Advances in protein–amino acid nutrition of poultry (original) (raw)

• Adeola L (1995) Dietary lysine and threonine utilization by young pigs: efficiency for carcass growth. Can J Anim Sci 75:445–452
  Article Google Scholar
• Allen NK, Baker DH, Scott HM, Norton HW (1972) Quantitative effect of excess lysine on the ability of arginine to promote chick weight gain. J Nutr 102:171–180
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Allison JB, Anderson JA, Seeley RD (1947) Some effects of methionine on the utilization of nitrogen in the adult dog. J Nutr 33:361–370
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• ARC, Agriculture Research Council (1981) The nutrient requirement of pigs. Common-wealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough
  Google Scholar
• Asechi M, Kurauchi I, Tomonaga S, Yamane H, Suenaga R, Tsuneyoshi Y, Denbow DM, Furuse M (2008) Relationships between the sedative and hypnotic effects of intracerebroventricular administration of l-serine and its metabolites, pyruvate and the derivative amino acids contents in the neonatal chicks under acute stressful conditions. Amino Acids 34:55–60
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Augspurger NR, Scherer CS, Garrow TA, Baker DH (2005) Dietary _S_-methylmethionine, a component of foods, has choline-sparing activity in chickens. J Nutr 135:1712–1717
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Austic RE, Nesheim MC (1972) Arginine and creatine interrelationship in the chick. Poult Sci 51:1098–1105
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Austic RE, Scott RL (1975) Involvement of food intake in the lysine-arginine antagonism in chicks. J Nutr 105:1122–1131
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Baker DH (1994) Utilization of precursors for l-amino acids. In: D’Mello JPF (ed) Amino acids in farm animal nutrition. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 37–64
  Google Scholar
• Baker DH (1997) Ideal amino acid profiles for swine and poultry and their applications in feed formulation. BioKyowa Technical Review 9. Biokyowa Publ. Co., Chesterfield, pp 1–24
• Baker DH (2006) Comparative species utilization and toxicity of sulfur amino acids. J Nutr 136:1670S–1675S
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Baker DH, Boebel KP (1980) Utilization of the d- and l-isomers of methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue as determined by chick bioassay. J Nutr 110:959–964
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Baker DH, Czarnecki-Maulden GL (1987) Pharmacologic role of cysteine in ameliorating or exacerbating mineral toxicities. J Nutr 117:1003–1010
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Baker DH, Dilger RN (2008) Excess cyst(e)ine and l-methionine precursor utilization. In: Proceedings of Mid Atlantic nutrition conference. Baltimore, MD, pp 82–88
  Google Scholar
• Baker DH, Dilger RN (2009) Sulfur amino acid deficiency and toxicity: research with animal models. In: Masella R, Mazza GJ (eds) Glutathione and sulfur amino acids in human health and disease. Wiley, New York
  Google Scholar
• Baker DH, Han Y (1994) Ideal amino acid profile for chicks during the first three weeks post-hatching. Poult Sci 73:1441–1447
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Baker DH, Blitenthal RC, Boebel KP, Czarnecki GL, Southern LL, Willis GM (1981) Protein–amino acid evaluation of steam-processed feather meal. Poult Sci 60:1865–1872
  CAS Google Scholar
• Baker DH, Fernandez SR, Parsons CM, Edwards III HM, Emmert JL, Webel DM (1996) Maintenance requirement for valine and efficiency of its use above maintenance for accretion of whole-body valine and protein in young chicks. J Nutr 126:1844–1851
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Baker DH, Batal AB, Parr TM, Augspurger NR, Parsons CM (2002) Ideal ratio (relative to lysine) of tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine and valine for chicks during the second and third week of life. Poult Sci 81:485–494
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bartell SM, Batal AB (2007) The effect of supplemental glutamine on growth performance, development of the gastrointestinal tract, and humoral immune response of broilers. Poult Sci 86:1940–1947
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Batal AB, Parsons CM (2002) Effects of age on nutrient digestibility in chicks fed different diets. Poult Sci 81:400–407
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Batterham ES (1994) Ileal digestibility of amino acids in feed stuffs for pigs. In: D’Mello JPF (ed) Amino acids in farm animal nutrition. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 113–131
  Google Scholar
• Batterham ES, Andersen LM, Baigent DR, White E (1990) Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by growing pigs: effect of dietary lysine concentration on efficiency of lysine retention. Br J Nutr 64:81–94
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Boebel KP, Baker DH (1982) Efficacy of calcium salt and free acid forms of methionine hydroxy analog for chicks. Poult Sci 61:1167–1175
  CAS Google Scholar
• Boling-Frankenbach SD, Peter CM, Douglas MW, Snow JL, Parsons CM, Baker DH (2001) Efficacy of phytase for increasing protein efficiency ratio (PER) values of feed ingredients. Poult Sci 80:1578–1584
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bregendahl K, Roberts SA, Kerr B, Hoehler D (2008) Ideal ratios of isoleucine, methionine, methionine + cystine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine relative to lysine for white Leghorn-type laying hens of twenty-eight to thirty-four weeks of age. Poult Sci 87:744–758
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chapman AC (1926) On the presence of compounds of arsenic in marine crustaceans and shell fish. Analyst 51:548–563
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Christensen AC, Anderson JO (1980) Factors affecting efficacy of methionine hydroxy analogue for chicks fed practical diets. Poult Sci 59:2485–2491
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chung TK, Baker DH (1992a) Ideal amino acid pattern for 10-kilogram pigs. J Anim Sci 70:3102–3111
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chung TK, Baker DH (1992b) Efficiency of dietary methionine utilization by young pigs. J Nutr 122:1862–1869
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chung TK, Baker DH (1992c) Apparent and true digestibility of a crystalline amino acid mixture and of casein: comparison of values obtained with ileal-cannulated pigs and cecectomized cockerels. J Anim Sci 70:3781–3790
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cole (1980) The amino acid requirements of pigs. The concept of an ideal protein. Pig News Inf 1:201–205
• Coleman RA, Bertolo RF, Moehn S, Leslie MA, Ball RO, Korver DR (2003) Lysine requirements of pre-lay broiler breeder pullets: determination by indicator amino acid oxidation. J Nutr 133:2826–2829
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Constable PD (2000) Clinical assessment of acid-base status: comparison of the Henderson–Hasselbalch and strong ion approaches. Vet Clin Pathol 29:115–128
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Coulson EJ, Remington RE, Lynch KM (1935) Metabolism in the rat of the naturally occurring arsenic of shrimp as compared with arsenic trioxide. J Nutr 10:255–270
  CAS Google Scholar
• Czarnecki GL, Baker DH (1982a) Roxarsone toxicity in the chick as influenced by dietary cysteine and copper and by experimental infection with Eimeria acervulina. Poult Sci 61:516–523
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Czarnecki GL, Baker DH (1982b) Cadmium toxicity in the chick as influenced by dietary cysteine and by experimental infection with Eimeria acervulina. J Anim Sci 54:983–988
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Czarnecki GL, Baker DH (1984) Feed additive interactions in the chicken: reduction of tissue copper deposition by dietary roxarsone in healthy and in _Eimeria acervulina_- or _Eimeria tenella_-infected chicks. Poult Sci 63:1412–1418
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Czarnecki GL, Baker DH (1985) Reduction of liver copper concentration by the organic arsenical, 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid. J Anim Sci 60:440–450
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Czarnecki GL, Baker DH, Garst JE (1984a) Arsenic-sulfur amino acid interactions in the chick. J Anim Sci 59:1573–1581
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Czarnecki GL, Edmonds MS, Izquierdo OA, Baker DH (1984b) Effect of 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid on copper utilization by the pig, rat and chick. J Anim Sci 59:997–1002
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dean DW, Bidner TD, Southern LL (2006) Glycine supplementation to low protein, amino acid-supplemented diets supports optimal performance of broiler chicks. Poult Sci 85:288–296
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dilger RN, Baker DH (2007a) dl-Methionine is as efficacious as l-methionine, but modest l-cystine excesses are anorexigenic in sulfur amino acid-deficient purified and practical-type diets fed to chicks. Poult Sci 86:2367–2374
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dilger RN, Baker DH (2007b) Oral N-acetyl-l-cysteine is a safe and effective precursor of cysteine. J Anim Sci 85:1712–1718
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dilger RN, Baker DH (2008a) Cyst(e)ine imbalance and its effect on methionine precursor utilization in chicks. J Anim Sci 86:1832–1840
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dilger RN, Baker DH (2008b) Excess dietary l-cysteine causes lethal metabolic acidosis in chicks. J Nutr 138:1628–1633
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dilger RN, Kobler C, Weckbecker C, Hoehler D, Baker DH (2007a) 2-keto-4-(methylthio)butyric acid (keto-analog of methionine) is a safe and efficacious precursor of l-methionine in the chick. J Nutr 137:1868–1873
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dilger RN, Toue S, Kimura T, Sakai R, Baker DH (2007b) Excess dietary l-cysteine, but not l-cystine, is lethal for chicks but not for rats or pigs. J Nutr 137:331–338
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dozier III WA, Corzo A, Kidd MT, Schilling MW (2008) Digestible lysine requirements of male and female broilers from forty-nine to sixty-three days of age. Poult Sci 87:1385–1391
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Edmonds MS, Baker DH (1987a) Amino acid excesses for young pigs: effects of excess methionine, tryptophan, threonine or leucine. J Anim Sci 64:1664–1671
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Edmonds MS, Baker DH (1987b) Comparative effects of individual amino acid excesses when added to a corn–soybean meal diet: effects on growth and dietary choice in the chick. J Anim Sci 65:699–705
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Edmonds MS, Parsons CM, Baker DH (1985) Limiting amino acids in low-protein corn–soybean meal diets fed to growing chicks. Poult Sci 64:1519–1526
  CAS Google Scholar
• Edwards III HM, Baker DH, Fernandez SR, Parsons CM (1997) Maintenance threonine requirement and efficiency of its use for accretion of whole-body threonine and protein in young chicks. Br J Nutr 78:111–119
  Article Google Scholar
• Edwards III HM, Fernandez SR, Baker DH (1999) Maintenance lysine requirement and efficiency of using lysine for accretion of whole-body lysine and protein in young hicks. Poult Sci 78:1412–1417
  Google Scholar
• Emmert JL, Baker DH (1995) Protein quality assessment of soy products. Nutr Res 15:1647–1656
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Emmert JL, Baker DH (1997) Use of the ideal protein concept for precision formulation of amino acid levels in broiler diets. J Appl Poult Res 6:462–470
  CAS Google Scholar
• Emmert JL, Edwards III HM, Baker DH (2000) Protein and body weight accretion of chicks fed widely varying levels of soybean meal supplemented or unsupplemented with its limiting amino acids. Br Poult Sci 41:204–213
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fancher BI, Jensen LS (1989a) Male broiler performance during the starting and growing periods as affected by dietary protein, essential amino acids, and potassium level. Poult Sci 68:1385–1395
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fancher BI, Jensen LS (1989b) Influence on performance of three to six-week-old broilers of varying dietary protein contents with supplementation of essential amino acid requirements. Poult Sci 68:113–123
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fancher BI, Jensen LS (1989c) Dietary protein level and essential amino acid content: influence upon female broiler performance during the grower period. Poult Sci 68:897–908
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fernandez SR, Aoyagi S, Han Y, Parsons CM, Baker DH (1994) Limiting order of amino acids in corn and soybean meal for growth of the chick. Poult Sci 73:1887–1896
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fisher H, Salander RC, Taylor MW (1956a) Growth and creatine biosynthesis in the chick as affected by the amino acid deficiencies of casein. J Nutr 58:459–470
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fisher H, Salander RC, Taylor MW (1956b) The influence of creatine biosynthesis on the arginine requirement of the chick. J Nutr 59:491–499
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gahl M, Finke MD, Crenshaw TD, Benevenga NJ (1991) Use of a four-parameter logistic equation to evaluate the response of growing rats to ten levels of each indispensable amino acid. J Nutr 121:1720–1729
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Garcia AR, Batal AB, Baker DH (2006) Variations in the digestible lysine requirement of broiler chickens due to sex, performance parameters, rearing environment, and processing yield characteristics. Poult Sci 85:498–504
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Graber G, Baker DH (1971) Sulfur amino acid nutrition of the growing chick: quantitative aspects concerning the efficacy of dietary methionine, cysteine and cystine. J Anim Sci 33:1005–1011
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Greger JL, Mulvaney J (1985) Absorption and tissue distribution of zinc, iron and copper by rats fed diets containing lactalbumin, soy and supplemental sulfur-containing amino acids. J Nutr 115:200–210
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Grunau JA, Swiader JM (1991) Chromatographic quantitation of free amino acids: _S_-methylmethionine, methionine and lysine in corn. J Plant Nutr 14:653–662
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Hamasu K, Haraguchi T, Kabuki Y, Adachi N, Tomonaga S, Sato H, Denbow DM, Furuse M (2008) l-Proline is a sedative regulator of acute stress in the brain of neonatal chicks. Amino Acids. doi:10.1007/s00726-008-0164-0
• Han Y, Baker DH (1993) Effects of sex, heat stress, body weight and genetic strain on the lysine requirement of broiler chicks. Poult Sci 72:701–708
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Han Y, Baker DH (1994) Digestible lysine requirement of male and female broiler chicks during the period three to six weeks posthatching. Poult Sci 73:1739–1745
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Han Y, Parsons CM (1990) Determination of available amino acids and energy in alfalfa meal, feather meal, and poultry by-product meal by various methods. Poult Sci 69:1544–1552
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Han Y, Suzuki H, Parsons CM, Baker DH (1992) Amino acid fortification of a low protein corn–soybean meal diet for maximal weight gain and feed efficiency of the chick. Poult Sci 71:1168–1178
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Harper AE, Benevenga NJ, Wohlhueter RM (1970) Effects of ingestion of disproportionate amounts of amino acids. Physiol Rev 50:428–558
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Heger J, Frydrych Z (1985) Efficiency of utilization of essential amino acids in growing rats at different levels of intake. Br J Nutr 54:499–508
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Heger J, Van Phung T, Krizova L (2002) Efficiency of amino acid utilization in the growing pig at suboptimal levels of intake: lysine, threonine, sulphur amino acids and tryptophan. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 86:153–165
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Heger J, Van Phung T, Krizova L, Sustala M, Simecek K (2003) Efficiency of amino acid utilization in the growing pig at suboptimal levels of intake: branched-chain amino acids, histidine and phenylalanine + tyrosine. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 87:52–65
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Hegsted DM, Neff R (1970) Efficiency of protein utilization in young rats at various levels of intake. J Nutr 100:1173–1180
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hortin AE, Bechtel PJ, Baker DH (1991) Efficacy of pork loin as a source of zinc, and effect of added cysteine on zinc bioavailability. J Food Sci 56:1505–1508
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Hyun Y, Ellis M, Riskowski G, Johnson RW (1998) Growth performance of pigs subjected to multiple concurrent environmental stressors. J Anim Sci 76:721–727
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Jansman AJM, Kan CA, Wiebenga J (2003) Comparison of the biological efficacy of dl-methionine and hydroxyl-4-methylthiobutanoic acid (HMB) in pigs and poultry. Report No. 2209. Centraal Veevoederbureau, Lelystad
  Google Scholar
• Johnson RW (2002) The concept of sickness behavior: a brief chronological account of four key discoveries. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 87:443–450
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Jones JD, Petersburg SJ, Burnett DC (1967) The mechanism of the lysine-arginine antagonism in the chick: effect of lysine on digestion, kidney arginase, and liver transamidinase. J Nutr 93:103–116
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Katz RS, Baker DH (1975) Factors associated with utilization of the calcium salt of methionine hydroxy analogue by the young chick. Poult Sci 54:584–591
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kelley KW, Johnson RW, Dantzer R (1994) Immunology discovers physiology. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 43:157–165
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kennedy A (1968) The effect of l-cysteine on the toxicity of cadmium. Br J Exp Pathol 49:360–364
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kim BG, Lindemann MD, Rademacher M, Brennan JJ, Cromwell GL (2006) Efficacy of dl-methionine hydroxy analog free acid and dl-methionine as methionine sources for pigs. J Anim Sci 84:104–111
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Klaassen CD (1980) Heavy metals and heavy-metal antagonists. In: Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Gilman A (eds) The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 6th edn edn. Macmillan, New York, pp 1615–1637
  Google Scholar
• Klasing KC, Barnes DM (1988) Decreased amino acid requirements of growing chicks due to immunologic stress. J Nutr 118:1158–1164
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Klasing KC, Johnstone BJ (1991) Monokines in growth and development. Poult Sci 70:1781–1789
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kovatscheva EG, Popova JG (1977) _S_-Methylmethionine content in plant and animal tissues and stability during storage. Nahrung 21:468–472
  Article Google Scholar
• Kratzer DD, Littell RC (2006) Appropriate statistical methods to compare dose response of methionine sources. Poult Sci 85:947–954
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kurauchi I, Yamane H, Tsuneyoshi Y, Denbow DM, Furuse M (2008) Central l-alanine reduces energy expenditure with a hypnotic effect under an acute stressful condition in neonatal chicks. Amino Acids. doi:10.1007/s00726-008-0042-9
• Layrisse M, Martininez-Torres C, Leets I, Taylor P, Ramirez J (1984) Effect of histidine, cysteine, glutathione or beef on iron absorption in humans. J Nutr 114:217–223
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Littell RC, Henry PR, Lewis AJ, Ammerman CB (1997) Estimation of relative bioavailability of nutrients using SAS procedures. J Anim Sci 75:2672–2683
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lowry KR, Baker DH (1989) Amelioration of selenium toxicity by arsenicals and cysteine. J Anim Sci 67:959–965
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lubaszewska S, Pastuszewska B, Lielanowski J (1973) The effect of methionine supplementation of a protein-free diet on nitrogen excretion in rats and pigs. Z Tierphysiol Tierernahr Futtermittelkd 31:120–128
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mack S, Bercovici D, DeGroate G, Leclercq B, Lippens M, Pack M, Schutte JB, Van Cauwenberghe S (1999) Ideal amino acid profile and dietary lysine specification for broiler chickens of 20 to 40 days of age. Br Poult Sci 40:257–265
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Matsuo T, Seri K, Kato T (1980) Comparative effects of _S_-methylmethionine (vitamin U) and methionine on choline-deficient fatty liver in rats. Arzneimittelforschung 30:68–69
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• McFarlane JM, Curtis SE, Shanks RD, Carmer SG (1989a) Multiple concurrent stressors in chicks. 1. Effect on weight gain, feed intake, and behavior. Poult Sci 68:501–509
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• McFarlane JM, Curtis SE, Shanks RD, Carmer SG (1989b) Multiple concurrent stressors in chicks. 3. Effect on plasma corticosterone and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio. Poult Sci 68:522–527
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• McFarlane JM, Curtis SE, Simon J, Izquierdo OA (1989c) Multiple concurrent stressors in chicks. 2. Effects on hematologic, body composition, and pathologic traits. Poult Sci 68:510–521
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Miller DS, Payne PR (1961) Problems in the prediction of protein values of diets. The influence of protein concentration. Br J Nutr 15:11–19
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mitchell HH (1964) Comparative nutrition of man and domestic animals. Academic, New York
  Google Scholar
• Muramatsu T, Okumura J (1979) Nitrogen sparing action of dietary methionine and arginine in chicks fed a protein-free diet. Nutr Rep Int 19:335–342
  CAS Google Scholar
• Muramatsu K, Odagiri H, Morishita S, Takeuchi H (1971) Effect of excess levels of individual amino acids on growth of rats fed casein diets. J Nutr 101:1117–1125
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Muramatsu T, Kato M, Tasaki I, Okumura J (1986) Enhanced whole-body protein synthesis by methionine and arginine supplementation in protein-starved chicks. Br J Nutr 55:635–641
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Murray MJ, Murray AB (1979) Anorexia of infection as a mechanism of host defense. Am J Clin Nutr 32:593–596
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nakashima K, Yakabe Y, Ishida A, Yamazaki M, Abe H (2007) Suppression of myofibrillar proteolysis in chick skeletal muscles by α-ketoisocaproate. Amino Acids 33:499–503
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nakashima K, Yakabe Y, Ishida A, Katsumata M (2008) Effects of orally administered glycine on myofibrillar proteolysis and expression of proteolytic-related genes of skeletal muscle in chicks. Amino Acids 35:451–456
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• NRC (1994) Nutrient requirements of poultry, 9th edn edn. National Academics Press, Washington, DC
  Google Scholar
• Okumura J, Muramatsu T (1978) Effect of dietary methionine and arginine on the excretion of nitrogen in cocks fed a protein-free diet. Jpn Poult Sci 15:69–73
  CAS Google Scholar
• Pascual M, Jahoor F, Reeds PJ (1997) Dietary glucose is extensively recycled in the splanchnic bed of fed adult mice. J Nutr 127:1480–1488
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Persia ME, Parsons CM, Baker DH (2004) Amelioration of oral copper toxicity in chicks by dietary additions of ascorbic acid, cysteine and zinc. Nutr Res 23:1709–1718
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Pinchasov Y, Mendonca CX, Jensen LS (1990) Broiler chick response to diets supplemented with synthetic amino acids. Poult Sci 69:1950–1955
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pope T, Emmert JL (2001) Phase-feeding supports maximum growth performance of broiler chicks from forty-three to seventy-one days of age. Poult Sci 80:345–352
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pope T, Emmert JL (2002) Impact of phase-feeding on the growth performance of broilers subjected to high environmental temperatures. Poult Sci 81:504–511
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pope T, Loupe LN, Townsend JA, Emmert JL (2002) Growth performance of broilers using a phase-feeding approach with diets switched every other day from forty-two to sixty-three days of age. Poult Sci 81:466–471
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pope T, Loupe LN, Pillai PB, Emmert JL (2004) Growth performance and nitrogen excretion of broilers using a phase-feeding approach from twenty-one to sixty-three days of age. Poult Sci 83:676–682
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ranocha P, McNeil SD, Ziemak MJ, Li C, Tarczynski MC, Hanson AD (2001) The _S_-methylmethionine cycle in angiosperms: ubiquity, antiquity and activity. Plant J 25:575–584
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ringel J, Lemme A, Araujo LF (2008a) The effect of supplemental guanidino acetic acid in Brazilian type broiler diets at summer conditions. Poult Sci 87(Suppl 1):154 (Abstract)
  Google Scholar
• Ringel J, Lemme A, Redshaw MS, Damme K (2008b) The effects of supplemental guanidino acetic acid as a precursor of creatine in vegetable broiler diets on performance and carcass parameters. Poult Sci 87(Suppl 1):72 (Abstract)
  Google Scholar
• Robbins KR, Baker DH (1980a) Effect of high-level copper feeding on the sulfur amino acid need of chicks fed corn–soybean meal and purified crystalline amino acid diets. Poult Sci 59:1099–1108
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Robbins KR, Baker DH (1980b) Effect of sulfur amino acid level and source on the performance of chicks fed high levels of copper. Poult Sci 59:1246–1253
  CAS Google Scholar
• Robbins KR, Baker DH (1981) Kidney arginase activity in chicks fed diets containing deficient or excessive concentrations of lysine, arginine, histidine or total nitrogen. Poult Sci 60:829–834
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Robbins KR, Baker DH, Finley JW (1980) Studies on the utilization of lysinoalanine and lanthionine. J Nutr 110:907–915
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rosa AP, Pesti GM, Edwards HM Jr, Bakalli RI (2001a) Threonine requirements of different broiler genotypes. Poult Sci 80:1710–1717
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rosa AP, Pesti GM, Edwards HM Jr, Bakalli RI (2001b) Tryptophan requirements of different broiler genotypes. Poult Sci 80:1718–1722
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sauer N, Emrich K, Piepho HP, Lemme A, Redshaw MS, Mosenthin R (2008) Meta analysis of the relative efficiency of methionine hydroxy analogue-free acid compared with dl-methionine in broilers using nonlinear mixed models. Poult Sci 87:2023–2031
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Scott HM, Kelly M, Huston RL (1966) l-Methionine versus methionine hydroxy analogue in basal diets containing either isolated soybean protein or crystalline amino acids. Poult Sci 45:1123 (Abstract)
  Google Scholar
• Shan AS, Steroling KG, Pesti GM, Bakalli RI, Driver JP, Tejedor AA (2003) The influence of temperature on the threonine and tryptophan requirements of young broiler chicks. Poult Sci 82:1154–1162
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Southern LL, Baker DH (1981) The effects of methionine or cysteine on cobalt toxicity in the chick. Poult Sci 60:1303–1308
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Stekol JA (1955) Synthetic pathways of methionine, cysteine, and threonine. In: McElroy WD, Glass HB (eds) A symposium on amino acid metabolism. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, pp 509–557
  Google Scholar
• Suenaga R, Tomonaga S, Yamane H, Kurauchi I, Tsuneyoshi Y, Sato H, Denbow DM, Furuse M (2008a) Intracerebroventricular injection of l-arginine induces sedative and hypnotic effects under an acute stress in neonatal chicks. Amino Acids 35:139–146
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Suenaga R, Yamane H, Tomonaga S, Asechi M, Adachi N, Tsuneyoshi Y, Kurauchi I, Sato H, Denbow DM, Furuse M (2008b) Central l-arginine reduced stress responses are mediated by l-ornithine in neonatal chicks. Amino Acids 35:107–113
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Tabiri HY, Bertolo FR, Ball RO, Korver DR (2002) Development of the indicator amino acid oxidation technique in chickens: l-[1(14)C]phenylalanine infusion dose and phenylalanine oxidation. Poult Sci 81:1516–1521
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Tanner MS, Mills CF, Bremner I (1979) Increased hepatic copper concentration in Indian childhood cirrhosis. Lancet 1:1203–1205
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Taylor PG, Martinez-Torres C, Romano EL, Layrisse M (1986) The effect of cysteine-containing peptides released during meat digestion on iron absorption in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 43:68–71
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Vazquez-Anon M, Kratzer D, Gonzalez-Esquerra R, Yi IG, Knight CD (2006) A multiple regression model approach to contrast the performance of 2-hydroxy-4-methylthio butanoic acid and dl-methionine supplementation tested in broiler experiments and reported in the literature. Poult Sci 85:693–705
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Velu JG, Baker DH, Scott HM (1971) Protein and energy utilization by chicks fed graded levels of a balanced mixture of crystalline amino acids. J Nutr 101:1249–1256
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Velu JG, Scott HM, Baker DH (1972) Body composition and nutrient utilization of chicks fed amino acid diets containing graded amounts of either isoleucine or lysine. J Nutr 102:741–748
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Waldroup PW, Mitchell RJ, Payne JR, Hazen KR (1976) Performance of chicks fed diets formulated to minimize excess levels of essential amino acids. Poult Sci 55:243–253
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Walshe JM (1956) Penicillamine. A new oral therapy for Wilson’s disease. Am J Med 21:487–495
  CAS Google Scholar
• Wang TC, Fuller MF (1989) The optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs. 1. Experiments by amino acid deletion. Br J Nutr 62:77–89
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wang TC, Fuller MF (1990) The effect of the plane of nutrition on the optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs. Anim Prod 50:155–164
  Google Scholar
• Warren WA, Emmert JL (2000) Efficacy of phase-feeding in supporting growth performance of broiler chicks during the starter and finisher phases. Poult Sci 79:764–770
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Waterhouse HW, Scott HM (1961) Glycine need of the chick fed casein diets and the glycine, arginine, methionine and creatine interrelationships. J Nutr 73:266–272
  CAS Google Scholar
• Webel DM, Baker DH (1999) Cystine is the first-limiting amino acid for the utilization of endogenous amino acids in chicks fed a protein-free diet. Nutr Res 19:569–577
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Webel DM, Finck BN, Baker DH, Johnson RW (1997) Time course of elevated plasma cytokines, cortisol and urea nitrogen in pigs following intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide. J Anim Sci 75:1514–1520
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Webel DM, Johnson RW, Baker DH (1998a) Lipopolysaccharide-induced reductions in food intake do not decrease the efficiency of lysine and threonine utilization for protein accretion in chickens. J Nutr 128:1760–1766
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Webel DM, Johnson RW, Baker DH (1998b) Lipopolysaccharide-induced reductions in body weight gain and feed intake do not reduce the efficiency of arginine utilization for whole-body protein accretion in chicks. Poult Sci 77:1893–1898
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wietlake AW, Hogan AG, O’Dell BL, Kempster HL (1954) Amino acid deficiencies of casein as a source of protein for the chick. J Nutr 52:311–323
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yi GF, Gaines AM, Ratliff BW, Srichana P, Allee GL, Perryman KR, Knight CD (2006) Estimation of the true ileal digestible lysine and sulfur amino acid requirement and comparison of the bioefficacy of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid and dl-methionine in eleven- to twenty-six-kilogram nursery pigs. J Anim Sci 84:1709–1721
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yokogoshi H, Yoshida A (1976) Some factors affecting the nitrogen sparing action of methionine and threonine in rats fed a protein free diet. J Nutr 106:48–57
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yokogoshi H, Yoshida A (1979) Effect of supplementation of methionine and threonine on hepatic polyribosome profile in rats meal-fed a protein-free diet. J Nutr 109:148–154
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yokogoshi H, Yoshida A (1981) Sequence of limiting amino acids for the utilization of endogenous amino acids in rats fed a protein-free diet. Nutr Rep Int 23:517–523
  CAS Google Scholar
• Yoshida A, Moritoki K (1974) Nitrogen sparing action of methionine and threonine in rats receiving a protein free diet. Nutr Rep Int 9:159–168
  CAS Google Scholar