Industrial-era global ocean heat uptake doubles in recent decades (original) (raw)

References

  1. Barnett, T. P. et al. Penetration of human-induced warming into the world’s oceans. Science 309, 284–287 (2005).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  2. Palmer, M. D., Good, S. A., Haines, K., Rayner, N. A. & Stott, P. A. A new perspective on warming of the global oceans. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L20709 (2009).
    Article Google Scholar
  3. Gleckler, P. J. et al. Human-induced global ocean warming on multidecadal timescales. Nature Clim. Change 2, 524–529 (2012).
    Article Google Scholar
  4. Pierce, D. W., Gleckler, P. J., Barnett, T. P., Santer, B. D. & Durack, P. J. The fingerprint of human-induced changes in the ocean’s salinity and temperature fields. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L21704 (2012).
    Article Google Scholar
  5. Purkey, S. G. & Johnson, G. C. Warming of global abyssal and deep Southern Ocean waters between the 1990s and 2000s: contributions to global heat and sea level rise budgets. J. Clim. 23, 6336–6351 (2010).
    Article Google Scholar
  6. Loeb, N. G. et al. Observed changes in top-of-the-atmosphere radiation and upper-ocean heating consistent within uncertainty. Nature Geosci. 5, 110–113 (2012).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  7. Llovel, W., Willis, J. K., Landerer, F. W. & Fukumori, I. Nature Clim. Change 4, 1031–1035 (2014).
    Article Google Scholar
  8. Meehl, G. A., Arblaster, J. M., Fasullo, J. T., Hu, A. X. & Trenberth, K. E. Model-based evidence of deep-ocean heat uptake during surface-temperature hiatus periods. Nature Clim. Change 1, 360–364 (2011).
    Article Google Scholar
  9. Palmer, M. D. & McNeall, D. J. Internal variability of Earth’s energy budget simulated by CMIP5 climate models. Environ. Res. Lett. 9, 034016 (2014).
    Article Google Scholar
  10. Balmaseda, M. A., Trenberth, K. E. & Källén, E. Distinctive climate signals in reanalysis of global ocean heat content. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 1754–1759 (2013).
    Article Google Scholar
  11. Wunsch, C. & Heimbach, P. Bidecadal thermal changes in the Abyssal Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 44, 2013–2030 (2014).
    Article Google Scholar
  12. Roemmich, D., Gould, W. J. & Gilson, J. 135 years of global ocean warming between the Challenger expedition and the Argo Programme. Nature Clim. Change 2, 425–428 (2012).
    Article Google Scholar
  13. Roemmich, D. et al. Unabated planetary warming and its ocean structure since 2006. Nature Clim. Change 5, 240–245 (2015).
    Article Google Scholar
  14. Levitus, S., Antonov, J. & Boyer, T. Warming of the world ocean, 1955–2003. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L02604 (2005).
    Google Scholar
  15. Rhein, M. et al. in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (eds Stocker, T. F. et al.) Ch. 3, 255–315 (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013).
    Google Scholar
  16. Domingues, C. M. et al. Improved estimates of upper-ocean warming and multi-decadal sea-level rise. Nature 453, 1090–1093 (2008).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  17. Sokolov, A. P., Forest, C. E. & Stone, P. H. Sensitivity of climate change projections to uncertainties in the estimates of observed changes in deep-ocean heat content. Clim. Dynam. 34, 735–745 (2010).
    Article Google Scholar
  18. Church, J. A. et al. in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (eds Stocker, T. F. et al.) Ch. 13, 1137–1206 (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013).
    Google Scholar
  19. Gregory, J. M. et al. Climate models without preindustrial volcanic forcing underestimate historical ocean thermal expansion. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 1600–1604 (2013).
    Article Google Scholar
  20. Ishii, M. & Kimoto, M. Re-evaluation of historical ocean heat content variations with time-varying XBT and MBT depth bias corrections. J. Oceanogr. 65, 287–299 (2009).
    Article Google Scholar
  21. Levitus, S. et al. World ocean heat content and thermosteric sea level change (0–2000 m), 1955–2010. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L10603 (2012).
    Article Google Scholar
  22. Lyman, J. M. & Johnson, G. C. Estimating global ocean heat content changes in the upper 1800 m since 1950 and the influence of climatology choice. J. Clim. 27, 1945–1957 (2014).
    Article Google Scholar
  23. Abraham, J. P. et al. A review of global ocean temperature observations: implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change. Rev. Geophys. 51, 450–483 (2013).
    Article Google Scholar
  24. Durack, P. J., Gleckler, P. J., Landerer, F. W. & Taylor, K. E. Quantifying underestimates of long-term upper-ocean warming. Nature Clim. Change 4, 999–1005 (2014).
    Article Google Scholar
  25. Santer, B. D. et al. Volcanic contribution to decadal changes in tropospheric temperature. Nature Geosci. 7, 185–189 (2014).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  26. Cheng, L. & Zhu, J. Artifacts in variations of ocean heat content induced by the observation system changes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, 7276–7283 (2014).
    Article Google Scholar
  27. Zhang, R. et al. Have aerosols caused the observed Atlantic multidecadal variability? J. Atmos. Sci. 70, 1135–1144 (2013).
    Article Google Scholar
  28. Kuhlbrodt, T. & Gregory, J. M. Ocean heat uptake and its consequences for the magnitude of sea level rise and climate change. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L18608 (2012).
    Article Google Scholar
  29. Gregory, J., Banks, H., Stott, P., Lowe, J. & Palmer, M. Simulated and observed decadal variability in ocean heat content. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L15312 (2004).
    Article Google Scholar
  30. Pierce, D. W. et al. Anthropogenic warming of the oceans: observations and model results. J. Clim. 19, 1873–1900 (2006).
    Article Google Scholar
  31. AchutaRao, K. et al. Variability of ocean heat uptake: reconciling observations and models. J. Geophys. Res. 111, C05019 (2006).
    Article Google Scholar
  32. Church, J. A. et al. Revisiting the Earth’s sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L18601 (2011).
    Article Google Scholar
  33. Flato, G. et al. in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (eds Stocker, T. F. et al.) Ch. 9, 741–866 (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013).
    Google Scholar
  34. 2015: IPRC Products Based on Argo Data (International Pacific Research Center, 2015); http://apdrc.soest.hawaii.edu/projects/argo.
  35. Hosoda, S., Ohira, T. & Nakamura, T. A monthly mean dataset of global oceanic temperature and salinity derived from Argo float observations. Vol. 8, 47–59 (JAMSTEC (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology), 2008); www.jamstec.go.jp/ARGO.
  36. Taylor, K. E., Stouffer, R. J. & Meehl, G. A. An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 93, 485–498 (2012).
    Article Google Scholar
  37. Ridley, D. A. et al. Total volcanic stratospheric aerosol optical depths and implications for global climate change. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, 7763–7769 (2014).
    Article CAS Google Scholar

Download references