)

Chief of the Civil Administration of Southern Sakhalin
23 Sep 1945 - 2 Feb 1946 Dmitriy Nikolayevich Kryukov (b. 1899 - d. 1985) VKP

Party abbreviations: VKP = Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninistcommunist, USSR state party, former RKP, 31 Dec 1925-13 Oct 1952, renamed KPSS); Mil = Military

Tannu Tuva

| 1922 - 1925 (reconstruction) | 1925 - 1930 | 18 Oct 1930 - 2 Jul 1935 | | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | 2 Jul 1935 - 25 Jun 1941 | 25 Jun 1941 - 8 Sep 1943 | 8 Sep 1943 - 11 Oct 1944 | | | 8 Sep 1943 - 11 Oct 1944 Possible Variant | | | |

Note: Names in are given using modern (post-1945)Tuvan and (from 1921) with Russian in parentheses using the BGN/PCGNromanization system.

1207 Mongol rule.
end 16th-early 17th cent. Most of the Tuvinian tribes under the dominion of Sholoy
Ubashi the first Altyn-Khan ("Golden Khan").
1616 Nomadic Tuvans in the Khemchik valley (western Tuva) swear an
oath of allegiance to Russia before Vasiliy of Tyumen envoy of
the Czar.
1688 - 1756 Under the D�rben Oyirad (Dzungaria)(see under China).
21 Oct 1727 Chinese sovereignty recognized by Russia under Treaty of Kyakhta
which established the northern border of Mongolia (then
including Tuva)(ratified 28 Jun 1728).
Mar 1756 Formally annexed to China (as Tangnu Wulianghai).
1759 Tangnu Wulianghai (Mongolian: Tangnuu Uriyangkhay) organized into
an administrative system similar to Mongolia with four, later
five, Banners (khoshuns)(Oyun, Tannu, Kemchik, Salchak, and
later Tozhu). Each Banner was governed by a chief. In 1762 a
paramount chief (_B�g�de-darga_[_Amban Noyan_]) is appointed to
administer the area. From 1786, the chiefs of the Oyun Banner
are made the paramount chiefs.
1839/56 Russian settlement of the region begins.
7 Oct 1864 Treaty of Tarbagatai (Tacheng) border protocol between China
and Russia that defines most of the western extent of their
border in central Asia, between Outer Mongolia and Kokand.
16/29 Dec 1911 Mongolia declaresindependence from China, nominally including
Tagna Uriankhay (Russia supported Outer Mongolian autonomy,
but rejects Outer Mongolia's claim on Tuva [then spelled Touva]).
Jan 1912 A meeting of Tuvan banner chiefs declares the territory of several
banners "independent" and "under Russian protectorate", but
this does not lead to the emergence of a polity or a Tuvan
central authority.
15 Feb 1912 Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy requests Russian protection for his
banner,which is never given an official reply, however Russian
troopsare sent in to protect Russian settlers.
30 Jul 1914 Russian protectorate declared over the area of modern Tuva
as the Uryankhay Territory (Uryankhayskiy kray)(Old Style date
17 Jul 1914)(by proclamation of 17 Apr [O.S. 4 Apr] 1914).
1916 Buyan Badarkh��, chief of the Khemchik banner (the largest in
Tuva) calls on China to accept the submission of his banner.
13 Jun 1917 Congress of Russian colonists requests annexation by Russia.
Aug 1917 Russian Provisional Government confirms Russian protectorate.
18 Jun 1918 A joint Congress of the Russian and Tuvan populations adopts an
agreement on the self-determination of Tuva, which includes an
article about the rights of Russian citizens.
7 Jul 1918 - 2 Aug 1919 Occupation of Central and Northern Tuva by "White" Russian
(originally Siberian) military forces.
Jan 1919 - Mar 1921 Chinese troops occupy Western Tuva (declaring Tuva [as Tangnu
Wulianghai (T'ang-nu wu-liang-hai)], along with Mongolia, to be
re-incorporated into China on 19 Feb 1920).
Mar 1919 - Jul 1920 Mongolian troops occupy Southern (from Sep 1919, also Central)
Tuva, named Tagna Uriankhay.
2 Aug 1919 - 4 Sep 1919 Soviet Partisans of Siberia occupy Central and Northern Tuva.
Dec 1920 Soviet Red Army takes Belotsarsk (Khem-Beldyr) and by Mar 1921 all
of Tuva.
Apr 1921 - May 1921 "White" Russian invasion from Mongolia led by Ilya Grigoryevich
Kazantsev (d. 1921), subordinated to Baron Ungern-Sternberg
(and nominally on behalf of Mongolia).
14 Aug 1921 Independence declared (People's Republic of Tannu Tuva [Respublika
_Tannu Tuva Ulus_])(under Soviet Russia protectorate).
16 Aug 1926 Independence recognized by Mongolia in the Mongolia-Tuva Treaty of
Friendship and Mutual Recognition.
24 Nov 1926 Renamed Tuvinian People's Republic (Respublika Tuva Arad Ulus).
1929 Darxad (Darkhad) region ceded to Mongolia.
28 Jun 1930 By decree a Latin script orthography using the Uniform Turkic
alphabet was introduced, and Tuvan (T yv) became an official
language (prior the language was not written and the Classic
Mongolian script and language was used for official purposes).
8 Sep 1943 By decision Tuvan orthography switched to (Russian) Cyrillic.
17 Aug 1944 Tuva declared part of the Soviet Union.
11 Oct 1944 Annexed to the Soviet Union (effective 1 Nov 1944), as part
of the Russian S.F.S.R. as the Tuvan autonomous oblast
(see under Russian SFSR Admin.)

**Chairman of the Organizing Bureau of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
29 Oct 1921 - Mar 1922 Monggush Ayyzhy oglu Nimachap (b. 1879 - d. 1932)
(Mongush Nimachap [Nimazhap])
Chairmen of the **Central Committee of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
Mar 1922 - 9 Jul 1923 Maady Dalay oglu Lopsang-Osur (b. 1876 - d. 1934?)
(Maady Dalaydovich Lopsan-Osur)
9 Jul 1923 - 15 Mar 1924 Oyun Kenden oglu K�rsedi (b. 1884 - d. 1924)
(Oyun Kenden oglu Kyursedi [Kursedi])
**General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
Apr 1924 - Jan 1926 Shalyk? Shagdyr
(Shalyk? Shagdyr)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
Jan 1926 - Feb 1927 Ak-Monggush Khaydyp oglu (b. 1892 - d. 1932)
Buyan-Badyrgy
(Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy)
Feb 1927 - Jan 1929 Oorzhak Donggak? oglu Sodunam (b. 1901 - d. ....)
(Sodunam Oorzhak Dongak [Donchaa] oglu)
Jan 1929 - Mar 1932 Irgit Chapsyn oglu Shagdyrzhap (b. 1899 - d. 1959)
(Irgit Chapsynovich Shagdyrzhap)
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
6 Mar 1932 - 1 Nov 1944 Maady (from 1933, Salchak) (b. 1901 - d. 1973)
Surasovich Toka
(from 1944, Toka Kalbak-Kh�rek oglu Salchak)
(= Salchak Kalbakhorekovich Toka,
1940-1942 Tozhu Surasovich Toka)

**Paramount Chiefs (title_B�g�de-darga_ [_Amban Noyan_])
1762 - 1769 Manadzhab
1769 - 1780 Humudzhap
1780 - 1786 Deleg-Dashi
1786 - 1792 Oyun Dazhy
1792 - 1795 Oyun Dazhy oglu Danzyn
1795 - 1817 Oyun Danzyn oglu Sedenbal
1817 - 1827 Oyun Sedenbal oglu Badyzhap
1827 - 1865 Oyun Sedenbal ogluLamazhap
1865 - 1867 Oyun Sedenbal oglu Shyndazyn
1867 - 1899Oyun Shyndazyn oglu �lzey-Ochur
1899 - 1915Oyun �lzey-Ochur oglu Kombu-Dorzhu
1915 - 1916 Irgit Agbaan-Demchi (usurper)
1916 - 1921 Oyun Kombu-Dorzhu oglu Sodunam- (b. 1897 - d. 1924)
Balchyr
Russian Civil Commissioners for the Affairs of Uryankhay
Jul 1914 - early 1915 Andrey Petrovich Tsererin (b. 188. - d. 19..) Non-party
early 1915 - 24 Mar 1917 Viktor Yuventinovich Grigoryev (b. 1862 - d. 1918) Non-party
**Chairman of the Kray Committee of Public Safety 24 Mar 1917 - Nov 1917 Aleksandr Petrovich Yermolayev (b. 1886 - d. 1919) PSR
(from 27 Apr 1917, also commissar of Russian
Provisional Government)
Commissar of the Russian Provisional Government
Nov 1917 - 25 Mar 1918 Aleksey Aleksandrovich Turchaninov (b. 1876 - d. 1919) Non-party?
(1st time)
Chairmen of the Executive of Kray Committee of the Soviet of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies
25 Mar 1918 - 2 May 1918 Stepan Konstantinovich Bespalov (b. 1895 - d. 1918) RSDRP-B
7 May 1918 - 7 Jul 1918 Mikhail Minayevich Terentyev (b. 1882 - d. 1952) PLSR
Commissar (from early 1919, Administrator) of the Russian (originally Siberian) Provisional Government
7 Jul 1918 - 2 Aug 1919 Aleksey Aleksandrovich Turchaninov (s.a.) Non-party?
(2nd time)
Commander of the (Soviet) Trans-Mana (Zamanskaya) Peasant Partisan Army (at Khem-Beldyr)
2 Aug 1919 - 4 Sep 1919 Aleksandr Diomidovich Kravchenko (b. 1880 - d. 1923) Mil
Chinese Commissioner for Tangnu Wulianghai (T'ang-nu wu-liang-hai)(at Chadan)
Jan 1919 - Mar 1921 Yan Shichao (Yen Shih-ch'ao) (b. 1881? - d. 19..) Mil
Mongolian Ministers at Tagna Uriankhay (from Sep 1919, at Khem-Beldyr)
Mar 1919 - Nov 1919 Khatanbaatar Sandagdorjiin (b. 1878 - d. 1927) MilMagsarjav
Nov 1919 - Jul 1920 Dilov Khutagt Baashluu Ovogtoy (b. 1883 - d. 1965) Non-partyZhamsranzhav (Jamsranjav)
Chairman of Kray Revolutionary Committee
Jul 1920 - Aug 1920 Pavel Safronovich Medvedev (b. 1901 - d. 1968) Non-party
Russian Soviet Representative (at Khem-Beldyr)
11 Aug 1920 - 13 Aug 1921 Innokentiy Georgiyevich Safyanov (b. 1873 - d. 1953) RKP
Chairman of the All-Tuvan Constituent Khural
14 Aug 1921 - 15 Aug 1921 Ak-Monggush Khaydyp oglu (s.a.) Non-party
Buyan-Badyrgy
(Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy)
Chairmen of the General Central Council
15 Aug 1921 - 28 Feb 1922 Ak-Monggush Khaydyp oglu (s.a.) Non-party;
Buyan-Badyrgy Oct 1921 TNRP
(Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy)
1 Mar 1922 - 15 Aug 1922 Maady Dalay oglu Lopsang-Osur (s.a.) TNRP
(Maady Dalaydovich Lopsan-Osur)
15 Aug 1922 - 1 Oct 1923 Salchak Idam-S�r�n TNRP
(Salchak Idam-Syuryun)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Little Khural
1 Oct 1923 - 4 Feb 1929 Monggush Ayyzhy oglu Nimachap (s.a.) TNRP
(Mongush Nimachap [Nimazhap])
5 Feb 1929 - 5 Oct 1933 Adyg-T�l�sh Lopsang oglu Ch�ld�m (b. 1900 - d. 1933) TNRP
(Adyg Tyulyush Lopsonovich Chulydum)
1933 - Feb 1938 Adyg-T�l�sh Oolchukkay oglu (b. 1893 - d. 1938) TNRP
Khemchik-ool
(Adyg-Tyulyush [Tulush] Oolchukay oglu Khemchik-ool)
2 Mar 1938 - 4 Apr 1940 Oyun Oyun oglu Polat (b. 1906 - d. 1992) TNRP
(Oyun Oyunovich Polat)
6 Apr 1940 - 1 Nov 1944 Khertek Amyrbit kyzy Anchymaa (f) (b. 1912 - d. 2008) TNRP
(Khertek Amyrbitovna Anchymaa-Toka)

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (prime ministers) 1 Oct 1923 - 18 Sep 1924 Ak-Monggush Khaydyp oglu (s.a.) TNRP
Buyan-Badyrgy
(Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy)
18 Sep 1924 - 1925 Soyan Oruygu (b. 1876 - d. 19..) TNRP
(Soyan Oruygu)
1925 - Jan 1929 Kuular Dazhy oglu Donduk (b. 1888 - d. 1932) TNRP
(Kuular DazhyevichDonduk)
Jan 1929 - 1929 Adyg-T�l�sh Oolchukkay oglu (s.a.) TNRP
Khemchik-ool
(Adyg-Tyulyush [Tulush] Oolchukay oglu Khemchik-ool)
1929 - Feb 1938 Sat Sany-Shiri oglu Ch�rmit-Dazhy (b. 1894 - d. 1938) TNRP
(Sat Sany-Shiri oglu Churmet-Dazhi)
Oct 1938 - May 1940 Ondar Kh�reng-ool oglu Bayyr (b. 1904 - d. 1986) TNRP
(Aleksey Shirinmeyevich Bair)
22 Jun 1941 - 1 Nov 1944 Saryg-Donggak Manygy oglu Chymba (b. 1906 - d. 1985) TNRP
(Aleksandr Manygeyevich Chimba)

Party abbreviations: TNRP = Tuvinskaya Narodno-Revolyutsionnaya Partiya (Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party, socialist, reorganized Jul 1923, from Apr 1941 Marxist-Leninist, state party, 29 Oct 1921-11 Oct 1944, merged into Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bolshevikov)[All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: PLSR = Partiya Levykh Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, democratic socialist, 1917�1923, split from PSR, allied with RSDRP-B/RKP); P SR = Partiya Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of Socialists - Revolutionaries, "SRs", democratic socialist, agrarian socialist, split Aug 1917 into Left [became PLSR] and Right wings, Jan 1902-1923); RKP =Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks],Russian Marxist communist, former RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918 - 31 Dec 1925, renamed All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks]); RSDRP-B = Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party [Bolsheviks], Russian revolutionary socialist, Marxist communist, split from RSDRP est.1898, 1 Jan 1898-8 Mar 1918, renamed RKP)

Tatar Khanates

Note: This record contains the Tatar khanates established as result of disintegration of the Golden Horde (Ulus of Jochi) and ruled by the Genghisid khans. These polities were known to contemporaries as "thrones" (Taht) or "countries" (Yurt) instead of "khanates". Not recorded here are the Great Horde (a remnant of the Golden Horde, know as such from c.1452 and destroyed by Crimea in 1502), the Nogay Horde (ruled by non-Genghisid rulers) and the short-lived Uzbek khanate (succeeded by the Kazakh khanate and Khorazm). The latter two polities were located mostly in modern-day Kazakhstan.

Astrakhan

1459 Rival khan of the Great Horde establishes himself in Astrakhan
(contemporary name: Haji Tarkhan).
c.1502 Considered as a separate khanate of Astrakhan.
1523 Briefly occupied by Crimea.
1554 Under the Russian suzerainty.
2 Jun 1556 Astrakhan (in Russian: Astrakhan') khanate annexed by Russia.

Khans
1459 - 1466 Sayid Makhmud (d. 1466)
1466 - 1495 Qasim I
1495 - 1515

`Abd al-Karim (d. c.1525)
1515 - 1521 Jani Bek (d. 1521)
1521 - 1523 Hussein (1st time)
1523 Bahadur Geray (d. 1523)
1523 - 1527 Hussein (2nd time)
1527 - 1528 Shaykh Ahmad (d. 1528)
(khan of Great Horde 1495-1502)
1528 - 1531 Qasim II (1st time) (d. 1532)
1531 Islam Geray (d. 1537)
(khan of Crimea 1532)
1531 - 1532 Qasim II (2nd time) (s.a.)
1532 - 1533 Aq Kubek (1st time) (d. 1550)
1533 - 1537 `Abd ar-Rahman (1st time)
1537 - 1539 Darwish `Ali (1st time) (d. af.1558)
1539 - 1545 `Abd ar-Rahman (2nd time)
1545 - 1546 Aq Kubek (2nd time) (s.a.)
1546 - 1547 Yamghurchi (1st time) (d. 1555)
1547 - 1549 Aq Kubek (3rd time) (s.a.)
1549 - 1550 Yamghurchi (2nd time) (s.a.)
1550 - 1552 Darwish `Ali (2nd time) (s.a.)
1552 - 1554 Yamghurchi (3rd time) (s.a.)
1554 - 1556 Darwish `Ali (3rd time) (s.a.)

Crimea: see under Ukraine

Kazan

1438 Rival khan of the Golden Horde establishes himself in Kazan.
c.1445 Considered as a separate khanate of Kazan.
1487 - 1521 Under the Russian (Moscow) suzerainty (interrupted 1496-1497
and 1505-1511).
1551 Russian suzerainty restored.
13 Oct 1552 Kazan (in Russian: Kazan') khanate annexed by Russia.

Khans
1438 - 1445 Ulugh Muhammad (b. 1405 - d. 1445)
(khan of Golden Horde 1419-1432 [with interruptions])
1445 - 1466 Makhmud (b. 142. - d. 1466)
1466 - 1467 Khalil (d. 1467)
1467 - 1479 Ibrahim (d. 1479)
1479 - 1484 Ilham

`Ali (1st time) (b. c.1450 - d. c.1490)
1484 - 1485 Muhammad Amin (1st time) (b. 1469 - d. 1518)
1485 - 1487 Ilham `Ali (2nd time) (s.a.)
1487 - 1496 Muhammad Amin (2nd time) (s.a.)
1496 - 1497 Mamuq (d. 1497)
(khan of Tumen 1495-1496)
1497 - 1502 `Abd al-Latif (b. c.1475 - d. 1517)
1502 - 1518 Muhammad Amin (3rd time) (s.a.)
1519 - 1521 Shah `Ali (1st time) (b. 1505 - d. 1566)
1521 - 1524 Sahib Geray (b. 1501 - d. 1551)
(khan of Crimea 1532-1551)
1524 - 1531 Safa Geray (1st time) (b. 1510 - d. 1549)
1532 - 1535 Jan `Ali (b. 1516 - d. 1535)
1535 - 1546 Safa Geray (2nd time) (s.a.)
1546 Shah `Ali (2nd time) (s.a.)
1546 - 1549 Safa Geray (3rd time) (s.a.)
1549 - 1551 Otemish Geray (b. 1546 - d. 1566)
1551 - 1552 Shah `Ali (3rd time) (s.a.)
1552 Yadigar Muhammad (b. 1522 - d. 1565)
1553 - 1556 `Ali Akram (d. 1556)
(in opposition against Russians)

Sibir (Tumen)

1420 Rival khan of the Golden Horde establishes himself in Tumen
(Chingi-Tura; modern Tymen').
1428 - 1469 Part of the Uzbek khanate (also originally known as khanate of
Tumen after the first [to 1431] capital).
1496 - 1563 Ruled by non-Genghisid Taibughid rulers, in 1496 capital moved
to Sibir (Isker; modern Tobol'sk), which gave its name to
the state.
1555 - 1563 Under the Russian suzerainty.
26 Oct 1582 Sibir (in Russian: Sibir') khanate occupied by Russia (conquest
finally completed 20 Aug 1598).
1585 - 1587 Russians briefly withdrew.
1600 - 1631 Several khans in opposition against the Russians along the
modern Russia-Kazakhstan border.

Khans
1420 - 1427 Haji Muhammad (d. 1427)
(khan of Golden Horde 1419)
1427 - 1428 Makhmud (d. c.1450)
1428 - 1469 part of the Uzbek khanate
1469 - 1495 Sayid Ibrahim (Ibak) (d. 1495)
(khan of Great Horde 1481, 1487, 1491-1495)
1495 - 1496 Mamuq (d. 1497)
(khan of Kazan 1496-1497)
Rulers (title possibly Murza or Biy)
1496 - 1502 Muhammad (d. 1502)
1502 - 1516 Anghish
1516 - 1530 Qasim (d. 1530)
1530 - 1563 Yadigar (d. 1563)
Khans (from 1582, in opposition against Russia)
1563 - 1598 Kuchum (b. 151. - d. 1601)
1600 - 1607

`Ali (d. 1647)
1616 - 1624 Ish Muhammad (Ishim) (d. 1624)
1628 - 1631 Ablay Geray (d. af.1635)

Former North Caucasus States

Note: Until 1829, the western part of the North Caucasus was claimed by the Ottoman Empire, there were the Circassian polities and related Kabarda which dominated over neighboring peoples. The eastern part of the North Caucasus was claimed Persia (in 12 Oct 1813 ceded by Persia to Russia by the Treaty of Gulistan), there were the Dagestani princely states, the most prominent state of them was Tarki, which included several sub-states (Bammatuly-Qazanysh, Boynaq, Erpeli, Otemysh, Qarabudaghkent which are not recorded here), and Dagestani and Chechen confederacies. The anti-Russian and anti-princely "Caucasus" Imamate (1829-1859) is recorded in addition to the princely states. By 1867 all of these polities were abolished and incorporated into Russia.

In southern and western part of Dagestan there were around 13 to 19 confederacies of unions of semi-republican "free" societies, only Aqusha-Dargo and Akhty-Para, the largest two confederacies, are recorded here (some large Upper Avar confederacies, such as Dido [Tsunta], Unk-Ratl and Ank-Ratl, are poorly documented). The total number of unions was at least 70 (the Avar unions were at least 40, the Lezgian unions at least 11, the Dargin unions at least 9, the Tabasaran, Aghul and Rutul unions each 2 to 3) and many of the unions did not belong to any confederacy. The unions were led by often semi-hereditary judges (Qadis), military commanders (Beks) or elders.

Akhty-Parac.1620 A confederacy of Akhty and four other Upper Lezgian unions of
societies founded.
1723 - 1732 Vassal of the Ottoman Empire.
1759 - 1789 Subject to khanate of Quba (Kuba).
1811 Under the Russian suzerainty.
1839 Polity abolished.
1877 Khanate of Akhty briefly proclaimed in rebellion.

Qadis of Akhty
c.1750 - c.1809 ....
c.1809 - 1839 Mirza

`Ali Pirbudagi (b. 1771 - d. 1859)
Khan of Akhty
1877 Ghazi Ahmad Bek (d. 1878)

Aqusha-Dargo

bf.1395 A confederacy of Aqusha and five other Upper Dargin unions
of societies founded.
1725 - 1735 Under the Russian suzerainty.
1812 Under the Russian suzerainty.
1818 - 1819 In rebellion against Russia (again 1843-1847).
1854 Polity abolished.

Qadis of Aqusha

16.. - 1709 Ayyub (d. 1709)
1709 - 1711/12 `Abd al-Halim (d. 1711/12)
bf.1725 - 173. Abu Bakr (d. 173.)
bf.1735 - 1766/67 Haji Ayyub (d. 1766/67)
17.. - 1811 Abu Bakr Haji (d. 1811)
1811 - 1812/18 Zuhum (1st time)
1812/18 - 1819 Muhammad (1st time)
1819 - 1827 Zuhum (2nd time)
1827 - 1847 Muhammad (2nd time)
1847 - 18.. Shaban Zuhum
18.. - 1854 Nurbagand

Avar (Khunzakh)

Avar Banner c.1745

c.730 Avar state (formally Khunzakh, after name of capital) founded.
1803 Under the Russian suzerainty.
1818 - 1819 In rebellion against Russia.
1834 - 1836 Occupied by "Caucasus" Imamate, state declared abolished.
1843 - 1859 Occupied by "Caucasus" Imamate, state declared abolished.
1864 State abolished.

Khans (also with Avar style of Nutsal)
1699 - 1706 Dugri Khan II
1706 - 1708 Umma Khan III (d. 1708)
1708 - 1722 Muhammad Khan III (d. 1722)
1722 - 1735 Umma Khan IV "Bulach" (d. 1735)
1735 - 1774 Muhammad Khan IV (b. 1730 - d. 1774)
1774 - 1801 Umma Khan V (b. 1761 - d. 1801)
1801 - 1802 Gebek Khan (d. 1802)
1802 - 1823 Sultan Ahmad Khan I (d. 1823)
(nominally removed from authority by Russians

in 1819)
1819 - 1828 Surkhay Khan -Regent (d. 1834)
1823 - 1834 Abu Sultan Khan (b. 1813 - d. 1834)
1828 - 1834 Bahu Bike (f) -Regent (d. 1834)
1834 - 1836 Sultan Ahmad Khan II (b. 1834 - d. 1843)
(nominal)
1834 - 1836 Aslan Khan -Regent (b. 1781 - d. 1836)
(khan of Kazi-Kumukh)
1836 - 1859 the khans of Mehtuli -Regents
1859 - 1864 Ibrahim Khan II (b. 183. - d. bf.1881)

"Caucasus" Imamate

Dec 1829 - 6 Sep 1859 "Caucasus" Imamate established (in highland Dagestan and Chechnya),
based at Gimry (1829-32), Gotsatl (1832-34), Akhulgo (1834-39),
Dargo (1839-45) and Vedeno (1845-59); although Imamate covered
highland Chechnya from 1830, the same Imam (originally elected
only by Dagestanis) was elected by the Chechens only on
19 Mar 1840.
1834 - 1859 Avar khanate occupied and declared abolished by the Imamate
(Russian rule restored 1836-1843).
6 Sep 1859 Imamate areas incorporated into Russia (Vedeno occupied on
13 Apr 1859).
29 Aug 1877 - 3 Nov 1877 Rebellion in the Avar country of Dagestan.

Imams in Dagestan and Chechnya (alsostyled Amir al-Mu�minin 1845 - 1859)
Dec 1829 - 29 Oct 1832 Ghazi Muhammad ibn Muhammad (b. 1795 - d. 1832)
al-Gimravi
(= Gazi-Mukhammad Gimrinskiy)
Nov 1832 - 19 Sep 1834 Hamza Bek ibn `Ali Iskandar Bek (b. 1789 - d. 1834)
al-Hutsali ("Khamzat-bek")
(= Gamzat-bek Gotsatlinskiy)
9 Oct 1834 - 6 Sep 1859 Shamil ibn Muhammad al-Gimravi (b. 1797 - d. 1871)
(= Shamil' Gimrinskiy)
(only in Dagestan to 19 Mar 1840)
29 Aug 1877 � 3 Nov 1877 Muhammad Haji as-Suguri (b. 1839 - d. 1877)
(= Mukhammad-Khadzhi Sogratlinskiy)
(only in Dagestan)

Chechnya (to 1877)

Flag of Imam Tashav Haji c.1839

c.1640 Turlo house, to c.1730 subject to the Avars, begins rule, based in
the village of Chechen (Chechen-Aul)(by the early 18th century
their authority extended to much of lowland Nokhch people who
began to be referred by others as the "Chechen").
1733 Turlo declare loyalty to Russia (again 1747 and 1781), other
lowland princely rulers (Bragun, Germenchuk) do the same (five
highland Chechen confederacies remain unaffiliated with Russia).
1784 Anti-Russian movement, led by Sheikh Mansur (b. 1760 � d. 1794)
1785-1791, eliminates princely rule (at the end of the 18th
century there are a total of eight or nine Chechen confederacies)
1819 Groznaya (from Dec 1869 renamed Grozny) established by Russia.
1825 People's Assembly (Mekhk Kkhetasho), in existence for centuries,
attempts to create a single political and military authority,
based at Shali.
1830 - 6 Sep 1859 Highland Chechnya under the "Caucasus" Imamate (in 1834 a Chechen
Imam was elected, who deferred to authority of Dagestani imam;
in 19 Mar 1840 the Dagestani imam was elected imam also by
Chechens).
6 Sep 1859 Incorporated into Russia (Vedeno occupied 13 Apr 1859).
13 Apr 1877 � 27 Nov 1877 Rebellion underAlibek-Khadzhi Aldamov Zandakskiy.
4 Feb 1919 - 7 Mar 1920 Grozny occupied by "White" Russian forces.
20 Jan 1921 - 7 Jul 1924 Within the Mountain A.S.S.R. as Chechen National okrug.
30 Nov 1922 Chechen Autonomous oblast (within the Russian S.F.S.R.)
(see under Russian S.F.S.R. admin.).

Turlo Rulers (from 1746, Senior Rulers) of Chechen(Chechen title: Eli, Turkic title: Bek)
1695 � 1708 Muhammad (Bammat) (d. 1708)
1708 � 1728 Amir Hamza (d. 1728)
1728 � 1732 Hasbolat (d. 1732)
1732 � 1746 Aidemir (d. 1746)
1746 � 1757 `Ali Bek (d. 1759)
1757 � 1770 Arslan Bek (1st time) (d. 1784)
1770 � 1771 Ahmad Khan (d. 1771)
1771 � 1775 `Ali Sultan (d. 1775)
1775 � 1784 Arslan Bek (2nd time) (s.a.)
Chief of the People (title Mekhk Da)(referred by the Russians to as Ataman)
1825 � 1830 Bibolat Taimi (b. 1779 � d. 1832)
(from c.1807 supreme commander, title: Bachcha)
Imams in Chechnya
1830 - 1834 "Caucasus" Imams
1834 - Mar 1840 Tashav Haji al-Indiri (b. 1770 - d. 1843)
(= Tashev-Khadzhi Endireyevskiy)
19 Mar 1840 - 6 Sep 1859 "Caucasus" Imam
13 Apr 1877 - 27 Nov 1877 `Ali Bek Haji az-Zandaki (b. 1850 - d. 1878)
(= Alibek-Khadzhi Aldamov Zandakskiy)

Circassia

Flag of Circassia 1830 - 1864

1475 Ottoman rule in Anapa (part of Genoese Gazaria since 1300),
which from 1568 is part of Kefe E yalet (from 1774, Trebizon
E yalet), and claim Circassia.
18 Sep 1739 Russia drops claims (originating in the 16th century) to Circassia
in the Treaty of Belgrade (ratified 5 Nov 1739).
1791 Anapa briefly occupied by Russia (again 1807, 1809-1812, 1828-1829)
14 Sep 1829 Ottomans cede Anapa, and nominal sovereignty over Circassia, to
Russia in the Treaty of Adrianople (ratified 20 Sep 1829). The
Great Assembly (Khase Shkho), representing 12 or 14 tribes of
Circassians (Adyge), begins to meet regularly and proclaims an
independent tribal confederacy (confirmed 1834, 1841, 1848,
and 1856).
1838 Russian rule over the Circassian coastline (Novorossiysk, Tuapse,
Sochi [already in Gelendzik from 1831 and Adler from 1837]).
1842 � 1859 "Caucasus" Imamate governors (naibs), largely independent, rule
varying parts of Circassia and eliminates princely rule.
1855 Russians abandon the Circassiancoastline (except Novorossiysk),
but soon begins re-occupation (Anapa in 1856, Tuapse in 1859,
Sochi in 1864).
1857 Russians found Maykop (Maikop).
1859 � 1864 Circassian tribes surrender to Russia (Temirgoy, Natukhai, and
Besleney in 1860; Abadzekh in 1863; Shapsug and Ubykh in 1864).
13 Jun 1861 A unified Circassian republic ("Circassian Freedom") proclaimed.
18 Mar 1864 Circassians suffer final defeat, the Russian army enters the
Ubykh country.
1864 Russia forces a majority of the Circassians to emigrate to the
the Ottoman Empire.
Senior Rulers of Temirgoy (title Pshi Thamate)(in north-east Circassia)
(claimed precedence among Circassians as 'Rulers of all Rulers' with title: Pshi Pshiguashe)
17.. � 1808 Bezruk Bolotoko (d. 1808)
(Bolotoko family has alternate name Aiteko)
1808 � 1827 Misost Bolotoko (d. 1827)
1827 � 1837 Jambolat Bolotoko (d. 1837)
[last significant Temirgoy ruler, 1830 declares loyalty to Russia]
Wali of Circassia (a senior ruler of Besleney; in south-east Circassia)
1841 � c.1842 Kazbek Kanoko
Naibs of "Caucasus" Imamate for Circassia (based at Abadzekh country, in central Circassia)
May 1842 � 1844 Haji Muhammad (d. 1844)
1845 � 1846 Suleiman Efendi
1848 � 20 Nov 1859 Muhammad Amin (b. 1818 � d. 1899)
Wali of Circassia (in or near Anapa, of Natukhai tribe; mostly in opposition to Imamate)
1855 � 1857 Sefer Bey Zanoko (b. 1789 � d. 1859)
Head of Supreme Council (Majilis)(in or near Sochi, of Ubykh tribe)
1861 � 1864 Haji Kerenduk Dogomuko Berzek (b. 1804 � d. 1881)

Derbent (Derbend)

869 - 1075 Emirate of Derbent.
c.1120 - 1239 Emirate of Derbent (restored).
1538 Part of Persia.
1583 - 1606 Occupied by Ottoman Empire.
1722 Occupied by Russia.
1723 - 1735 Ceded by Persia to Russia, part of the Caspian Provinces (see
under

Azerbaijan). From 1730, a khan is appointed by Russia.
1747 Khanate of Derbent, an Azerbaijani state, nominally subject to
Persia.
1759 - 1806 Vassal of khanate of Quba (Kuba).
1796 - 1797 Occupied by Russia.
1801 - 1802 Under the Russian suzerainty.
1806 Under the Russian suzerainty, the city of Derbent under direct
Russian rule.
1830 State abolished.

Khans
1730 - 1735 Muhammad Husayn Khan (1st time) (b. c.1719 - d. 1768)
(nominal)
1735 - 1747 Persian rule
1747 - 1765 Muhammad Husayn Khan (2nd time) (s.a.)
1765 - 1789 Fath

`Ali Khan (b. 1736 - d. 1789)
(khan of Quba)
1765 - 1789 Tuti Bike (f) -**Regent** (d. 1789)
1789 - 1799 Shaykh `Ali Khan (1st time) (b. 1761 - d. 1820)
(khan of Quba)
1796 - 1797 Periji Khanum (f) -Regent (d. af.1808)
1799 - 1802 Hassan `Ali Khan (d. 1802)
1802 - 1806 Shaykh `Ali Khan (2nd time) (s.a.)
(khan of Quba)
1806 - 1830 Mehti (b. 1760 - d. 1830)
(shamkhal of Tarki)

Kabarda and Dependencies

Kabarda Flag of early 19th cent.

c.1453 Kabardian polity established.
1561 Allied with Russia (swore loyalty to Russia in 1615); by the
middle of the 17th century (until the very end of the 18th
century) Kabarda dominated in varying degree over (North-)
Ossetia, Ingushetia, Balkaria and Karachay.
18 Sep 1739 Independence recognized by the Ottoman Empire (it claimed Kabarda
from 1475) and Russia in the Treaty of Belgrade.
1769 Under the Russian suzerainty (confirmed in 1771), recognized by
the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of K���k Kaynarca 21 Jul 1774.
1803 Vladikavkaz (in present North Ossetia) re-founded by Russia.
1806 - 1828 Subjection to Russia formally accepted by the former Kabardian
dependencies ([North-] Ossetia 1806, Ingushetia 1811,
Balkaria 1827, and Karachay 1828).
1820 - 1829 Karachay disputed between the Ottoman Empire and Russia (in 1820
claimed by the Ottomans as not covered by the 1774 Treaty,
neutrality agreed by Russia in 1826, Russian occupation 1828,
ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Adrianople 14 Sep 1829).
1822 Kabardian polity dissolved and annexed to Russia.

Great Rulers (title Pshi Shkhue) and Walis of Kabarda [elected from 4 families]
c.1695 � 1709 Kurgok Atajuko (d. 1709)
1710 � 1720 Atajuk II Misosto (d. 1720)
1720 � 1732 Islam Bek Misosto (b. c.1660 � d. 1732)
1720 � 1721 Aslan Bek II Kaytuko (1st time) (d. 1746)
(in opposition)
1732 � 1737 Tatar Khan Bekmurza (d. 1737)
1737 � 1746 Aslan Bek II Kaytuko (2nd time) (s.a.)
1747 � 1749 Batok Bekmurza (d. 1749)
1749 � 1762 Muhammad (Bammat) Atajuko (d. 1762)
1762 � 1773 Kasay Atajuko (d. 1773)
1773 � 1785 Jankhot II Bekmurza (d. 1785)
1785 � 1788 Misost II Atajuko (d. 1788)
1788 � 1806 Atajuk III Kaytuko (d. 1806)
(

exiled to Ukraine 1795-1799)
1806 � 1822 Kuchuk Bekmurza (b. 1758 � d. 1830)
Wali of Karachay
1820 - 1828 Islam Biy Krimshaukhal (b. c.1764 - d. af.1834)

Kaytag (Qaytaq)

Flag of regent Ildar Bek c.1831

c.738 Kaytag (Qaytaq), a Lower Dargin state, founded.
1725 - 1735 Under the Russian suzerainty.
1735 - 1738 Subject to Persia.
1742 - 1743 Occupied by Persia.
1806 Under the Russian suzerainty.
1818 - 1819 In rebellion against Russia.
1860 State abolished.
1877 Khanate briefly proclaimed in rebellion.

Khans (also with Dargin style of Utsmi)
1696 - 1706 Amir Hamza I
1706 - 1749 Ahmad Khan III (d. 1749)
1749 - 1787 Amir Hamza II (d. 1787)
1787 - 1792 Ustar Khan (d. 1792)
1792 - 1795

`Ali Bek (d. 1795)
1795 - 1805 Rustam Khan II "Mamay" (d. 1805)
1805 - 1806 `Ali Khan (b. c.1770 - d. 1806)
1806 - 1820 Adil Khan (b. c.1778 - d. 1822)
Regents
1820 - 1826 Amir Hamza Bek (d. 1826)
1826 - 1831 Bey Bala Bek (d. 1831)
1831 - 1836 Ildar Bek (d. 1836)
Khans
1836 - 1857 Muhammad Jamav Bek (d. 1857)
(regent to 1838)
1857 - 1860 Ahmad Khan IV
1877 Mehti Bek (b. 1844 - d. 1877)

Kazi-Kumukh (Qazi-Qumuq)

c.778 Kazi-Kumukh (Qazi-Qumuq), a Lak state, founded.
1642 Tarki state separated, taking along the paramount
Dagestani title of Shamkhal.
1723 - 1734 Vassal of the Ottoman Empire.
1734 - 1736 Occupied by Persia.
1820 Under the Russian suzerainty.
1859 State abolished.
1877 Khanate briefly proclaimed in rebellion.

Khans
1642 - 1700

`Ali Bek (b. 1615 - d. 1700)
1700 - 1741 Surkhay Khan I "Chulaq" (b. 1680 - d. 1748)
(also assumed then vacant title of _Shamkhal_ 1727-1734)
1741 - 1743 Murtuz `Ali Khan (b. 1703 - d. 1743)
1743 - 1789 Muhammad Khan (b. 1712 - d. 1789)
1789 - 1820 Surkhay Khan II "Khun-Butta" (b. 1744 - d. 1827)
1820 - 1836 Aslan Khan (b. 1781 - d. 1836)
1836 Nutsal Agha Khan (b. 1810 - d. 1836)
1836 - 1838 Muhammad Mirza Khan (b. 1815 - d. 1838)
1838 - 1847 `Abd ar-Rahman Khan (b. 1820 - d. 1848)
1838 - 1842 Umi Qulsum Bike (f) -Regent (b. 1780 - d. af.1847)
1847 - 1859 Aglar Khan (b. 1817 - d. 1859)
1877 Ja�far Khan

Kumyk beyliks

1735 Endirey, Aqsay and Kostek, the three northernmost sub-states
of Tarki, remained under the Russian suzerainty, effectively
separated from Tarki.
1746 A confederacy formed, referred to as the Kumyk beyliks by the
Russians, led by senior ruler of Endirey.
1828 Autonomy ended, the remains of three polities became estates
within Russia.

Senior rulers of Endirey (title Ullu Biy)
c.1740 Adil Giray
bf.1743 - 1764 Alish Bek Hamzai (d. 1764)
1764 - af.1782 Temir Hamzai
17.. - 1818 Kara Murza Temiri
1818 - 182. Shefi Bek Temiri

Kyura (Qurah)

c.1356 Kurakh, a Lower Lezgian society, founded, led by elected
Elder (Kavkha).
1788 Kyura (Qurah) khanate founded from Kurakh and several other
societies, a vassal of khanate of Quba (Kuba).
1789 - 1812 Annexed to Kazi-Kumukh.
1812 Khanate re-established under the Russian suzerainty.
1841 - 1842 In pro-Imamate rebellion against Russia (again 1847-1848).
1864 State abolished.
1877 Khanate briefly proclaimed in rebellion.

Khans
1788 - 1789 Shah Mardan Bek (d. 1789)
1789 - 1812 annexed to Kazi-Kumukh
1812 - 1836 Aslan Khan (b. 1781 - d. 1836)
(khan of Kazi-Kumukh)
1836 - 1838 the khans of Kazi-Kumukh
1838 - 1842 Harun Bek (1st time) (d. 1848)
1842 - 1847 Yusuf Bek (1st time) (b. 1806 - d. 1878)
1847 - 1848 Harun Bek (2nd time) (s.a.)
1848 - 1864 Yusuf Bek (2nd time) (s.a.)
1877 Muhammad

`Ali Bek

Mehtuli (Jengutay)

1642 Mehtuli (formally Jengutay, by name of capital), a Kumyk state,
founded (until c.1720 a sub-state of Tarki).
1723 - 1734 Vassal of the Ottoman Empire.
1741 - 1742 Occupied by Persia.
1813 Under the Russian suzerainty.
1818 - 1819 In rebellion against Russia.
1867 State abolished.

Khans
c.17.. Pir Muhammad
bf.1723 - 1735 Mehti III
1735 - 1749 Ahmad Khan II (d. 1797)
1749 - 1773 Mehti IV
1773 - 1807

`Ali Sultan Khan (d. 1807)
1807 - 1819 Hassan Khan (d. 1819)
1819 - 1820 Mehti -Regent (b. 1760 - d. 1830)
(shamkhal of Tarki)
1820 - 1843 Ahmad Khan III (d. 1843)
1843 - 1859 Ibrahim Khan (b. 183. - d. bf.1881)
1843 - 1855 Nukh Bike (f) -Regent (b. 1816 - d. 18..)
1859 - 1867 Rashid Khan (d. 1876)

Tabasaran

c.917 Tabasaran state founded.
c.1570 Upper part of the state ruler by semi-hereditary Qadi.
1722 - 1735 Under the Russian suzerainty.
1806 Under the Russian suzerainty.
1818 - 1819 In rebellion against Russia.
1866 State abolished.

Rulers of Lower Tabasaran (title Maysum)
c.1700 Muhammad

`Ali Bek
c.1722 Rustam
c.1728 Muhammad Bek I
c.1747 Murtuz `Ali
bf.1770 - 1774 Shaykh `Ali Bek (d. 1774)
1774 - 1776 Nowruz Bek (d. 1776)
1774 - 1776 Khanum Bike (f) -**Regent** (d. 1776)
1776 `Ali Quli
1776 - af.1785 Muhammad Husayn Bek
17.. - 1796 Mustafa Bek
1796 - 1802 Sokhrab Bek
1802 - 1806 Muhammad Bek II (1st time)
1806 - 18.. Mustafa Shamkhal Bek
bf.1811 - 1815 Muhammad Bek II (2nd time)
1815 - 1825 Kirkhlar Quli Bek (d. 1831)
Regents
1825 - 1839 Ibrahim Bek Karchagi (d. 1839)
1839 - 1866 Sultan Ahmad Bek

Qadis of Upper Tabasaran
bf.1720 - 1742 Rustam I (b. 1669 - d. 1742)
c.1747 Murtuz

`Ali I
bf.1770 - 1802 Rustam II (d. 1802)
1802 - 1806 `Abd Allah
1806 - 1815 Muhammad Mirza
bf.1818 - af.1829 Mustafa
c.1831 Murtuz `Ali II
18.. - 1845 Shah Mardan
1845 - 1851 Isma�il Bek Maragi
1851 - 18.. Rustam Bek Aydi
18.. - 1866 Ildar Bek Aydi

Tarki

Flag of Shamkhal Umalat III c.1831

1642 Tarki, a Kumyk state, separated from Kazi-Kumukh, taking along
the paramount Dagestani title of Shamkhal, formerly a
sub-state of Kazi-Kumukh.
1717 Under the Russian suzerainty (confirmed in 1720).
1723 - 1735 Ceded by Persia to Russia, part of the Caspian Provinces (see
underAzerbaijan).
1725 - 1734 Annexed to Russia, state abolished.
1735 - 1742 Under the Persian suzerainty, rulers of Tarki recognized by
Persia (later also by Russia) as paramount rulers of Dagestan
with style of Wali of Dagestan.
1745 - 1747 Again under the Persian suzerainty.
1786 Under the Russian suzerainty (confirmed in 1797).
1831 Brief pro-Imamate rebellion against Russia (again in 1843).
1867 State abolished.
Shamkhals of Tarki, (1735-1860) Wali of Dagestan and (from 1849) Princes Tarkovskiy
1667 - 1704 Buday II (d. 1704)
1704 - 1717 Adil Giray II (1st time) (d. 1731)
1717 - 1719 Umalat II
1719 - 1725 Adil Giray II (2nd time) (s.a.)
1725 - 1734 Russian rule
1734 - 1735 Hasbolat (1st time) (d. 1765)
1735 - 1736 Ildar III (1st time) (d. af.1765)
1736 - 1745 Hasbolat (2nd time) (s.a.)
1745 - 1747 Ildar III (2nd time) (s.a.)
1747 - 1765 Hasbolat (3rd time) (s.a.)
1765 Mehti I "Shirdanchi"
1765 Muhammad I "Tishsiz" (d. 1774)
1765 - 1784 Murtuz `Ali (d. 1784)
1784 - 1794 Muhammad II (b. c.1739 - d. 1794)
1794 - 1830 Mehti II (b. 1760 - d. 1830)
1830 - 1836 Sulaiman (b. 1794 - d. 1836)
1831 Umalat III (d. 1832)
(in opposition)
1836 - 1860 Abu Muslim (b. 1797 - d. 1860)
1843 Muhammad III
(in opposition)
1860 - 1867 Shams ad-Din (b. 1818 - d. 1874)

Don Cossack Host

Flag adopted 1706 (one of many)

c.1549 Don Cossack Host recorded for the first time, ruled by an elected
Ataman.
1570 Formally accepted suzerainty of the Russian Tsar.
1617 - 1708 All-Great Don Cossack Host.
1708 Cossack rebellion, led by Ataman Bulavin.
1708 - 1721 Autonomy effectively ended by Russia (1708 the Host included in
the Azov governorate; 1721 ceased to be treated by Russia through
the Collegiate of Foreign Affairs, Ataman becomes an appointed
position in 1723).
21 Jul 1774 Azov ceded to Russia by the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of K���k
Kaynarca (annexed 1471 from Genoese Gazaria; under the Russian
and Don Cossack occupations 1696-1711, 1736-39, 1769-74).
1786 Country (Zemlya) of the Don Host.
1870 Province (oblast) of the Don Host.
7 Nov 1917 - 8 Jan 1920 Don Cossack Host assumes supreme authority in the Don Host o blast
(see under Russian Civil War Polities).

Atamans of the Don Cossack Host
1699 - 1701 Ilya Grigoryevich Zershchikov (d. 1709)
(1st time)
1701 - 1703 Lukyan Maksimovich Maksimov (d. 1708)
(1st time)
1703 - 1705 Yakim Filipyevich Filipyev
1705 - 1706 Ilya Grigoryevich Zershchikov (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1706 - 1708 Lukyan Maksimovich Maksimov (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1708 Kondratiy Afanasyevich Bulavin (b. c.1660 - d. 1708)
1708 Ilya Grigoryevich Zershchikov (s.a.)
(3rd time)
1708 - 1715 Pyotr Yemelyanovich Ramazanov (d. 1715)
(appointed by Tsar for life 1709)
1715 - 1716 Mikhail Kumshatskiy
1716 - 1717 Maksim Frolovich Frolov
1717 - 1723 Vasiliy Frolovich Frolov (d. 1723)
(appointed by Tsar for life in 1718)
1723 Ivan Matveyevich Krasnoshchekov (b. 1672 - d. 1742)
1723 - 1917 Russian appointed Atamans

Ural Cossack Host: see under Kazakhstan

Wrangel Island

1707 First appears on Russian maps.
1764 First recorded sighting by Russians, later named Tikegen.
14 Aug 1867 Named Wrangel Island, after Russian Admiral Ferdinand Vrangel', by
American Capt. Thomas Long (d. 1867) aboard the U.S. whaling
ship_Nile_.
12 Aug 1881 First landed on and claimed for the United States by Capt. Calvin
LeightonHooper (b. 1842 - d. 1900) on U.S. Revenue Cutter Thomas Corwin.
23 Aug 1881 USS Rodgers, commanded by Lieut. Robert Mallory Berry (b. 1846 -
1929), landed a party that stayed about two weeks and conducted
an extensive survey of the southern coast.
15 Sep 1911 Landed on and formally claimed for Russia by Capt. Konstantin
Vladimirovich Loman (b. 1880 - d. 1917) on board_Vaygach_.
12 Mar 1914 - 7 Sep 1914 Survivors of the Canadian ship Karluk under Capt. Robert Bartlett
(b. 1875 - d. 1946) stay on the island.
20 Sep 1916 Formally annexed by Russia (annexation reaffirmed by Soviet Union
on 15 Apr 1926).
16 Sep 1921 Settled and claimed for Canada by team of the Canadian expedition
(new party arrived 19 Aug 1923), however the claim is not
formally recognized by Canada.
20 Aug 1924 Settlers are removed by a Soviet ship.
14 Aug 1926 Permanent Soviet settlement founded.
10 Dec 1930 Part of the Chukotka (Chukchi) national okrug (from 1977, autonomous
okrug)(see Russian S.F.S.R. Divisions).
23 Mar 1976 Natural Complex of Wrangel Island Reserve established, including
the Herald Islands
15 Dec 1997 Russian expanded the marine reserve out to 12 nautical miles. On
25 May 1999 Chukotka regional decree expands the protected water area to 24
nautical miles around Wrangel and Herald Islands.
7 Jul 2004 Added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites (as Natural
System of Wrangel Island Reserve).

Chiefs of settlement
16 Sep 1921 � 28 Jan 1923 Allan R. Crawford (b. c.1900 - d. 1923)
19 Aug 1923 � 20 Aug 1924 Charles Wells (d. 1924)

� Ben Cahoon