Exercise-induced muscle damage: mechanism, assessment and nutritional factors to accelerate recovery (original ) (raw )
Abbott BC, Bigland B, Ritchie JM (1952) The physiological cost of negative work. J Physiol 117:380–390. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004755 Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Aben HGJ, Hills SP, Higgins D et al (2020) The reliability of neuromuscular and perceptual measures used to profile recovery, and the time-course of such responses following academy rugby league match-play. Sports 8:73. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8050073 Article PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ahtiainen JP, Häkkinen K (2009) Strength athletes are capable to produce greater muscle activation and neural fatigue during high-intensity resistance exercise than nonathletes. J Strength Cond Res 23:1129–1134. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181aa1b72 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Allen J, Sun Y, Woods JA (2015) Exercise and the regulation of inflammatory responses. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 135:337–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.003 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Allen TJ, Jones T, Tsay A et al (2018) Muscle damage produced by isometric contractions in human elbow flexors. J Appl Physiol 124:388–399. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00535.2017 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Anderson EJ, Neufer PD (2006) Type II skeletal myofibers possess unique properties that potentiate mitochondrial H2O2 generation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00402.2005 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Andersson H, Raastad T, Nilsson J et al (2008) Neuromuscular fatigue and recovery in elite female soccer: effects of active recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc 40:372–380. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31815b8497 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Arent SM, Senso M, Golem DL, McKeever KH (2010) The effects of theaflavin-enriched black tea extract on muscle soreness, oxidative stress, inflammation, and endocrine responses to acute anaerobic interval training: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-7-11 Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Arnhold J, Flemmig J (2010) Human myeloperoxidase in innate and acquired immunity. Arch Biochem Biophys 500:92–106CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Arroyo E, Jajtner AR (2019) Vitamins and minerals. In: Dietary supplementation in sport and exercise. Routledge, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. |Includes bibliographical references and index, pp 22–46
Arroyo E, Wells AJ, Gordon JA et al (2017) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and soluble TNF-alpha receptor responses in young vs. middle-aged males following eccentric exercise. Exp Gerontol 100:28–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2017.10.012 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Assumpção C de O, Lima LCR, Oliveira FBD et al (2013) Exercise-induced muscle damage and running economy in humans. Sci World J vol.2013.
Baird MF, Graham SM, Baker JS et al (2012) Creatine-kinase-and exercise-related muscle damage implications for muscle performance and recovery. J Nutr Metab 2012:13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/960363 Article Google Scholar
Bartolomei S, Sadres E, Church DD et al (2017) Comparison of the recovery response from high-intensity and high-volume resistance exercise in trained men. Eur J Appl Physiol 117:1287–1298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3598-9 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bartolomei S, Totti V, Griggio F et al (2019a) Upper-body resistance exercise reduces time to recover after a high-volume bench press protocol in resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002960
Bartolomei S, Totti V, Nigro F et al (2019b) A comparison between the recovery responses following an eccentrically loaded bench press protocol vs. regular loading in highly trained men. J Hum Kinet 68:59–67. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0056 Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Baumert P, Lake MJ, Stewart CE et al (2016) Genetic variation and exercise-induced muscle damage: implications for athletic performance, injury and ageing. Eur J Appl Physiol 116:1595–1625PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Beaven CM, Willis SJ, Cook CJ, Holmberg H-C (2014) Physiological comparison of concentric and eccentric arm cycling in males and females. PLoS One 9:e112079. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112079 Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Behm DG, Button DC, Barbour G et al (2004) Conflicting effects of fatigue and potentiation on voluntary force. J Strength Cond Res 18:365–372. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-12982.1 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Berry DB, You S, Warner J et al (2017) A 3D tissue-printing approach for validation of diffusion tensor imaging in skeletal muscle. Tissue Eng Part A 23:980–988. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0438 Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bessa AL, Oliveira VN, Agostini G et al (2016) Exercise intensity and recovery. J Strength Cond Res 30:311–319. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31828f1ee9 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Beyer KS, Stout JR, Fukuda DH et al (2017) Impact of polyphenol supplementation on acute and chronic response to resistance training. J Strength Cond Res 31:2945–2954. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002104 Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Biglands JD, Grainger AJ, Robinson P et al (2020) MRI in acute muscle tears in athletes: can quantitative T2 and DTI predict return to play better than visual assessment? Eur Radiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06999-z Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Black CD, Dobson RM (2013) Prior eccentric exercise augments muscle pain and perception of effort during cycling exercise. Clin J Pain 29:443–449. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318262ddfe Article PubMed Google Scholar
Bloomer RJ, Goldfarb AH, Wideman L et al (2005) Effects of acute aerobic and anaerobic exercise on blood markers of oxidative stress. J Strength Cond Res 19:276. https://doi.org/10.1519/14823.1 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Bloomer R, Schriefer J, Gunnels T et al (2018) Nutrient intake and physical exercise significantly impact physical performance, body composition, blood lipids, oxidative stress, and inflammation in male rats. Nutrients 10:1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10081109 Article CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
Boirie Y, Dangin M, Gachon P et al (1997) Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:14930–14935. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.26.14930 Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Boldyrev A, Bulygina E, Leinsoo T et al (2004) Protection of neuronal cells against reactive oxygen species by carnosine and related compounds. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 137:81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2003.10.008 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Boldyrev AA, Stvolinsky SL, Fedorova TN, Suslina ZA (2010) Carnosine as a natural antioxidant and geroprotector: From molecular mechanisms to clinical trials. Rejuvenation Res 13:156–158. https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2009.0923 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Boldyrev AA, Aldini G, Derave W (2013) Physiology and pathophysiology of carnosine. Physiol Rev 93:1803–1845. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00039.2012 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bowtell JL, Sumners DP, Dyer A et al (2011) Montmorency cherry juice reduces muscle damage caused by intensive strength exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43:1544–1551CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Boychuk KE, Lanovaz JL, Krentz JR et al (2016) Creatine supplementation does not alter neuromuscular recovery after eccentric exercise. Muscle Nerve 54:487–495. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.25091 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Braun WA, Dutto DJ (2003) The effects of a single bout of downhill running and ensuing delayed onset of muscle soreness on running economy performed 48 h later. Eur J Appl Physiol 90:29–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003-0857-8 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Burd NA, Yang Y, Moore DR et al (2012) Greater stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis with ingestion of whey protein isolate v. micellar casein at rest and after resistance exercise in elderly men. Br J Nutr 108:958–962. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511006271 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Burt DG, Twist C (2011) The effects of exercise-induced muscle damage on cycling time-trial performance. J Strength Cond Res 25:2185–2192. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e86148 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Byrne C, Eston R (2002) The effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on isometric and dynamic knee extensor strength and vertical jump performance. J Sports Sci 20:417–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404102317366672 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Byrne C, Eston RG, Edwards RHT (2001) Characteristics of isometric and dynamic strength loss following eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. Scand J Med Sci Sports 11:134–140. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4725.2001.110302.x Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Byrne C, Twist C, Eston R (2004) Neuromuscular function after exercise-induced muscle damage: theoretical and applied implications. Sport Med 34:49–69 Google Scholar
Castiglioni A, Corna G, Rigamonti E et al (2015) FOXP3+ T cells recruited to sites of sterile skeletal muscle injury regulate the fate of satellite cells and guide effective tissue regeneration. PLoS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128094 Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chazaud B (2016) Inflammation during skeletal muscle regeneration and tissue remodeling: application to exercise-induced muscle damage management. Immunol Cell Biol 94:140–145CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chen TC, Nosaka K, Tu JH (2007) Changes in running economy following downhill running. J Sports Sci 25:55–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410600718228 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Chen TC, Nosaka K, Wu CC (2008) Effects of a 30-min running performed daily after downhill running on recovery of muscle function and running economy. J Sci Med Sport 11:271–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2007.02.015 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Chen TC, Nosaka K, Lin M-J et al (2009) Changes in running economy at different intensities following downhill running. J Sports Sci 27:1137–1144. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903062027 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Chung HY, Cesari M, Anton S et al (2009) Molecular inflammation: underpinnings of aging and age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 8:18–30CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Clarkson PM (1997) Eccentric exercise and muscle damage. Int J Sport Med Suppl. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-972741 Article Google Scholar
Clarkson P, Dedrick M (1988) Exercise-induced muscle damage, repair, and adaptation in old and young subjects. J Gerontol 43:M91–M96. https://doi.org/10.1093/GERONJ/43.4.M91 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Clarkson PM, Hubal MJ (2001) Are women less susceptible to exercise-induced muscle damage? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 4:527–531CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Clarkson PM, Hubal MJ (2002) Exercise-induced muscle damage in humans. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 81:S52–S69PubMed Google Scholar
Clarkson PM, Nosaka K, Braun B (1992) Muscle function after exercise-induced muscle damage and rapid adaptation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 24:512–520. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199205000-00004 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cooke MB, Rybalka E, Williams AD et al (2009) Creatine supplementation enhances muscle force recovery after eccentrically-induced muscle damage in healthy individuals. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 6:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-6-13 Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cooke MB, Rybalka E, Stathis CG et al (2010) Whey protein isolate attenuates strength decline after eccentrically-induced muscle damage in healthy individuals. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 7:30. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-7-30 Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Craddock JC, Neale EP, Peoples GE, Probst YC (2020) Plant-based eating patterns and endurance performance: a focus on inflammation, oxidative stress and immune responses. Nutr Bull 45:123–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12427 Article Google Scholar
Cribb PJ, Hayes A (2006) Effects of supplement timing and resistance exercise on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38:1918–1925. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000233790.08788.3e Article PubMed Google Scholar
Damas F, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C (2018) The development of skeletal muscle hypertrophy through resistance training: the role of muscle damage and muscle protein synthesis. Eur J Appl Physiol 118:485–500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3792-9 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Dannecker EA, Hausenblas HA, Kaminski TW, Robinson ME (2005) Sex differences in delayed onset muscle pain. Clin J Pain 21:120–126PubMed Google Scholar
Dannecker EA, Liu Y, Rector RS et al (2012) Sex differences in exercise-induced muscle pain and muscle damage. J Pain 13:1242–1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2012.09.014 Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dartnall TJ, Nordstrom MA, Semmler JG (2008) Motor unit synchronization is increased in biceps brachii after exercise-induced damage to elbow flexor muscles. J Neurophysiol 99:1008–1019. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00686.2007 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Davies RW, Carson BP, Jakeman PM (2018) Sex differences in the temporal recovery of neuromuscular function following resistance training in resistance trained menand women 18–35 years. Front Physiol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01480 Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Del Valle A, Thomas CK (2005) Firing rates of motor units during strong dynamic contractions. Muscle Nerve 32:316–325. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.20371 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Deminice R, Rosa FT, Franco GS et al (2013) Effects of creatine supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers after repeated-sprint exercise in humans. Nutrition 29:1127–1132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2013.03.003 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Dinarello CA (2000) Proinflammatory cytokines. Chest 118:503–508. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.118.2.503 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Douglas J, Pearson S, Ross A, McGuigan M (2017) Eccentric exercise: physiological characteristics and acute responses. Sport Med 47:663–675 Google Scholar
Enns DL, Tiidus PM (2010) The influence of estrogen on skeletal muscle sex matters. Sport Med 40:41–58 Google Scholar
Enoka RM (1996) Eccentric contractions require unique activation strategies by the nervous system. J Appl Physiol 81:2339–2346CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Eston RG, Finney S, Baker S, Baltzopoulos V (1996) Muscle tenderness and peak torque changes after downhill running following a prior bout of isokinetic eccentric exercise. J Sports Sci 14:291–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640419608727714 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Fatouros IG, Jamurtas AZ (2016) Insights into the molecular etiology of exercise-induced inflammation: Opportunities for optimizing performance. J Inflamm Res 9:175–186PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Faulkner J, Brooks S, Opiteck J (1993) Injury to skeletal muscle fibers during contractions: conditions of occurrence and prevention. Phys Ther 73:911–921CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Féasson L, Stockholm D, Freyssenet D et al (2002) Molecular adaptations of neuromuscular disease-associated proteins in response to eccentric exercise in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 543:297–306PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Febbraio MA, Pedersen BK (2002) Muscle-derived interleukin-6: mechanisms for activation and possible biological roles. FASEB J 16:1335–2131. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.01-0876rev Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Fehrenbach E, Schneider ME (2006) Trauma-induced systemic inflammatory response versus exercise-induced immunomodulatory effects. Sport Med 36:373–384. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200636050-00001 Article Google Scholar
Ferreira DV, Gentil P, Ferreira-Junior JB et al (2017a) Dissociated time course between peak torque and total work recovery following bench press training in resistance trained men. Physiol Behav 179:143–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.06.001 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ferreira DV, Gentil P, Soares SRS, Bottaro M (2017b) Recovery of pectoralis major and triceps brachii after bench press exercise. Muscle Nerve 56:963–967. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.25541 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Fillingim RB, Maixner W (1995) Gender differences in the responses to noxious stimuli. Pain Forum 4:209–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1082-3174(11)80022-x Article Google Scholar
Flann KL, LaStayo PC, McClain DA et al (2011) Muscle damage and muscle remodeling: no pain, no gain? J Exp Biol 214:674LP-679LP. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.050112 Article Google Scholar
Flores DF, Gentil P, Brown LE et al (2011) Dissociated time course of recovery between genders after resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 25:3039–3044. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318212dea4 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Fournier PA, Bräu L, Ferreira LB et al (2002) Glycogen resynthesis in the absence of food ingestion during recovery from moderate or high intensity physical activity: novel insights from rat and human studies. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 133:755–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00254-4 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Friden J, Sjostrom M, Ekblom B (1983) Myofibrillar damage following intense eccentric exercise in man. Int J Sports Med 4:170–176. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1026030 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Froeling M, Oudeman J, Strijkers GJ et al (2015) Muscle changes detected with diffusion-tensor imaging after long-distance running. Radiology 274:548–562. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.14140702 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Fulco CS, Rock PB, Muza SR et al (1999) Slower fatigue and faster recovery of the adductor pollicis muscle in women matched for strength with men. Acta Physiol Scand 167:233–239. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-201X.1999.00613.x Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gepner Y, Hoffman JR, Shemesh E et al (2017) Combined effect of Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 and HMB supplementation on muscle integrity and cytokine response during intense military training. J Appl Physiol 123:11–18. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01116.2016 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gibala MJ, MacDougall JD, Tarnopolsky MA et al (1995) Changes in human skeletal muscle ultrastructure and force production after acute resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol 78:702–708. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.78.2.702 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gonzalez AM, Stout JR, Jajtner AR et al (2014) Effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid and cold water immersion on post-exercise markers of muscle damage. Amino Acids 46:1501–1511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-014-1722-2 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gonzalez AM, Hoffman JR, Stout JR et al (2016) Intramuscular anabolic signaling and endocrine response following resistance exercise: implications for muscle hypertrophy. Sport Med 46:671–685 Google Scholar
Gordon JA, Hoffman JR, Arroyo E et al (2017) Comparisons in the recovery response from resistance exercise between young and middle-aged men. J Strength Cond Res 31:3454–3462. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002219 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Goto K, Ishii N, Kizuka T et al (2009) Hormonal and metabolic responses to slow movement resistance exercise with different durations of concentric and eccentric actions. Eur J Appl Physiol 106:731–739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1075-9 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hackney AC, Kallman AL, Aǧgön E (2019) Female sex hormones and the recovery from exercise: menstrual cycle phase affects responses. Biomed Hum Kinet 11:87–89. https://doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2019-0011 Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hakkinen K (1993) Neuromuscular fatigue and recovery in male and female athletes during heavy resistance exercise. Int J Sports Med 14:53–59. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1021146 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hamill J, Freedson PS, Clarkson PM, Braun B (1991) Muscle soreness during running: biomechanical and physiological considerations. Int J Sport Biomech 7:125–137 Google Scholar
Harris RC, Tallon MJ, Dunnett M et al (2006) The absorption of orally supplied β-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis. Amino Acids 30:279–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-006-0299-9 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Harvey KL, Holcomb LE, Kolwicz SC (2019) Ketogenic diets and exercise performance. Nutrients 11:2296CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hatzikotoulas K, Siatras T, Spyropoulou E et al (2004) Muscle fatigue and electromyographic changes are not different in women and men matched for strength. Eur J Appl Physiol 92:298–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1095-4 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Hayashi K, Leary ME, Roy SJ et al (2019) Recovery from strenuous downhill running in young and older physically active adults. Int J Sports Med 40:696–703. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0951-0017 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Heymsfield SB, Arteaga C, McManus CM et al (1983) Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine method. Am J Clin Nutr 37:478–494. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/37.3.478 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Highton JM, Twist C, Eston RG (2009) The effects of exercise-induced muscle damage on agility and sprint running performance. J Exerc Sci Fit 7:24–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1728-869X(09)60004-6 Article Google Scholar
Hill EC, Housh TJ, Keller JL et al (2018) Early phase adaptations in muscle strength and hypertrophy as a result of low-intensity blood flow restriction resistance training. Eur J Appl Physiol 118:1831–1843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-018-3918-8 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Hody S, Croisier J-L, Bury T et al (2019) Eccentric muscle contractions: risks and benefits. Front Physiol 10:536. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00536 Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hoffman JR (2016) Creatine and β-alanine supplementation in srtength/power athletes. Curr Top Nutraceuticals Res 8:19–32 Google Scholar
Hoffman JR (2019) Dietary supplementation in sport and exercise evidence safety and ergogenic benefits. Routledge, London Google Scholar
Hoffman JR, Falvo MJ (2004) Protein—which is best? J Sport Sci Med 3:118–130 Google Scholar
Hoffman JR, Nusse V, Kang J (2003) The effect of an intercollegiate soccer game on maximal power performance. Can J Appl Physiol 28:807–817. https://doi.org/10.1139/h03-060 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Kang J et al (2007) Effects of protein supplementation on muscular performance and resting hormonal changes in college football players. J Sport Sci Med 6:85–92 Google Scholar
Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Tranchina CP et al (2010) Effect of a proprietary protein supplement on recovery indices following resistance exercise in strength/power athletes. Amino Acids 38:771–778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-009-0283-2 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hoffman JR, Ostfeld I, Stout JR et al (2015) β-alanine supplemented diets enhance behavioral resilience to stress exposure in an animal model of PTSD. Amino Acids 47:1247–1257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-015-1952-y Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hoffman JR, Gepner Y, Stout JR et al (2016) β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate attenuates cytokine response during sustained military training. Nutr Res 36:553–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2016.02.006 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hoffman JR, Zuckerman A, Ram O et al (2017) Behavioral and inflammatory response in animals exposed to a low-pressure blast wave and supplemented with β-alanine. Amino Acids 49:871–886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-017-2383-8 Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hoffman JR, Varanoske A, Stout JR (2018) Effects of β-alanine supplementation on carnosine elevation and physiological performance. In: Toldra F, Advances in food and nutrition research, 1st edn. Academic Press Inc 84:183–206
Hotfiel T, Freiwald J, Hoppe MW et al (2018) Advances in delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS): part I: pathogenesis and diagnostics. Sportverletz Sportschaden 32:243–250. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0753-1884 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Howell JN, Fuglevand AJ, Walsh ML, Bigland-Ritchie B (1995) Motor unit activity during isometric and concentric-eccentric contractions of the human first dorsal interosseus muscle. J Neurophysiol 74:901–904. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.2.901 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hulmi JJ, Kovanen V, Selänne H et al (2009) Acute and long-term effects of resistance exercise with or without protein ingestion on muscle hypertrophy and gene expression. Amino Acids 37:297–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-008-0150-6 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hunter I, Smith GA (2007) Preferred and optimal stride frequency, stiffness and economy: changes with fatigue during a 1-h high-intensity run. Eur J Appl Physiol 100:653–661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-007-0456-1 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Isner-Horobeti ME, Dufour SP, Vautravers P et al (2013) Eccentric exercise training: modalities, applications and perspectives. Sport Med 43:483–512 Google Scholar
Izquierdo M, Ibañez J, Calbet JAL et al (2009) Neuromuscular fatigue after resistance training. Int J Sports Med 30:614–623. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1214379 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Jäger R, Kerksick CM, Campbell BI et al (2017) International society of sports nutrition position stand: protein and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 14:20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8 Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jajtner AR, Hoffman JR, Townsend JR et al (2016) The effect of polyphenols on cytokine and granulocyte response to resistance exercise. Physiol Rep. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13058 Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jajtner AR, Townsend JR, Beyer KS et al (2018) Resistance exercise selectively mobilizes monocyte subsets. Med Sci Sport Exerc 50:2231–2241. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001703 Article CAS Google Scholar
Jakeman JR, Byrne C, Eston RG (2010) Lower limb compression garment improves recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage in young, active females. Eur J Appl Physiol 109:1137–1144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1464-0 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Jansson E, Sylvén C (1985) Creatine kinase MB and citrate synthase in type I and type II muscle fibres in trained and untrained men. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 54:207–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02335931 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Jones AM, Carter H (2000) The effect of endurance training on parameters of aerobic fitness. Sport Med 29:373–386. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200029060-00001 Article CAS Google Scholar
Jones DA, Newham DJ, Torgan C (1989) Mechanical influences on long-lasting human muscle fatigue and delayed-onset pain. J Physiol 412:415–427. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017624 Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jówko E, Sacharuk J, Balasinska B et al (2012) Effect of a single dose of green tea polyphenols on the blood markers of exercise-induced oxidative stress in soccer players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 22:486–496. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.22.6.486 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Joyner MJ, Coyle EF (2008) Endurance exercise performance: the physiology of champions. J Physiol 586:35–44. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.143834 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kayani AC, Morton JP, McArdle A (2008) The exercise-induced stress response in skeletal muscle: failure during aging. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 33:1033–1041. https://doi.org/10.1139/h08-089 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kennedy RA, Drake D (2018) Dissociated time course of recovery between strength and power after isoinertial resistance loading in rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res 32:748–755. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000001821 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Kerksick CM, Kreider RB, Willoughby DS (2010) Intramuscular adaptations to eccentric exercise and antioxidant supplementation. Amino Acids 39:219–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-009-0432-7 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kim MK, Cho SW, Park YK (2012) Long-term vegetarians have low oxidative stress, body fat, and cholesterol levels. Nutr Res Pract 6:155–161. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2012.6.2.155 Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Klemt C, Simeone FJ, Melnic CM et al (2020) MARS MRI assessment of fatty degeneration of the gluteal muscles in patients with THA: reliability and accuracy of commonly used classification systems. Skelet Radiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-020-03611-9 Article Google Scholar
Kohen R, Yamamoto Y, Cundy KC, Ames BN (1988) Antioxidant activity of carnosine, homocarnosine, and anserine present in muscle and brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:3175–3179. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.9.3175 Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Komulainen J, Koskinen SOA, Kalliokoski R et al (1999) Gender differences in skeletal muscle fibre damage after eccentrically biased downhill running in rats. Acta Physiol Scand 165:57–63. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-201x.1999.00481.x Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Koutnik AP, D’Agostino DP, Egan B (2019) Anticatabolic effects of ketone bodies in skeletal muscle. Trends Endocrinol Metab 30:227–229CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kraemer RR, Durand RJ, Hollander DB et al (2004) Ghrelin and other glucoregulatory hormone responses to eccentric and concentric muscle contractions. Endocrine 24:93–98. https://doi.org/10.1385/endo:24:1:093 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Volek JS et al (2006) The effects of amino acid supplementation on hormonal responses to resistance training overreaching. Metabolism 55:282–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2005.08.023 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kreider RB, Kalman DS, Antonio J et al (2017) International society of sports nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 14:1–18PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Krisanda JM, Moreland TS, Kushmerick MJ (1988) ATP supply and demand during exercise. In: Horton ES, Terjung RL (eds). Exerc Nutr energy Metab. New York: McMillan, pp 27–44
Kyrolainen H, Pullinen T, Candau R et al (2000) Effects of marathon running on running economy and kinematics. Eur J Appl Physiol 82:297–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210000219 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lamb G (2009) Mechanisms of excitation–contraction coupling relevant to activity-induced muscle fatigue. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 34:368–372. https://doi.org/10.1139/H09-032 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lavender AP, Nosaka K (2006) Changes in fluctuation of isometric force following eccentric and concentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Eur J Appl Physiol 96:235–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-0069-5 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Lavin KM, Perkins RK, Jemiolo B et al (2020) Effects of aging and lifelong aerobic exercise on basal and exercise-induced inflammation. J Appl Physiol 128:87–99. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00495.2019 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lewis PB, Ruby D, Bush-Joseph CA (2012) Muscle Soreness and delayed-onset muscle soreness. Clin Sports Med 31:255–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2011.09.009 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Lieber RL, Friden J (1993) Muscle damage is not a function of muscle force but active muscle strain. J Appl Physiol 74:520–526. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.2.520 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ma S, Huang Q, Yada K et al (2018) An 8-week ketogenic low carbohydrate, high fat diet enhanced exhaustive exercise capacity in mice. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060673 Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
MacDougall JD, Ray S, Sale DG et al (1999) Muscle substrate utilization and lactate production during weightlifting. Can J Appl Physiol 24:209–215. https://doi.org/10.1139/h99-017 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Macgregor LJ, Hunter AM (2018) High-threshold motor unit firing reflects force recovery following a bout of damaging eccentric exercise. PLoS One 13:e0195051. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195051 Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Malm C, Sjödin B, Sjöberg B et al (2004) Leukocytes, cytokines, growth factors and hormones in human skeletal muscle and blood after uphill or downhill running. J Physiol 556:983–1000. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2003.056598 Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C et al (2004) Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr 79:727–747CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Marcora SM, Bosio A (2007) Effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on endurance running performance in humans. Scand J Med Sci Sport 17:662–671. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00627.x Article CAS Google Scholar
Marqueste T, Giannesini B, Le FY et al (2008) Comparative MRI analysis of T2 changes associated with single and repeated bouts of downhill running leading to eccentric-induced muscle damage. J Appl Physiol 105:299–307. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00738.2007 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Massicotte D, Scotto A, Péronnet F et al (2006) Metabolic fate of a large amount of 13C-glycerol ingested during prolonged exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 96:322–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-0058-8 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mateescu RG, Garmyn AJ, O’Neil MA et al (2012) Genetic parameters for carnitine, creatine, creatinine, carnosine, and anserine concentration in longissimus muscle and their association with palatability traits in angus cattle. J Anim Sci 90:4248–4255. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-5077 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
McHugh MP (2003) Recent advances in the understanding of the repeated bout effect: the protective effect against muscle damage from a single bout of eccentric exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sport 13:88–97. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2003.02477.x Article Google Scholar
McHugh MP, Connolly DAJ, Eston RG, Gleim GW (1999) Exercise-induced muscle damage and potential mechanisms for the repeated bout effect. Sport Med 27:157–170CAS Google Scholar
Mckinnon NB, Graham MT, Tiidus PM (2012) Effect of creatine supplementation on muscle damage and repair following eccentrically-induced damage to the elbow flexor muscles. J Sport Sci Med 11:653–659 Google Scholar
McPherson PAC, McEneny J (2012) The biochemistry of ketogenesis and its role in weight management, neurological disease and oxidative stress. J Physiol Biochem 68:141–151CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Meeusen R, Duclos M, Foster C et al (2013) Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: joint consensus statement of the european college of sport science and the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc 45:186–205. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318279a10a Article PubMed Google Scholar
Milder J, Patel M (2012) Modulation of oxidative stress and mitochondrial function by the ketogenic diet. Epilepsy Res 100:295–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.09.021 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Millet GY, Lepers R (2004) Alterations of neuromuscular function after prolonged running, cycling and skiing exercises. Sport Med 34:105–116 Google Scholar
Millet GY, Tomazin K, Verges S et al (2011) Neuromuscular consequences of an extreme mountain ultra-marathon. PLoS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017059 Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Molina R, Denadai BS (2012) Dissociated time course recovery between rate of force development and peak torque after eccentric exercise. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 32:179–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-097X.2011.01074.x Article PubMed Google Scholar
Morawetz D, Blank C, Koller A et al (2020) Sex-related differences after a single bout of maximal eccentric exercise in response to acute effects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002867 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Morifuji M, Sakai K, Sanbongi C, Sugiura K (2005) Dietary whey protein increases liver and skeletal muscle glycogen levels in exercise-trained rats. Br J Nutr 93:439–445. https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051373 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Murakami T, Furuse M (2010) The impact of taurine-and beta-alanine-supplemented diets on behavioral and neurochemical parameters in mice: antidepressant versus anxiolytic-like effects. Amino Acids 39:427–434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-009-0458-x Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Murase S, Terazawa E, Hirate K et al (2013) Upregulated glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor through cyclooxygenase-2 activation in the muscle is required for mechanical hyperalgesia after exercise in rats. J Physiol 591:3035–3048. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.249235 Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Nardone A, Romanò C, Schieppati M (1989) Selective recruitment of high-threshold human motor units during voluntary isotonic lengthening of active muscles. J Physiol 409:451–471. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017507 Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Nebl J, Drabert K, Haufe S et al (2019) Exercise-induced oxidative stress, nitric oxide and plasma amino acid profile in recreational runners with vegetarian and non-vegetarian dietary patterns. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081875 Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Nelson A, Arnall D, Kokkonen J et al (2001) Muscle glycogen supercompensation is enhanced by prior creatine supplementation. Med Sci Sport Exerc 33:1096–1100. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200107000-00005 Article CAS Google Scholar
Neubauer O, Sabapathy S, Lazarus R et al (2013) Transcriptome analysis of neutrophils after endurance exercise reveals novel signaling mechanisms in the immune response to physiological stress. J Appl Physiol 114:1677–1688. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00143.2013 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Newham DJ, McPhail G, Mills KR, Edwards RHT (1983) Ultrastructural changes after concentric and eccentric contractions of human muscle. J Neurol Sci 61:109–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-510X(83)90058-8 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Newham DJ, Jones DA, Clarkson PM (1987) Repeated high-force eccentric exercise: effects on muscle pain and damage. J Appl Physiol 63:1381–1386. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.4.1381 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Newton MJ, Morgan GT, Sacco P et al (2008) Comparison of responses to strenuous eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors between resistance-trained and untrained men. J Strength Cond Res 22:597–607. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181660003 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Nieman DC, Henson DA, Davis JM et al (2007) Quercetin ingestion does not alter cytokine changes in athletes competing in the Western States endurance run. J Interferon Cytokine Res 27:1003–1011. https://doi.org/10.1089/jir.2007.0050 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nishimura A, Sugita M, Kato K et al (2010) Hypoxia increases muscle hypertrophy induced by resistance training. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 5:497–508. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.5.4.497 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Nosaka K, Sakamoto K, Newton M, Sacco P (2001) How long does the protective effect on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage last? Med Sci Sports Exerc 33:1490–1495. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200109000-00011 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nosaka K, Newton M, Sacco P (2002a) Delayed-onset muscle soreness does not reflect the magnitude of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. Scand J Med Sci Sports 12:337–346. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2002.10178.x Article PubMed Google Scholar
Nosaka K, Newton M, Sacco P (2002b) Muscle damage and soreness after endurance exercise of the elbow flexors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34:920–927. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200206000-00003 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Opal SM, Depalo VA (2000) Anti-inflammatory cytokines. Chest 117:1162–1172CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ostrowski K, Hermann C, Bangash A et al (1998) A trauma-like elevation of plasma cytokines in humans in response to treadmill running. J Physiol 513:889–894. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.889ba.x Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Oudeman J, Nederveen AJ, Strijkers GJ et al (2016) Techniques and applications of skeletal muscle diffusion tensor imaging: a review. J Magn Reson Imaging 43:773–788. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.25016 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Owens DJ, Twist C, Cobley JN et al (2018) What is it, what causes it and what are the nutritional solutions? Eur J Sport Sci 19:71–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1505957 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Panza VSP, Wazlawik E, Ricardo Schütz G et al (2008) Consumption of green tea favorably affects oxidative stress markers in weight-trained men. Nutrition 24:433–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2008.01.009 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Paoli A, Bianco A, Grimaldi KA (2015) The ketogenic diet and sport: a possible marriage? Exerc Sport Sci Rev 43:153–162. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000050 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Paulsen G, Egner IM, Drange M et al (2010) A COX-2 inhibitor reduces muscle soreness, but does not influence recovery and adaptation after eccentric exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 20:e195–e207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00947.x Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Paulsen G, Mikkelsen UR, Raastad T, Peake JM (2012) Leucocytes, cytokines and satellite cells: what role do they play in muscle damage and regeneration following eccentric exercise? Exerc Immunol Rev 18:42–97PubMed Google Scholar
Paulus J, Croisier J-L, Kaux J-F, Bury T (2019) Eccentric versus concentric—which is the most stressful cardiovascularly and metabolically? Curr Sports Med Rep 18:477–489. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000666 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Peake JM (2019) Recovery after exercise: what is the current state of play? Curr Opin Physiol 10:17–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2019.03.007 Article Google Scholar
Peake J, Wilson G, Hordern M et al (2004) Changes in neutrophil surface receptor expression, degranulation, and respiratory burst activity after moderate- and high-intensity exercise. J Appl Physiol 97:612–618. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01331.2003 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Peake JM, Suzuki K, Hordern M et al (2005) Plasma cytokine changes in relation to exercise intensity and muscle damage. Eur J Appl Physiol 95:514–521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-0035-2 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Peake JM et al (2005) Plasma cytokine changes in relation to exercise intensity and muscle damage. Eur J Appl Physiol 95:514–521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-0035-2 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Peake JM, Neubauer O, Gatta DP, Nosaka K (2017) Muscle damage and inflammation during recovery from exercise. J Appl Physiol 122:559–570CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pearson SJ, Hussain SR (2015) A review on the mechanisms of blood-flow restriction resistance training-induced muscle hypertrophy. Sport Med 45:187–200 Google Scholar
Pedersen BK, Fischer CP (2007) Physiological roles of muscle-derived interleukin-6 in response to exercise. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 10:265–271CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pedersen BK, Steensberg A, Schjerling P (2001) Exercise and interleukin-6. Curr Opin Hematol 8:137–141CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Piitulainen H, Bottas R, Komi P et al (2010) Impaired action potential conduction at high force levels after eccentric exercise. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 20:879–887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.10.001 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Pillon NJ, Bilan PJ, Fink LN, Klip A (2013) Cross-talk between skeletal muscle and immune cells: muscle-derived mediators and metabolic implications. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00553.2012 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Plattner K, Baumeister J, Lamberts R, Lambert M (2011) Dissociation changes in EMG activation during maximal isometric and submaximal low force dynamic contractions after exercise induced muscle damage. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 21:542–550PubMed Google Scholar
Pokora I, Kempa K, Chrapusta SJ, Langfort J (2014) Effects of downhill and uphill exercises of equivalent submaximal intensities on selected blood cytokine levels and blood creatine kinase activity. Biol Sport 31:173–178. https://doi.org/10.5604/20831862.1111434 Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Power GA, Dalton BH, Rice CL, Vandervoort AA (2013) Peak power is reduced following lengthening contractions despite a maintenance of shortening velocity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 38:1196–1205. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0092 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Prasartwuth O, Allen TJ, Butler JE et al (2006) Length-dependent changes in voluntary activation, maximum voluntary torque and twitch responses after eccentric damage in humans. J Physiol 571:243–252. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2005.101600 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Prins PJ, Noakes TD, Welton GL et al (2019) High rates of fat oxidation induced by a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet, do not impair 5-km running performance in competitive recreational athletes. J Sport Sci Med 18:738–750 Google Scholar
Quindry J, Miller L, McGinnis G et al (2011) Muscle-fiber type and blood oxidative stress after eccentric exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 21:462–470. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.6.462 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Raastad T, Hallén J (2000) Recovery of skeletal muscle contractility after high- and moderate-intensity strength exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 82:206–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050673 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Radak Z, Chung H, Koltai E et al (2008) Exercise, oxidative stress and hormesis. Ageing Res Rev 7:34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2007.04.004 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Radunsky D, Blumenfeld-Katzir T, Volovyk O et al (2019) Analysis of magnetization transfer (MT) influence on quantitative mapping of T2 relaxation time. Magn Reson Med 82:145–158. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.27704 Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Raeder C, Wiewelhove T, Westphal-Martinez MP et al (2016) Neuromuscular fatigue and physiological responses after five dynamic squat exercise protocols. J Strength Cond Res 30:953–965. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001181 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Rawson ES, Gunn B, Clarkson PM (2001) The effects of creatine supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage. J Strength Cond Res 15:178–184CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Reis E, Frick U, Schmidtbleicher D (1995) Frequency variations of strength training sessions triggered by the phases of the menstrual cycle. Int J Sports Med 16:545–550. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-973052 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Rhyu H, Cho S-Y, Roh H-T (2014) The effects of ketogenic diet on oxidative stress and antioxidative capacity markers of Taekwondo athletes. J Exerc Rehabil 10:362–366. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.140178 Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rinard J, Clarkson PM, Smith LL, Grossman M (2000) Response of males and females to high-force eccentric exercise. J Sports Sci 18:229–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404100364965 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Roberts PA, Fox J, Peirce N et al (2016) Creatine ingestion augments dietary carbohydrate mediated muscle glycogen supercompensation during the initial 24 h of recovery following prolonged exhaustive exercise in humans. Amino Acids 48:1831–1842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-016-2252-x Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Roig M, O’brien K, Kirk G et al (2009) The effects of eccentric versus concentric resistance training on muscle strength and mass in healthy adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.051417 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Rooney KJ, Herbert RD, Balnave RJ (1994) Fatigue contributes to the strength training stimulus. Med Sci Sports Exerc 26:1160–1164. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199409000-00014 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Santos RV, Bassit RA, Caperuto EC, Costa Rosa LF (2004) The effect of creatine supplementation upon inflammatory and muscle soreness markers after a 30km race. Life Sci. 75(16):1917–1924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2003.11.036 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sayers SP, Clarkson PM (2001) Force recovery after eccentric exercise in males and females. Eur J Appl Physiol 84:122–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210000346 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Schoenfeld BJ (2010) The mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to resistance training. J Strength Cond Res 24:2857–2872PubMed Google Scholar
Schoenfeld BJ (2012) Does exercise-induced muscle damage play a role in skeletal muscle hypertrophy? J Strength Cond Res 26:1441–1453PubMed Google Scholar
Schoenfeld BJ (2013) Potential mechanisms for a role of metabolic stress in hypertrophic adaptations to resistance training. Sport Med 43:179–194 Google Scholar
Sewright KA, Hubal MJ, Kearns A et al (2008) Sex differences in response to maximal eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sport Exerc 40:242–251. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31815aedda Article Google Scholar
Sherman WM, Armstrong LE, Murray TM et al (1984) Effect of a 42.2-km footrace and subsequent rest or exercise on muscular strength and work capacity. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 57:1668–1673. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1984.57.6.1668 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Smith LL, McKune AJ, Semple SJ et al (2007) Changes in serum cytokines after repeated bouts of downhill running. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 32:233–240. https://doi.org/10.1139/H06-106 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Smith AE, Stout JR, Kendall KL et al (2012) Exercise-induced oxidative stress: the effects of β-alanine supplementation in women. Amino Acids 43:77–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-1158-x Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Smith-Ryan AE, Fukuda DH, Stout JR, Kendall KL (2014) The influence of β-alanine supplementation on markers of exercise-induced oxidative stress. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 39:101–104. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0229 Article CAS Google Scholar
Stupka N, Lowther S, Chorneyko K et al (2000) Gender differences in muscle inflammation after eccentric exercise. J Appl Physiol 89:2325–2332. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.6.2325 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sudo M, Ando S, Poole DC, Kano Y (2015) Blood flow restriction prevents muscle damage but not protein synthesis signaling following eccentric contractions. Physiol Rep 3:e12449. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.12449 Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Suga T, Okita K, Morita N et al (2009) Intramuscular metabolism during low-intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction. J Appl Physiol 106:1119–1124. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90368.2008 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Suzuki K, Totsuka M, Nakaji S et al (1999) Endurance exercise causes interaction among stress hormones, cytokines, neutrophil dynamics, and muscle damage. J Appl Physiol 87:1360–1367. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.4.1360 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Suzuki K, Tominaga T, Ruhee RT, Ma S (2020) Characterization and modulation of systemic inflammatory response to exhaustive exercise in relation to oxidative stress. Antioxidants. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9050401 Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Szeto YT, Kwok TCY, Benzie IFF (2004) Effects of a long-term vegetarian diet on biomarkers of antioxidant status and cardiovascular disease risk. Nutrition 20:863–866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2004.06.006 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Takarada Y, Nakamura Y, Aruga S et al (2000) Rapid increase in plasma growth hormone after low-intensity resistance exercise with vascular occlusion. J Appl Physiol 88:61–65. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.1.61 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Tee JC, Bosch AN, Lambert MI (2007) Metabolic consequences of exercise-induced muscle damage. Sport Med 37:827–836 Google Scholar
Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM (2016) Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics, dietitians of canada, and the american college of sports medicine: nutrition and athletic performance. J Acad Nutr Diet 116:501–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.12.006 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Tieland M, Trouwborst I, Clark BC (2018) Skeletal muscle performance and ageing. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 9:3–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12238 Article PubMed Google Scholar
Tiidus PM (1995) Can estrogens diminished exercise induced muscle damage? Can J Appl Physiol 20:26–38. https://doi.org/10.1139/h95-002 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Townsend JR, Stout JR, Jajtner AR et al (2018) Polyphenol supplementation alters intramuscular apoptotic signaling following acute resistance exercise. Physiol Rep. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13552 Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Trombley PQ, Horning MS, Blakemore LJ (2000) Interactions between carnosine and zinc and copper: implications for neuromodulation and neuroprotection. Biochemistry 65:807–816CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Urhausen A, Gabriel H, Kindermann W (1995) Blood hormones as markers of training stress and overtraining. Sports Med 20:251–276. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199520040-00004 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Van Loon LJC, Murphy R, Oosterlaar AM et al (2004) Creatine supplementation increases glycogen storage but not GLUT-4 expression in human skeletal muscle. Clin Sci 106:99–106. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20030116 Article Google Scholar
Vanacore D, Messina G, Lama S et al (2018) Effect of restriction vegan diet’s on muscle mass, oxidative status, and myocytes differentiation: a pilot study. J Cell Physiol 233:9345–9353. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.26427 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Veech RL (2004) The therapeutic implications of ketone bodies: the effects of ketone bodies in pathological conditions: ketosis, ketogenic diet, redox states, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial metabolism. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids 70:309–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2003.09.007 Article CAS Google Scholar
Volek JS, Ratamess NA, Rubin MR et al (2004) The effects of creatine supplementation on muscular performance and body composition responses to short-term resistance training overreaching. Eur J Appl Physiol 91:628–637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003-1031-z Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Volek JS, Freidenreich DJ, Saenz C et al (2016) Metabolic characteristics of keto-adapted ultra-endurance runners. Metabolism 65:100–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.028 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Warren GL, Lowe DA, Armstrong RB (1999) Measurement tools used in the study of eccentric contraction-induced injury. Sport Med 27:43–59. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199927010-00004 Article CAS Google Scholar
Webb R, Hughes MG, Thomas AW, Morris K (2017) The ability of exercise-associated oxidative stress to trigger redox-sensitive signalling responses. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) 6:63. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox6030063 Article CAS Google Scholar
Wikström-Frisén L, Boraxbekk CJ, Henriksson-Larsén K (2017) Effects on power, strength and lean body mass of menstrual/oral contraceptive cycle based resistance training. J Sports Med Phys Fit 57:43–52. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.16.05848-5 Article Google Scholar