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Andean Past by Charles R Ortloff

by Dan Sandweiss, Monica Barnes, David Fleming, Ruth Anne Phillips, Inge Maria Harman, Victor M Ponte, Greg Lockard, Ana Nieves, Charles R Ortloff, Juan Bautista Leoni, Leonor Adán Alfaro, natali Lopez aldave, and Lee Hollowell

This volume contains the following articles, research reports, and obituaries: "John Victor Murra... more This volume contains the following articles, research reports, and obituaries: "John Victor Murra (August 24, 1916 - October 16, 2006): An Interpretative Biography" by Monica Barnes with a "Bibliography of Works by and about John Victor Murra" by David Block and Monica Barnes; "Introduction to John Victor Murra: A Mentor to Women" by Heather Lechtman and Freda Yancy Wolf de Romero; "Anthropology is My Village" by Heather Lechtman; "Mentors as Intellectual Parents" by Freda Yancy Wolf de Romero; "an Extraordinary Teacher Who Taught All the Time" by Patricia Netherly; "Kicking Off a New Perspective in Ethnohistory" by Ana Maria Lorandi; "The Ability to Bestow Confidence and Stimulate New Ideas" by Victoria Castro; "The Green Pachwork Paper" by Rolena Adorno; "Do Anthropology the Way Poets Write Poetry" by Inge Maria Harman; "Eight Thousand Solutions to the Same Problem" by Silvia Palomeque; "Kinsmen Resurrected: John Victor Murra and the History of Anthropology" by Frank Solomon; "Costanza Di Capua Di Capua (December 17, 1912 - May 5, 2008) by Karen Olsen Bruhns; "Reconstruction of the Burial Offering at Punkuri in the Nepena Valley of Peru's North-central Coast" by Victor Falcon Huayta; "An Analysis of the Isabellita Rock Engraving and Its Archaeological Context, Callejon de Huaylas, Peru" by Victor Manuel Ponte R.; "Strange Harvest: A Discussion of Sacrifice and Missing Body Parts on the North Coast of Peru" by Catherine M. Gaither, Jonathan Bethard, Jonathan Kent, Victor Vasquez Sanchez, Teresa Rosales Tham, and Richard Busch; "A Design Analysis of Moche Fineline Sherds from the Archaeological Site of Galindo, Moche Valley, Peru" by Gregory D. Lockard; "More than Meets the Eye: A Study of Signs in Nasca Art" by Ana Nieves; "Early Cotton Network Knotted in Colored Patterns" by Grace Katterman; "Climate, Agricultural Strategies, and Sustainability in the Pre-Columbian Andes" by Charles R. Ortloff and Michael E. Moseley; "Experiences with the Institute of Andean Research 1941-42 and 1946" by Gordon R. Willey with an "Introduction" by Richard Daggett; "Archaeological Investigations at Antumpa (Jujuy): Contributions to the Characterization of the Early Ceramic Period in the Huamahuaca Region" by Juan B. Leoni; "San Pedro de Atacama" by Carolina Aguero, Muricio Uribe, and Carlos Carraso; "Tarapaca Region" by Mauricio Uribe, Leonor Adan, Carolina Aguero, Cora Moragas, and Flora Viches; "New Archaeological and Rock Art Projects in Bolivia" by Matthias Strecker, Freddy Taboada, and Claudia Rivera; "Exchange at Chavin de Huantar: Insights from Shell Data" by Matthew P. Sayre and Luisa Lopez Aldave; "La Forteleza at Ollantaytambo" by J. Lee Hollowell.

Papers by Charles R Ortloff

Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences, 2009

Between ≈5,800 and 3,600 cal B.P. the biggest architectural monuments and largest settlements in ... more Between ≈5,800 and 3,600 cal B.P. the biggest architectural monuments and largest settlements in the Western Hemisphere flourished in the Supe Valley and adjacent desert drainages of the arid Peruvian coast. Intensive net fishing, irrigated orchards, and fields of cotton with scant comestibles successfully sustained centuries of increasingly complex societies that did not use ceramics or loom-based weaving. This unique socioeconomic adaptation was abruptly abandoned and gradually replaced by societies more reliant on food crops, pottery, and weaving. Here, we review evidence and arguments for a severe cycle of natural disasters—earthquakes, El Niño flooding, beach ridge formation, and sand dune incursion—at ≈3,800 B.P. and hypothesize that ensuing physical changes to marine and terrestrial environments contributed to the demise of early Supe settlements.

Journal of Archaeological Science, 1989

Raised field systems of agriculture in seasonally or perennially inundated landscapes have receiv... more Raised field systems of agriculture in seasonally or perennially inundated landscapes have received increasing attention from scholars involved in the analysis of prehistoric agricultural intensification in the New World. This paper discusses the morphology and function of raised fields associated with the Tiwanaku civilization on the southern rim of Lake Titicaca in Bolivia. The thermal properties, and specifically, the heat storage capacity of raised fields in this high altitude environment are analysed by means of an ANSYS finite element computer model. The analysis concludes that enhanced heat storage capacity was an essential design element of raised field agriculture in the Andean altiplano, and that this thermal effect served to mitigate the chronic hazard of frost damage to maturing crops in this rigorous environment. An experimental verification of this conclusion based on the performance of reconstructed raised fields subjected to severe sub-freezing conditions is briefly described.

The 300 BCE- CE 1100 precolumbian site of Tiwanaku located on the high altiplano of Bolivia demon... more The 300 BCE- CE 1100 precolumbian site of Tiwanaku located on the high altiplano of Bolivia demonstrated an advanced use of hydrologic and hydraulic science for urban and agricultural applications that is unique in the Andean world. From recently discovered aerial photos taken of the site in the 1930’s, new perspectives of the water system of the ancient city, beyond previous interpretations of a major drainage canal as a dividing ‘moat’ between ceremonial and secular parts of the city, are now possible from new discoveries of a network of water channels not previously known. Surrounding the ceremonial core structures of urban Tiwanaku was a large encompassing drainage canal that served as the linchpin of an intricate network of spring-fed supply and drainage channels to control both surface and groundwater aquifer flows. The drainage canal served to: (1) collect and drain off rainfall runoff into the nearby Tiwanaku River to limit flood damage; (2) accelerate post-rainy season ground drying by collecting aquifer seepage from infiltrated rainwater into the drainage canal to promote health benefits for the city’s population; (3) provide water from a newly discovered spring-fed channel to two subterranean channels to flush human waste from elite structures to the nearby Tiwanaku River, (4) maintain the groundwater level constant through both rainy and dry seasons to stabilize the foundation soil underneath massive pyramid structures to limit structural deformation; (5) facilitate rainy season water accumulation drainage from the floor of a semi-subterranean temple into the stabilized, groundwater layer to rapidly dry the temple floor and (6) provide drainage water to inner city agricultural zones. The sophistication of the water control network in Tiwanaku city is analyzed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of transient surface and groundwater aquifer flows to illustrate the function of the drainage canal in both rainy and dry seasons.

Determining the cognitive ability of ancient civilizations to conceptualize, design and... more Determining the cognitive ability of ancient civilizations to conceptualize, design and build water supply systems for agricultural use is examined through mathematical models that predict the optimum use of land, water, labor and technology resources to maximize food production. From the archaeological record of agricultural systems used by several precolumbian societies of ancient Peru and Bolivia, knowledge of agricultural system configurations permits comparison of actual to theoretically optimum agricultural systems. This comparison permits evaluation of the agro-engineering knowledge achieved by societies subject to different ecological conditions and provides insight into their technical achievements produced by evolutionary trial-and-error empirical observation of system improvements and/or engineering foresight to conceptualize an optimum design and put it into use. Use of a basic equation derived from similitude methods provides the basis to replicate the thought process and logical decision making of ancient agricultural engineers albeit in a format different from western science notational conventions. Examples of agricultural system designs from coastal Peru canal-supplied (900-1450 AD) Chimu irrigation systems, groundwater based raised -field agricultural systems of the (300 BC- 1100 AD) Tiwanaku society of Bolivia and later (1400-1532 AD) Inka terrace systems are used to illustrate conclusions derived from a first application of similitude methods to archaeological analysis.

Journal of Waste Water Treatment & Analysis, 2014

Offshore Technology Conference, 1997

The attenuation of a blast wave passing through a layer of bubbly water is investigated under ass... more The attenuation of a blast wave passing through a layer of bubbly water is investigated under assumptions that permit an acoustic analysis. The presence of a small amount of air in water reduces the speed of sound drastically, often two orders of magnitude. For example, it is found that in a mixture of air and water at STP, the speed of sound is between 100 and 170 ft/ sec for an air to mixture volume ratio of 5 to 15 percent. It is shown that this phenomenon can be used to harden underwater structures to fairly sizable compression waves (or nearly equal to 5000 psi) and to produce a possible order of magnitude reduction in the overpressure for a single bubble layer. Further attenuation may then be obtained by a sequence of bubble layers.

Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences, 2009

Journal of Archaeological Science, 1989

Journal of Waste Water Treatment & Analysis, 2014

Offshore Technology Conference, 1997

2011 27th Annual IEEE Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium, 2011

Spray cooling of high temperature surfaces subject to large internal heat generation is analyzed ... more Spray cooling of high temperature surfaces subject to large internal heat generation is analyzed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods to determine heat transfer coefficients and the micro-physical details of coolant dropletheated surface interactions governed by evaporative processes. A high speed, high magnification digital camera (6000 frames/sec) is used to provide test data for micron scale spray droplet size distribution and droplet velocity from a spray nozzle for different supply pressures for HFE 7100 and water coolants. Droplet test data are then applied to construct FLOW-3D CFD models [1] of numerous translating spherical droplets impacting a heated surface with internal volume heat generation and the transient, free-surface fluid dynamics and heat transfer processes computed. Transient, expanding/collapsing, chaotic coolant vapor regions generated by evaporative processes during successive multiple droplet impacts on flat and roughened surfaces sustaining large heat fluxes (from 30 to 300 W/cm 2 ) are generated from the CFD solutions and shown to reproduce qualitative phase transition features observed from test photography. A computer program is provided to calculate heat transfer coefficients for different combinations of coolant droplet size, droplet velocity, droplet spatial distribution in nozzle sprays, heat flux magnitude, evaporation temperature and coolant flow rate incorporating the thermophysical coolant and wall properties for both flat and surface roughness cases. CFD results for a wide variety of droplet sizes, translation velocities, magnitudes of heat flux for flat and surface roughness patterns, coolant flow rates, coolant types and prescribed wall surface temperatures are used to provide physical insights into best ways to achieve maximum spray cooling heat transfer coefficients and avoid surface flooding and dry spotting. Use of high speed photographic micro-details of droplet impingement and evaporation structures on heated walls is made to qualitatively substantiate the CFD methodology by comparison of computed to test observations.

Examination of three of Petra’s water conveyance pipeline systems ( Siq, Wadi Mataha, Ain Braq) l... more Examination of three of Petra’s water conveyance pipeline systems ( Siq, Wadi Mataha, Ain Braq) leading water to Petra's urban core using Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) analysis permits discovery of the rationale behind
design selections utilized by their hydraulic engineers. Solution of fluid dynamics equations through CFD
finite-difference means (Flow Science 2016) permits calculation of internal pipeline water flow patterns associated with the three distinct hydraulic pipeline structures for different design options to reveals hydraulic phenomena within pipelines that would be familiar to Nabataean engineers from past experience to guide
their ultimate pipeline design/selection process to avoid system failures. Many of the pipeline systems are designed to maximize flow rate, eliminate leakage at pipeline segment joints and produce stable flows while matching the output of their spring sources, .CFD results
demonstrating flow patterns within pipelines show what Nabataean hydraulic engineers intended (or avoided) in
their hydraulic designs and permits insight into their civil
engineering knowledge base.