The Neurocircuitry of Fear, Stress, and Anxiety Disorders (original) (raw)
Abelson JL, Khan S, Liberzon I, Erickson TM, Young EA (2008). Effects of perceived control and cognitive coping on endocrine stress responses to pharmacological activation. Biol Psychiatry64: 701–707. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Abelson JL, Khan S, Liberzon I, Young EA (2007). HPA axis activity in patients with panic disorder: review and synthesis of four studies. Depress Anxiety24: 66–76. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Abelson JL, Liberzon I, Young EA, Khan S (2005). Cognitive modulation of the endocrine stress response to a pharmacological challenge in normal and panic disorder subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry62: 668–675. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Albert CM, Chae CU, Rexrode KM, Manson JE, Kawachi I (2005). Phobic anxiety and risk of coronary heart disease and sudden cardiac death among women. Circulation111: 480–487. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Alvarez RP, Biggs A, Chen G, Pine DS, Grillon C (2008). Contextual fear conditioning in humans: cortical-hippocampal and amygdala contributions. J Neurosci28: 6211–6219. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Amaral DG (2002). The primate amygdala and the neurobiology of social behavior: implications for understanding social anxiety. Biol Psychiatry51: 11–17. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Amir N, Klumpp H, Elias J, Bedwell JS, Yanasak N, Miller LS (2005). Increased activation of the anterior cingulate cortex during processing of disgust faces in individuals with social phobia. Biol Psychiatry57: 975–981. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. Text-Revision. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.
Armony JL, Corbo V, Clement MH, Brunet A (2005). Amygdala response in patients with acute PTSD to masked and unmasked emotional facial expressions. Am J Psychiatry162: 1961–1963. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Asami T, Hayano F, Nakamura M, Yamasue H, Uehara K, Otsuka T et al (2008). Anterior cingulate cortex volume reduction in patients with panic disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci62: 322–330. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Astur RS, St Germain SA, Tolin D, Ford J, Russell D, Stevens M (2006). Hippocampus function predicts severity of post-traumatic stress disorder. Cyberpsychol Behav9: 234–240. First study to use virtual reality and fMRI to study brain function in PTSD. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Atmaca M, Yildirim BH, Ozdemir BH, Aydin BA, Tezcan AE, Ozler AS (2006). Volumetric MRI assessment of brain regions in patients with refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry30: 1051–1057. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Baran SE, Armstrong CE, Niren DC, Hanna JJ, Conrad CD (2009). Chronic stress and sex differences on the recall of fear conditioning and extinction. Neurobiol Learn Mem91: 323–332. ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Barrett J, Armony JL (2009). Influence of trait anxiety on brain activity during the acquisition and extinction of aversive conditioning. Psychol Med39: 255–265. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bartha R, Stein MB, Williamson PC, Drost DJ, Neufeld RW, Carr TJ et al (1998). A short echo 1H spectroscopy and volumetric MRI study of the corpus striatum in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and comparison subjects. Am J Psychiatry155: 1584–1591. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Baxter Jr LR, Phelps ME, Mazziotta JC, Guze BH, Schwartz JM, Selin CE (1987). Local cerebral glucose metabolic rates in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A comparison with rates in unipolar depression and in normal controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry44: 211–218. One of the first positron emission tomographic studies of obsessive–compulsive disorder. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Baxter Jr LR, Schwartz JM, Mazziotta JC, Phelps ME, Pahl JJ, Guze BH et al (1988). Cerebral glucose metabolic rates in nondepressed patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry145: 1560–1563. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Benkelfat C, Bradwejn J, Meyer E, Ellenbogen M, Milot S, Gjedde A et al (1995). Functional neuroanatomy of CCK4-induced anxiety in normal healthy volunteers. Am J Psychiatry152: 1180–1184. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Biederman J, Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Rosenbaum JF, Herot C, Friedman D, Snidman N et al (2001). Further evidence of association between behavioral inhibition and social anxiety in children. Am J Psychiatry158: 1673–1679. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Binder EB, Bradley RG, Liu W, Epstein MP, Deveau TC, Mercer KB et al (2008). Association of FKBP5 polymorphisms and childhood abuse with risk of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adults. JAMA299: 1291–1305. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Birbaumer N, Grodd W, Diedrich O, Klose U, Erb M, Lotze M et al (1998). fMRI reveals amygdala activation to human faces in social phobics. Neuroreport9: 1223–1226. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bisaga A, Katz JL, Antonini A, Wright CE, Margouleff C, Gorman JM et al (1998). Cerebral glucose metabolism in women with panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry155: 1178–1183. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bishop S, Duncan J, Brett M, Lawrence AD (2004a). Prefrontal cortical function and anxiety: controlling attention to threat-related stimuli. Nat Neurosci7: 184–188. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bishop SJ, Duncan J, Lawrence AD (2004b). State anxiety modulation of the amygdala response to unattended threat-related stimuli. J Neurosci24: 10364–10368. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Blair K, Geraci M, Devido J, McCaffrey D, Chen G, Vythilingam M et al (2008a). Neural response to self- and other referential praise and criticism in generalized social phobia. Arch Gen Psychiatry65: 1176–1184. ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Blair K, Shaywitz J, Smith BW, Rhodes R, Geraci M, Jones M et al (2008b). Response to emotional expressions in generalized social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder: evidence for separate disorders. Am J Psychiatry165: 1193–1202. ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Blechert J, Michael T, Vriends N, Margraf J, Wilhelm FH (2007). Fear conditioning in posttraumatic stress disorder: evidence for delayed extinction of autonomic, experiential, and behavioural responses. Behav Res Ther45: 2019–2033. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Bonne O, Brandes D, Gilboa A, Gomori JM, Shenton ME, Pitman RK et al (2001). Longitudinal MRI study of hippocampal volume in trauma survivors with PTSD. Am J Psychiatry158: 1248–1251. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Boshuisen ML, Ter Horst GJ, Paans AM, Reinders AA, den Boer JA (2002). rCBF differences between panic disorder patients and control subjects during anticipatory anxiety and rest. Biol Psychiatry52: 126–135. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Bossini L, Tavanti M, Calossi S, Lombardelli A, Polizzotto NR, Galli R et al (2008). Magnetic resonance imaging volumes of the hippocampus in drug-naive patients with post-traumatic stress disorder without comorbidity conditions. J Psychiatr Res42: 752–762. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Bossini L, Tavanti M, Lombardelli A, Calossi S, Polizzotto NR, Galli R et al (2007). Changes in hippocampal volume in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder after sertraline treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol27: 233–235. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Bouton ME, Westbrook RF, Corcoran KA, Maren S (2006). Contextual and temporal modulation of extinction: behavioral and biological mechanisms. Biol Psychiatry60: 352–360. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Breiter HC, Etcoff NL, Whalen PJ, Kennedy WA, Rauch SL, Buckner RL et al (1996a). Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression. Neuron17: 875–887. One of two initial fMRI studies to demonstrate amygdala responses to facial expressions. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Breiter HC, Rauch SL, Kwong KK, Baker JR, Weisskoff RM, Kennedy DN et al (1996b). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of symptom provocation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry53: 595–606. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bremner JD, Innis RB, Southwick SM, Staib L, Zoghbi S, Charney DS (2000a). Decreased benzodiazepine receptor binding in prefrontal cortex in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry157: 1120–1126. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bremner JD, Innis RB, White T, Fujita M, Silbersweig D, Goddard AW et al (2000b). SPECT [I-123]iomazenil measurement of the benzodiazepine receptor in panic disorder. Biol Psychiatry47: 96–106. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bremner JD, Narayan M, Staib LH, Southwick SM, McGlashan T, Charney DS (1999a). Neural correlates of memories of childhood sexual abuse in women with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry156: 1787–1795. CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bremner JD, Randall P, Scott TM, Bronen RA, Seibyl JP, Southwick SM et al (1995). MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry152: 973–981. The first demonstration of diminished hippocampal volumes in PTSD. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bremner JD, Randall P, Vermetten E, Staib L, Bronen RA, Mazure C et al (1997). Magnetic resonance imaging-based measurement of hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood physical and sexual abuse—a preliminary report. Biol Psychiatry41: 23–32. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bremner JD, Staib LH, Kaloupek D, Southwick SM, Soufer R, Charney DS (1999b). Neural correlates of exposure to traumatic pictures and sound in Vietnam combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder: a positron emission tomography study. Biol Psychiatry45: 806–816. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bremner JD, Vermetten E, Schmahl C, Vaccarino V, Vythilingam M, Afzal N et al (2005). Positron emission tomographic imaging of neural correlates of a fear acquisition and extinction paradigm in women with childhood sexual-abuse-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychol Med35: 791–806. ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bremner JD, Vermetten E, Vythilingam M, Afzal N, Schmahl C, Elzinga B et al (2004). Neural correlates of the classic color and emotional stroop in women with abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry55: 612–620. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Bremner JD, Vythilingam M, Vermetten E, Southwick SM, McGlashan T, Nazeer A et al (2003a). MRI and PET study of deficits in hippocampal structure and function in women with childhood sexual abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry160: 924–932. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Bremner JD, Vythilingam M, Vermetten E, Southwick SM, McGlashan T, Staib LH et al (2003b). Neural correlates of declarative memory for emotionally valenced words in women with posttraumatic stress disorder related to early childhood sexual abuse. Biol Psychiatry53: 879–889. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Britton JC, Gold AL, Deckersbach T, Rauch SL (2009). Functional MRI study of specific animal phobia using an event-related emotional counting stroop paradigm. Depress Anxiety (in press).
Britton JC, Phan KL, Taylor SF, Fig LM, Liberzon I (2005). Corticolimbic blood flow in posttraumatic stress disorder during script-driven imagery. Biol Psychiatry57: 832–840. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Britton JC, Phan KL, Taylor SF, Welsh RC, Berridge KC, Liberzon I (2006). Neural correlates of social and nonsocial emotions: an fMRI study. Neuroimage31: 397–409. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Brown S, Freeman T, Kimbrell T, Cardwell D, Komoroski R (2003). In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the medial temporal lobes of former prisoners of war with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci15: 367–370. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Bryant RA, Felmingham K, Kemp A, Das P, Hughes G, Peduto A et al (2008a). Amygdala and ventral anterior cingulate activation predicts treatment response to cognitive behaviour therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychol Med38: 555–561. An important study that demonstrates a relationship between pre-treatment fMRI measures and clinical improvement. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bryant RA, Felmingham KL, Kemp AH, Barton M, Peduto AS, Rennie C et al (2005). Neural networks of information processing in posttraumatic stress disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry58: 111–118. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Bryant RA, Kemp AH, Felmingham KL, Liddell B, Olivieri G, Peduto A et al (2008b). Enhanced amygdala and medial prefrontal activation during nonconscious processing of fear in posttraumatic stress disorder: An fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp29: 517–523. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Buchel C, Dolan RJ, Armony JL, Friston KJ (1999). Amygdala-hippocampal involvement in human aversive trace conditioning revealed through event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci19: 10869–10876. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Buchel C, Morris J, Dolan RJ, Friston KJ (1998). Brain systems mediating aversive conditioning: an event-related fMRI study. Neuron20: 947–957. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bystritsky A, Pontillo D, Powers M, Sabb FW, Craske MG, Bookheimer SY (2001). Functional MRI changes during panic anticipation and imagery exposure. Neuroreport12: 3953–3957. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Cahill L, Haier RJ, Fallon J, Alkire MT, Tang C, Keator D et al (1996). Amygdala activity at encoding correlated with long-term, free recall of emotional information. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA93: 8016–8021. One of the first studies to associate amygdala activity during the encoding of emotional material with its subsequent recollection. CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Caldji C, Francis D, Sharma S, Plotsky PM, Meaney MJ (2000). The effects of early rearing environment on the development of GABAA and central benzodiazepine receptor levels and novelty-induced fearfulness in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology22: 219–229. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Cameron OG, Zubieta JK, Grunhaus L, Minoshima S (2000). Effects of yohimbine on cerebral blood flow, symptoms, and physiological functions in humans. Psychosom Med62: 549–559. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Campbell DW, Sareen J, Paulus MP, Goldin PR, Stein MB, Reiss JP (2007). Time-varying amygdala response to emotional faces in generalized social phobia. Biol Psychiatry62: 455–463. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Cannistraro PA, Wright CI, Wedig MM, Martis B, Shin LM, Wilhelm S et al (2004). Amygdala responses to human faces in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry56: 916–920. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Carrion VG, Garrett A, Menon V, Weems CF, Reiss AL (2008). Posttraumatic stress symptoms and brain function during a response-inhibition task: an fMRI study in youth. Depress Anxiety25: 514–526. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Carrion VG, Weems CF, Eliez S, Patwardhan A, Brown W, Ray RD et al (2001). Attenuation of frontal asymmetry in pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry50: 943–951. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Chamberlain SR, Menzies L, Hampshire A, Suckling J, Fineberg NA, del Campo N et al (2008). Orbitofrontal dysfunction in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and their unaffected relatives. Science321: 421–422. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Chen S, Xia W, Li L, Liu J, He Z, Zhang Z et al (2006). Gray matter density reduction in the insula in fire survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder: a voxel-based morphometric study. Psychiatry Res146: 65–72. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Chen XL, Xie JX, Han HB, Cui YH, Zhang BQ (2004). MR perfusion-weighted imaging and quantitative analysis of cerebral hemodynamics with symptom provocation in unmedicated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neurosci Lett370: 206–211. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Cheng DT, Knight DC, Smith CN, Helmstetter FJ (2006). Human amygdala activity during the expression of fear responses. Behav Neurosci120: 1187–1195. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Cheng DT, Knight DC, Smith CN, Stein EA, Helmstetter FJ (2003). Functional MRI of human amygdala activity during Pavlovian fear conditioning: stimulus processing vs response expression. Behav Neurosci117: 3–10. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Chung YA, Kim SH, Chung SK, Chae JH, Yang DW, Sohn HS et al (2006). Alterations in cerebral perfusion in posttraumatic stress disorder patients without re-exposure to accident-related stimuli. Clin Neurophysiol117: 637–642. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Cooney RE, Atlas LY, Joormann J, Eugene F, Gotlib IH (2006). Amygdala activation in the processing of neutral faces in social anxiety disorder: is neutral really neutral? Psychiatry Res148: 55–59. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Coplan JD, Andrews MW, Rosenblum LA, Owens MJ, Friedman S, Gorman JM et al (1996). Persistent elevations of cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing factor in adult nonhuman primates exposed to early-life stressors: implications for the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA93: 1619–1623. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Coplan JD, Lydiard RB (1998). Brain circuits in panic disorder. Biol Psychiatry44: 1264–1276. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Corbo V, Clement MH, Armony JL, Pruessner JC, Brunet A (2005). Size vs shape differences: contrasting voxel-based and volumetric analyses of the anterior cingulate cortex in individuals with acute posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry58: 119–124. Demonstrates that voxel-based morphometric measures are not always consistent with more traditional segmentation volumetric measures. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Cordero MI, Venero C, Kruyt ND, Sandi C (2003). Prior exposure to a single stress session facilitates subsequent contextual fear conditioning in rats. Evidence for a role of corticosterone. Horm Behav44: 338–345. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Critchley HD, Mathias CJ, Dolan RJ (2002). Fear conditioning in humans: the influence of awareness and autonomic arousal on functional neuroanatomy. Neuron33: 653–663. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Curtis G, Buxton M, Lippman D, Nesse R, Wright J (1976). ‘Flooding _in vivo_’ during the circadian phase of minimal cortisol secretion: anxiety and therapeutic success without adrenal cortical activation. Biol Psychiatry11: 101–107. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Davis M (2006). Neural systems involved in fear and anxiety measured with fear-potentiated startle. Am Psychol61: 741–756. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Davis M, Whalen PJ (2001). The amygdala: vigilance and emotion. Mol Psychiatry6: 13–34. An excellent review of studies of amygdala function in human and non-human animals. CASPubMed Google Scholar
De Bellis MD, Casey BJ, Dahl RE, Birmaher B, Williamson DE, Thomas KM et al (2000a). A pilot study of amygdala volumes in pediatric generalized anxiety disorder. Biol Psychiatry48: 51–57. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
De Bellis MD, Hall J, Boring AM, Frustaci K, Moritz G (2001a). A pilot longitudinal study of hippocampal volumes in pediatric maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry50: 305–309. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
De Bellis MD, Keshavan MS, Clark DB, Casey BJ, Giedd JN, Boring AM et al (1999). A.E. Bennett research award. Developmental traumatology. Part II: Brain development. Biol Psychiatry45: 1271–1284. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
De Bellis MD, Keshavan MS, Harenski KA (2001b). Anterior cingulate _N_-acetylaspartate/creatine ratios during clonidine treatment in a maltreated child with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol11: 311–316. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
De Bellis MD, Keshavan MS, Shifflett H, Iyengar S, Beers SR, Hall J et al (2002). Brain structures in pediatric maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a sociodemographically matched study. Biol Psychiatry52: 1066–1078. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
De Bellis MD, Keshavan MS, Spencer S, Hall J (2000b). _N_-Acetylaspartate concentration in the anterior cingulate of maltreated children and adolescents with PTSD. Am J Psychiatry157: 1175–1177. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
De Cristofaro MT, Sessarego A, Pupi A, Biondi F, Faravelli C (1993). Brain perfusion abnormalities in drug-naive, lactate-sensitive panic patients: a SPECT study. Biol Psychiatry33: 505–512. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Dickie EW, Brunet A, Akerib V, Armony JL (2008). An fMRI investigation of memory encoding in PTSD: influence of symptom severity. Neuropsychologia46: 1522–1531. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Dilger S, Straube T, Mentzel HJ, Fitzek C, Reichenbach JR, Hecht H et al (2003). Brain activation to phobia-related pictures in spider phobic humans: an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neurosci Lett348: 29–32. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Dolcos F, LaBar KS, Cabeza R (2004). Interaction between the amygdala and the medial temporal lobe memory system predicts better memory for emotional events. Neuron42: 855–863. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Dolcos F, LaBar KS, Cabeza R (2005). Remembering one year later: role of the amygdala and the medial temporal lobe memory system in retrieving emotional memories. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA102: 2626–2631. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Domschke K, Braun M, Ohrmann P, Suslow T, Kugel H, Bauer J et al (2006). Association of the functional [minus sign]1019C/G 5-HT 1A polymorphism with prefrontal cortex and amygdala activation measured with 3 T fMRI in panic disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol9: 349–355. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Domschke K, Ohrmann P, Braun M, Suslow T, Bauer J, Hohoff C et al (2008). Influence of the catechol-_O_-methyltransferase val158met genotype on amygdala and prefrontal cortex emotional processing in panic disorder. Psychiatry Res163: 13–20. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Doronbekov TK, Tokunaga H, Ikejiri Y, Kazui H, Hatta N, Masaki Y et al (2005). Neural basis of fear conditioning induced by video clip: positron emission tomography study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci59: 155–162. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Driessen M, Beblo T, Mertens M, Piefke M, Rullkoetter N, Silva-Saavedra A et al (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder and fMRI activation patterns of traumatic memory in patients with borderline personality disorder. Biol Psychiatry55: 603–611. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Dunsmoor JE, Bandettini PA, Knight DC (2007). Impact of continuous vs intermittent CS-UCS pairing on human brain activation during Pavlovian fear conditioning. Behav Neurosci121: 635–642. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Ebert D, Speck O, Konig A, Berger M, Hennig J, Hohagen F (1997). 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence for neuronal loss in the cingulate gyrus and the right striatum. Psychiatry Res74: 173–176. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Elzinga BM, Bremner JD (2002). Are the neural substrates of memory the final common pathway in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? J Affect Disord70: 1–17. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Eser D, Leicht G, Lutz J, Wenninger S, Kirsch V, Schule C et al (2009). Functional neuroanatomy of CCK-4-induced panic attacks in healthy volunteers. Hum Brain Mapp30: 511–522. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Etkin A, Wager TD (2007). Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: a meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. Am J Psychiatry164: 1476–1488. A thorough and novel review of functional neuroimaging studies of anxiety disorders. ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Evans KC, Simon NM, Dougherty DD, Hoge EA, Worthington JJ, Chow C et al (2009). A PET study of tiagabine treatment implicates ventral medial prefrontal cortex in generalized social anxiety disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology34: 390–398. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Evans KC, Wright CI, Wedig MM, Gold AL, Pollack MH, Rauch SL (2008). A functional MRI study of amygdala responses to angry schematic faces in social anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety25: 496–505. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Falsetti SA, Resnick HS (1997). Frequency and severity of panic attack symptoms in a treatment seeking sample of trauma victims. J Trauma Stress10: 683–689. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Felmingham K, Kemp A, Williams L, Das P, Hughes G, Peduto A et al (2007). Changes in anterior cingulate and amygdala after cognitive behavior therapy of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Sci18: 127–129. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Felmingham KL, Williams LM, Kemp AH, Rennie C, Gordon E, Bryant RA (2009). Anterior cingulate activity to salient stimuli is modulated by autonomic arousal in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging173: 59–62. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Fennema-Notestine C, Stein MB, Kennedy CM, Archibald SL, Jernigan TL (2002). Brain morphometry in female victims of intimate partner violence with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry52: 1089–1101. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Fitzgerald DA, Angstadt M, Jelsone LM, Nathan PJ, Phan KL (2006). Beyond threat: amygdala reactivity across multiple expressions of facial affect. Neuroimage30: 1441–1448. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Fitzgerald KD, Moore GJ, Paulson LA, Stewart CM, Rosenberg DR (2000). Proton spectroscopic imaging of the thalamus in treatment-naive pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry47: 174–182. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Fitzgerald KD, Welsh RC, Gehring WJ, Abelson JL, Himle JA, Liberzon I et al (2005). Error-related hyperactivity of the anterior cingulate cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry57: 287–294. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Frances A, Widiger T, Fyer MR (1990). The influence of classification methods on comorbidity. In: Maser J, Cloninger R (eds). Comorbidity of Mood and Anxiety Disorders. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC. Google Scholar
Freeman TW, Cardwell D, Karson CN, Komoroski RA (1998). In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the medial temporal lobes of subjects with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Magn Reson Med40: 66–71. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Friedlander L, Desrocher M (2006). Neuroimaging studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults and children. Clin Psychol Rev26: 32–49. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Fujita M, Southwick SM, Denucci CC, Zoghbi SS, Dillon MS, Baldwin RM et al (2004). Central type benzodiazepine receptors in Gulf War veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry56: 95–100. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Furmark T, Appel L, Michelgard A, Wahlstedt K, Ahs F, Zancan S et al (2005). Cerebral blood flow changes after treatment of social phobia with the neurokinin-1 antagonist GR205171, citalopram, or placebo. Biol Psychiatry58: 132–142. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Furmark T, Fischer H, Wik G, Larsson M, Fredrikson M (1997). The amygdala and individual differences in human fear conditioning. Neuroreport8: 3957–3960. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Furmark T, Tillfors M, Garpenstrand H, Marteinsdottir I, Langstrom B, Oreland L et al (2004). Serotonin transporter polymorphism related to amygdala excitability and symptom severity in patients with social phobia. Neurosci Lett362: 189–192. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Furmark T, Tillfors M, Marteinsdottir I, Fischer H, Pissiota A, Langstrom B et al (2002). Common changes in cerebral blood flow in patients with social phobia treated with citalopram or cognitive-behavioral therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry59: 425–433. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Fyer AJ (1998). Current approaches to etiology and pathophysiology of specific phobia. Biol Psychiatry44: 1295–1304. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Garavan H, Pendergrass JC, Ross TJ, Stein EA, Risinger RC (2001). Amygdala response to both positively and negatively valenced stimuli. Neuroreport12: 2779–2783. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Garcia R, Vouimba RM, Baudry M, Thompson RF (1999). The amygdala modulates prefrontal cortex activity relative to conditioned fear. Nature402: 294–296. An important study suggesting that the amygdala can attenuate medial prefrontal cortex function. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Gentili C, Gobbini MI, Ricciardi E, Vanello N, Pietrini P, Haxby JV et al (2008). Differential modulation of neural activity throughout the distributed neural system for face perception in patients with social phobia and healthy subjects. Brain Res Bull77: 286–292. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Geuze E, van Berckel BN, Lammertsma AA, Boellaard R, de Kloet CS, Vermetten E et al (2008a). Reduced GABAA benzodiazepine receptor binding in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Mol Psychiatry13: 74–83, 73. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Geuze E, Vermetten E, Ruf M, de Kloet CS, Westenberg HG (2008b). Neural correlates of associative learning and memory in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Res42: 659–669. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Geuze E, Westenberg HG, Jochims A, de Kloet CS, Bohus M, Vermetten E et al (2007). Altered pain processing in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry64: 76–85. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Gilbert AR, Moore GJ, Keshavan MS, Paulson LA, Narula V, Mac Master FP et al (2000). Decrease in thalamic volumes of pediatric patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who are taking paroxetine. Arch Gen Psychiatry57: 449–456. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Gilbertson MW, Shenton ME, Ciszewski A, Kasai K, Lasko NB, Orr SP et al (2002). Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma. Nat Neurosci5: 1242–1247. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Golier JA, Yehuda R, De Santi S, Segal S, Dolan S, de Leon MJ (2005). Absence of hippocampal volume differences in survivors of the Nazi holocaust with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res139: 53–64. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Goossens L, Schruers K, Peeters R, Griez E, Sunaert S (2007a). Visual presentation of phobic stimuli: amygdala activation via an extrageniculostriate pathway? Psychiatry Res155: 113–120. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Goossens L, Sunaert S, Peeters R, Griez EJ, Schruers KR (2007b). Amygdala hyperfunction in phobic fear normalizes after exposure. Biol Psychiatry62: 1119–1125. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Gorman JM, Kent JM, Sullivan GM, Coplan JD (2000). Neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder, revised. Am J Psychiatry157: 493–505. An influential neurobiological account of panic attacks and panic disorder. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Gorno-Tempini ML, Pradelli S, Serafini M, Pagnoni G, Baraldi P, Porro C et al (2001). Explicit and incidental facial expression processing: an fMRI study. Neuroimage14: 465–473. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Gottfried JA, Dolan RJ (2004). Human orbitofrontal cortex mediates extinction learning while accessing conditioned representations of value. Nat Neurosci7: 1144–1152. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Graff-Guerrero A, De la Fuente-Sandoval C, Camarena B, Gomez-Martin D, Apiquian R, Fresan A et al (2005). Frontal and limbic metabolic differences in subjects selected according to genetic variation of the SLC6A4 gene polymorphism. Neuroimage25: 1197–1204. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Graybiel AM, Rauch SL (2000). Toward a neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuron28: 343–347. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Greenberg PE, Sisitsky T, Kessler RC, Finkelstein SN, Berndt ER, Davidson JR et al (1999). The economic burden of anxiety disorders in the 1990s. J Clin Psychiatry60: 427–435. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Grillon C, Duncko R, Covington MF, Kopperman L, Kling MA (2007). Acute stress potentiates anxiety in humans. Biol Psychiatry62: 1183–1186. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Gurvits TV, Shenton ME, Hokama H, Ohta H, Lasko NB, Gilbertson MW et al (1996). Magnetic resonance imaging study of hippocampal volume in chronic, combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry40: 1091–1099. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Guyer AE, Lau JY, McClure-Tone EB, Parrish J, Shiffrin ND, Reynolds RC et al (2008). Amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex function during anticipated peer evaluation in pediatric social anxiety. Arch Gen Psychiatry65: 1303–1312. ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Ham BJ, Chey J, Yoon SJ, Sung Y, Jeong DU, Ju Kim S et al (2007a). Decreased _N_-acetyl-aspartate levels in anterior cingulate and hippocampus in subjects with post-traumatic stress disorder: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Eur J Neurosci25: 324–329. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Ham BJ, Sung Y, Kim N, Kim SJ, Kim JE, Kim DJ et al (2007b). Decreased GABA levels in anterior cingulate and basal ganglia in medicated subjects with panic disorder: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry31: 403–411. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hamann S, Mao H (2002). Positive and negative emotional verbal stimuli elicit activity in the left amygdala. Neuroreport13: 15–19. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Hamann SB, Ely TD, Grafton ST, Kilts CD (1999). Amygdala activity related to enhanced memory for pleasant and aversive stimuli. Nat Neurosci2: 289–293. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hamann SB, Ely TD, Hoffman JM, Kilts CD (2002). Ecstasy and agony: activation of the human amygdala in positive and negative emotion. Psychol Sci13: 135–141. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Hamner MB, Lorberbaum JP, George MS (1999). Potential role of the anterior cingulate cortex in PTSD: review and hypothesis. Depress Anxiety9: 1–14. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Han DH, Renshaw PF, Dager SR, Chung A, Hwang J, Daniels MA et al (2008). Altered cingulate white matter connectivity in panic disorder patients. J Psychiatr Res42: 399–407. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Hariri AR, Tessitore A, Mattay VS, Fera F, Weinberger DR (2002). The amygdala response to emotional stimuli: a comparison of faces and scenes. Neuroimage17: 317–323. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Harmer CJ, Mackay CE, Reid CB, Cowen PJ, Goodwin GM (2006). Antidepressant drug treatment modifies the neural processing of nonconscious threat cues. Biol Psychiatry59: 816–820. Demonstrates that antidepressant medication diminishes amygdala responses during functional neuroimaging. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hasler G, Nugent AC, Carlson PJ, Carson RE, Geraci M, Drevets WC (2008). Altered cerebral gamma-aminobutyric acid type A-benzodiazepine receptor binding in panic disorder determined by [11C]flumazenil positron emission tomography. Arch Gen Psychiatry65: 1166–1175. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Heim C, Nemeroff CB (2001). The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: preclinical and clinical studies. Biol Psychiatry49: 1023–1039. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hendler T, Rotshtein P, Yeshurun Y, Weizmann T, Kahn I, Ben-Bashat D et al (2003). Sensing the invisible: differential sensitivity of visual cortex and amygdala to traumatic context. Neuroimage19: 587–600. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Hermann A, Schafer A, Walter B, Stark R, Vaitl D, Schienle A (2007). Diminished medial prefrontal cortex activity in blood-injection-injury phobia. Biol Psychol75: 124–130. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Hoehn-Saric R, Schlund MW, Wong SH (2004). Effects of citalopram on worry and brain activation in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Res131: 11–21. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hopper JW, Frewen PA, van der Kolk BA, Lanius RA (2007). Neural correlates of reexperiencing, avoidance, and dissociation in PTSD: symptom dimensions and emotion dysregulation in responses to script-driven trauma imagery. J Trauma Stress20: 713–725. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Hou C, Liu J, Wang K, Li L, Liang M, He Z et al (2007). Brain responses to symptom provocation and trauma-related short-term memory recall in coal mining accident survivors with acute severe PTSD. Brain Res1144: 165–174. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Irwin W, Davidson RJ, Lowe MJ, Mock BJ, Sorenson JA, Turski PA (1996). Human amygdala activation detected with echo-planar functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroreport7: 1765–1769. One of the first fMRI studies to assess amygdala responses to emotional stimuli. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Jackson ED, Payne JD, Nadel L, Jacobs WJ (2006). Stress differentially modulates fear conditioning in healthy men and women. Biol Psychiatry59: 516–522. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Javanmard M, Shlik J, Kennedy SH, Vaccarino FJ, Houle S, Bradwejn J (1999). Neuroanatomic correlates of CCK-4-induced panic attacks in healthy humans: a comparison of two time points. Biol Psychiatry45: 872–882. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kalisch R, Korenfeld E, Stephan KE, Weiskopf N, Seymour B, Dolan RJ (2006). Context-dependent human extinction memory is mediated by a ventromedial prefrontal and hippocampal network. J Neurosci26: 9503–9511. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Kang DH, Kim JJ, Choi JS, Kim YI, Kim CW, Youn T et al (2004). Volumetric investigation of the frontal-subcortical circuitry in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci16: 342–349. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Karl A, Schaefer M, Malta LS, Dorfel D, Rohleder N, Werner A (2006). A meta-analysis of structural brain abnormalities in PTSD. Neurosci Biobehav Rev30: 1004–1031. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Kasai K, Yamasue H, Gilbertson MW, Shenton ME, Rauch SL, Pitman RK (2008). Evidence for acquired pregenual anterior cingulate gray matter loss from a twin study of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry63: 550–556. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Kaschka W, Feistel H, Ebert D (1995). Reduced benzodiazepine receptor binding in panic disorders measured by iomazenil SPECT. J Psychiatr Res29: 427–434. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ et al (1994). Prospective study of phobic anxiety and risk of coronary heart disease in men. Circulation89: 1992–1997. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kelley WM, Macrae CN, Wyland CL, Caglar S, Inati S, Heatherton TF (2002). Finding the self? An event-related fMRI study. J Cogn Neurosci14: 785–794. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kemp AH, Felmingham K, Das P, Hughes G, Peduto AS, Bryant RA et al (2007). Influence of comorbid depression on fear in posttraumatic stress disorder: an fMRI study. Psychiatry Res155: 265–269. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry62: 593–602. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Ketter TA, Andreason PJ, George MS, Lee C, Gill DS, Parekh PI et al (1996). Anterior paralimbic mediation of procaine-induced emotional and psychosensory experiences. Arch Gen Psychiatry53: 59–69. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kilts CD, Kelsey JE, Knight B, Ely TD, Bowman FD, Gross RE et al (2006). The neural correlates of social anxiety disorder and response to pharmacotherapy. Neuropsychopharmacology31: 2243–2253. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kim H, Somerville LH, Johnstone T, Alexander AL, Whalen PJ (2003). Inverse amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses to surprised faces. Neuroreport14: 2317–2322. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Kim H, Somerville LH, Johnstone T, Polis S, Alexander AL, Shin LM et al (2004). Contextual modulation of amygdala responsivity to surprised faces. J Cogn Neurosci16: 1730–1745. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Kim MJ, Chey J, Chung A, Bae S, Khang H, Ham B et al (2007). Diminished rostral anterior cingulate activity in response to threat-related events in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Res42: 268–277. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Kitayama N, Vaccarino V, Kutner M, Weiss P, Bremner JD (2005). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurement of hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord88: 79–86. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Klucken T, Kagerer S, Schweckendiek J, Tabbert K, Vaitl D, Stark R (2009). Neural, electrodermal and behavioral response patterns in contingency aware and unaware subjects during a picture-picture conditioning paradigm. Neuroscience158: 721–731. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Knight DC, Nguyen HT, Bandettini PA (2005). The role of the human amygdala in the production of conditioned fear responses. Neuroimage26: 1193–1200. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Knight DC, Smith CN, Cheng DT, Stein EA, Helmstetter FJ (2004). Amygdala and hippocampal activity during acquisition and extinction of human fear conditioning. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci4: 317–325. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Knight DC, Waters NS, Bandettini PA (2009). Neural substrates of explicit and implicit fear memory. Neuroimage45: 208–214. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Koenigs M, Huey ED, Raymont V, Cheon B, Solomon J, Wassermann EM et al (2008). Focal brain damage protects against post-traumatic stress disorder in combat veterans. Nat Neurosci11: 232–237. Unique lesion study demonstrating the importance of the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex in the pathophysiology of PTSD. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Krain AL, Gotimer K, Hefton S, Ernst M, Castellanos FX, Pine DS et al (2008). A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of uncertainty in adolescents with anxiety disorders. Biol Psychiatry63: 563–568. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
LaBar KS, Gatenby JC, Gore JC, LeDoux JE, Phelps EA (1998). Human amygdala activation during conditioned fear acquisition and extinction: a mixed-trial fMRI study. Neuron20: 937–945. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Lane RD, Fink GR, Chau PM, Dolan RJ (1997a). Neural activation during selective attention to subjective emotional responses. Neuroreport8: 3969–3972. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Lane RD, Reiman EM, Ahern GL, Schwartz GE, Davidson RJ (1997b). Neuroanatomical correlates of happiness, sadness, and disgust. Am J Psychiatry154: 926–933. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Lang S, Kroll A, Lipinski SJ, Wessa M, Ridder S, Christmann C et al (2009). Context conditioning and extinction in humans: differential contribution of the hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Eur J Neurosci29: 823–832. ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Lanius RA, Frewen PA, Girotti M, Neufeld RW, Stevens TK, Densmore M (2007). Neural correlates of trauma script-imagery in posttraumatic stress disorder with and without comorbid major depression: a functional MRI investigation. Psychiatry Res155: 45–56. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Lanius RA, Williamson PC, Densmore M, Boksman K, Gupta MA, Neufeld RW et al (2001). Neural correlates of traumatic memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: a functional MRI investigation. Am J Psychiatry158: 1920–1922. First in a series of unique 4 Tesla fMRI studies of PTSD using script-driven imagery. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Lanius RA, Williamson PC, Hopper J, Densmore M, Boksman K, Gupta MA et al (2003). Recall of emotional states in posttraumatic stress disorder: an fMRI investigation. Biol Psychiatry53: 204–210. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Lansing K, Amen DG, Hanks C, Rudy L (2005). High-resolution brain SPECT imaging and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in police officers with PTSD. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci17: 526–532. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Lanzenberger RR, Mitterhauser M, Spindelegger C, Wadsak W, Klein N, Mien LK et al (2007). Reduced serotonin-1A receptor binding in social anxiety disorder. Biol Psychiatry61: 1081–1089. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Larson CL, Schaefer HS, Siegle GJ, Jackson CA, Anderle MJ, Davidson RJ (2006). Fear is fast in phobic individuals: amygdala activation in response to fear-relevant stimuli. Biol Psychiatry60: 410–417. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Layton B, Krikorian R (2002). Memory mechanisms in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci14: 254–261. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
LeDoux JE, Cicchetti P, Xagoraris A, Romanski LM (1990). The lateral amygdaloid nucleus: sensory interface of the amygdala in fear conditioning. J Neurosci10: 1062–1069. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Lee HJ, Lee MS, Kang RH, Kim H, Kim SD, Kee BS et al (2005). Influence of the serotonin transporter promoter gene polymorphism on susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder. Depress Anxiety21: 135–139. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Liberzon I, King AP, Britton JC, Phan KL, Abelson JL, Taylor SF (2007a). Paralimbic and medial prefrontal cortical involvement in neuroendocrine responses to traumatic stimuli. Am J Psychiatry164: 1250–1258. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Liberzon I, Martis B (2006). Neuroimaging studies of emotional responses in PTSD. Ann NY Acad Sci1071: 87–109. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Liberzon I, Phan KL, Decker LR, Taylor SF (2003). Extended amygdala and emotional salience: a PET activation study of positive and negative affect. Neuropsychopharmacology28: 726–733. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Liberzon I, Sripada CS (2008). The functional neuroanatomy of PTSD: a critical review. Prog Brain Res167: 151–169. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Liberzon I, Taylor SF, Amdur R, Jung TD, Chamberlain KR, Minoshima S et al (1999). Brain activation in PTSD in response to trauma-related stimuli. Biol Psychiatry45: 817–826. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Liberzon I, Taylor SF, Phan KL, Britton JC, Fig LM, Bueller JA et al (2007b). Altered central micro-opioid receptor binding after psychological trauma. Biol Psychiatry61: 1030–1038. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Liebowitz MR, Ninan PT, Schneier FR, Blanco C (2005). Integrating neurobiology and psychopathology into evidence-based treatment of social anxiety disorder. CNS Spectr10 (suppl 13): 1–11; discussion 12–13; quiz 14–15. Article Google Scholar
Lindauer RJ, Booij J, Habraken JB, Uylings HB, Olff M, Carlier IV et al (2004a). Cerebral blood flow changes during script-driven imagery in police officers with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry56: 853–861. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Lindauer RJ, Booij J, Habraken JB, van Meijel EP, Uylings HB, Olff M et al (2008). Effects of psychotherapy on regional cerebral blood flow during trauma imagery in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized clinical trial. Psychol Med38: 543–554. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Lindauer RJ, Vlieger EJ, Jalink M, Olff M, Carlier IV, Majoie CB et al (2004b). Smaller hippocampal volume in Dutch police officers with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry56: 356–363. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Liston C, Miller MM, Goldwater DS, Radley JJ, Rocher AB, Hof PR et al (2006). Stress-induced alterations in prefrontal cortical dendritic morphology predict selective impairments in perceptual attentional set-shifting. J Neurosci26: 7870–7874. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Lorberbaum JP, Kose S, Johnson MR, Arana GW, Sullivan LK, Hamner MB et al (2004). Neural correlates of speech anticipatory anxiety in generalized social phobia. Neuroreport15: 2701–2705. PubMed Google Scholar
Mahmutyazicioglu K, Konuk N, Ozdemir H, Atasoy N, Atik L, Gundogdu S (2005). Evaluation of the hippocampus and the anterior cingulate gyrus by proton MR spectroscopy in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. Diagn Interv Radiol11: 125–129. PubMed Google Scholar
Malizia AL, Cunningham VJ, Bell CJ, Liddle PF, Jones T, Nutt DJ (1998). Decreased brain GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptor binding in panic disorder: preliminary results from a quantitative PET study. Arch Gen Psychiatry55: 715–720. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Maren S (2008). Pavlovian fear conditioning as a behavioral assay for hippocampus and amygdala function: cautions and caveats. Eur J Neurosci28: 1661–1666. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Marschner A, Kalisch R, Vervliet B, Vansteenwegen D, Buchel C (2008). Dissociable roles for the hippocampus and the amygdala in human cued vs context fear conditioning. J Neurosci28: 9030–9036. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Massana G, Gasto C, Junque C, Mercader JM, Gomez B, Massana J et al (2002). Reduced levels of creatine in the right medial temporal lobe region of panic disorder patients detected with (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neuroimage16: 836–842. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Massana G, Serra-Grabulosa JM, Salgado-Pineda P, Gasto C, Junque C, Massana J et al (2003). Amygdalar atrophy in panic disorder patients detected by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage19: 80–90. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Mathew SJ, Coplan JD, Gorman JM (2001). Neurobiological mechanisms of social anxiety disorder. Am J Psychiatry158: 1558–1567. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Mathew SJ, Mao X, Coplan JD, Smith EL, Sackeim HA, Gorman JM et al (2004). Dorsolateral prefrontal cortical pathology in generalized anxiety disorder: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study. Am J Psychiatry161: 1119–1121. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Mayberg HS (1997). Limbic-cortical dysregulation: a proposed model of depression. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci9: 471–481. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Mayberg HS, Liotti M, Brannan SK, McGinnis S, Mahurin RK, Jerabek PA et al (1999). Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness. Am J Psychiatry156: 675–682. CASPubMed Google Scholar
McClure EB, Adler A, Monk CS, Cameron J, Smith S, Nelson EE et al (2007a). fMRI predictors of treatment outcome in pediatric anxiety disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berlin)191: 97–105. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
McClure EB, Monk CS, Nelson EE, Parrish JM, Adler A, Blair RJ et al (2007b). Abnormal attention modulation of fear circuit function in pediatric generalized anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry64: 97–106. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
McEwen BS (2001). Plasticity of the hippocampus: adaptation to chronic stress and allostatic load. Ann NY Acad Sci933: 265–277. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Menzies L, Chamberlain SR, Laird AR, Thelen SM, Sahakian BJ, Bullmore ET (2008). Integrating evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder: the orbitofronto-striatal model revisited. Neurosci Biobehav Rev32: 525–549. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Michelgard A, Appel L, Pissiota A, Frans O, Langstrom B, Bergstrom M et al (2007). Symptom provocation in specific phobia affects the substance P neurokinin-1 receptor system. Biol Psychiatry61: 1002–1006. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Milad MR, Orr SP, Lasko NB, Chang Y, Rauch SL, Pitman RK (2008). Presence and acquired origin of reduced recall for fear extinction in PTSD: results of a twin study. J Psychiatr Res42: 515–520. ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Milad MR, Quinn BT, Pitman RK, Orr SP, Fischl B, Rauch SL (2005). Thickness of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in humans is correlated with extinction memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA102: 10706–10711. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Milad MR, Quirk GJ (2002). Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex signal memory for fear extinction. Nature420: 70–74. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Milad MR, Quirk GJ, Pitman RK, Orr SP, Fischl B, Rauch SL (2007a). A role for the human dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in fear expression. Biol Psychiatry62: 1191–1194. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Milad MR, Wright CI, Orr SP, Pitman RK, Quirk GJ, Rauch SL (2007b). Recall of fear extinction in humans activates the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in concert. Biol Psychiatry62: 446–454. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Mitra R, Jadhav S, McEwen BS, Vyas A, Chattarji S (2005). Stress duration modulates the spatiotemporal patterns of spine formation in the basolateral amygdala. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA102: 9371–9376. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Mohanakrishnan Menon P, Nasrallah HA, Lyons JA, Scott MF, Liberto V (2003). Single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy of right vs left hippocampi in PTSD. Psychiatry Res123: 101–108. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Molina ME, Isoardi R, Prado MN, Bentolila S (2007). Basal cerebral glucose distribution in long-term post-traumatic stress disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 1–9.
Monk CS, Nelson EE, McClure EB, Mogg K, Bradley BP, Leibenluft E et al (2006). Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation and attentional bias in response to angry faces in adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder. Am J Psychiatry163: 1091–1097. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Monk CS, Telzer EH, Mogg K, Bradley BP, Mai X, Louro HM et al (2008). Amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation to masked angry faces in children and adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry65: 568–576. ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Moores KA, Clark CR, McFarlane AC, Brown GC, Puce A, Taylor DJ (2008). Abnormal recruitment of working memory updating networks during maintenance of trauma-neutral information in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res163: 156–170. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Morey RA, Dolcos F, Petty CM, Cooper DA, Hayes JP, Labar KS et al (2009). The role of trauma-related distractors on neural systems for working memory and emotion processing in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Res43: 809–817. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Morgan MA, Romanski LM, LeDoux JE (1993). Extinction of emotional learning: contribution of medial prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Lett163: 109–113. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Morris JS, Buchel C, Dolan RJ (2001). Parallel neural responses in amygdala subregions and sensory cortex during implicit fear conditioning. Neuroimage13: 1044–1052. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Morris JS, Dolan RJ (2004). Dissociable amygdala and orbitofrontal responses during reversal fear conditioning. Neuroimage22: 372–380. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Morris JS, Frith CD, Perrett DI, Rowland D, Young AW, Calder AJ et al (1996). A differential neural response in the human amygdala to fearful and happy facial expressions. Nature383: 812–815. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Morris JS, Ohman A, Dolan RJ (1998). Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala. Nature393: 467–470. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Nader K, Hardt O (2009). A single standard for memory: the case for reconsolidation. Nat Rev Neurosci10: 224–234. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Nash JR, Sargent PA, Rabiner EA, Hood SD, Argyropoulos SV, Potokar JP et al (2008). Serotonin 5-HT1A receptor binding in people with panic disorder: positron emission tomography study. Br J Psychiatry193: 229–234. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Neumeister A, Bain E, Nugent AC, Carson RE, Bonne O, Luckenbaugh DA et al (2004). Reduced serotonin type 1A receptor binding in panic disorder. J Neurosci24: 589–591. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Nitschke JB, Sarinopoulos I, Oathes DJ, Johnstone T, Whalen PJ, Davidson RJ et al (2009). Anticipatory activation in the amygdala and anterior cingulate in generalized anxiety disorder and prediction of treatment response. Am J Psychiatry166: 302–310. ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Nordahl TE, Semple WE, Gross M, Mellman TA, Stein MB, Goyer P et al (1990). Cerebral glucose metabolic differences in patients with panic disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology3: 261–272. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Nordahl TE, Stein MB, Benkelfat C, Semple WE, Andreason P, Zametkin A et al (1998). Regional cerebral metabolic asymmetries replicated in an independent group of patients with panic disorders. Biol Psychiatry44: 998–1006. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Ochsner KN, Bunge SA, Gross JJ, Gabrieli JD (2002). Rethinking feelings: an FMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. J Cogn Neurosci14: 1215–1229. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Olsson A, Nearing KI, Phelps EA (2007). Learning fears by observing others: the neural systems of social fear transmission. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci2: 3–11. ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Orr SP, Metzger LJ, Lasko NB, Macklin ML, Peri T, Pitman RK (2000). De novo conditioning in trauma-exposed individuals with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. J Abnorm Psychol109: 290–298. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Osuch EA, Benson B, Geraci M, Podell D, Herscovitch P, McCann UD et al (2001). Regional cerebral blood flow correlated with flashback intensity in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry50: 246–253. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Osuch EA, Willis MW, Bluhm R, Ursano RJ, Drevets WC (2008). Neurophysiological responses to traumatic reminders in the acute aftermath of serious motor vehicle collisions using [15O]-H2O positron emission tomography. Biol Psychiatry64: 327–335. ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Pannu Hayes J, Labar KS, Petty CM, McCarthy G, Morey RA (2009). Alterations in the neural circuitry for emotion and attention associated with posttraumatic stress symptomatology. Psychiatry Res172: 7–15. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Paquette V, Levesque J, Mensour B, Leroux JM, Beaudoin G, Bourgouin P et al (2003). ‘Change the mind and you change the brain’: effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on the neural correlates of spider phobia. Neuroimage18: 401–409. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Paradiso S, Johnson DL, Andreasen NC, O'Leary DS, Watkins GL, Ponto LL et al (1999). Cerebral blood flow changes associated with attribution of emotional valence to pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral visual stimuli in a PET study of normal subjects. Am J Psychiatry156: 1618–1629. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Pare D, Quirk GJ, Ledoux JE (2004). New vistas on amygdala networks in conditioned fear. J Neurophysiol92: 1–9. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Paulus MP, Feinstein JS, Castillo G, Simmons AN, Stein MB (2005). Dose-dependent decrease of activation in bilateral amygdala and insula by lorazepam during emotion processing. Arch Gen Psychiatry62: 282–288. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Paulus MP, Stein MB (2006). An insular view of anxiety. Biol Psychiatry60: 383–387. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Pederson CL, Maurer SH, Kaminski PL, Zander KA, Peters CM, Stokes-Crowe LA et al (2004). Hippocampal volume and memory performance in a community-based sample of women with posttraumatic stress disorder secondary to child abuse. J Trauma Stress17: 37–40. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Perani D, Garibotto V, Gorini A, Moresco RM, Henin M, Panzacchi A et al (2008). In vivo PET study of 5HT(2A) serotonin and D(2) dopamine dysfunction in drug-naive obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuroimage42: 306–314. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Peres JF, Newberg AB, Mercante JP, Simao M, Albuquerque VE, Peres MJ et al (2007). Cerebral blood flow changes during retrieval of traumatic memories before and after psychotherapy: a SPECT study. Psychol Med37: 1481–1491. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Peri T, Ben-Shakhar G, Orr SP, Shalev AY (2000). Psychophysiologic assessment of aversive conditioning in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry47: 512–519. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Phan KL, Britton JC, Taylor SF, Fig LM, Liberzon I (2006a). Corticolimbic blood flow during nontraumatic emotional processing in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry63: 184–192. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Phan KL, Fitzgerald DA, Cortese BM, Seraji-Bozorgzad N, Tancer ME, Moore GJ (2005). Anterior cingulate neurochemistry in social anxiety disorder: 1H-MRS at 4 Tesla. Neuroreport16: 183–186. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Phan KL, Fitzgerald DA, Gao K, Moore GJ, Tancer ME, Posse S (2004a). Real-time fMRI of cortico-limbic brain activity during emotional processing. Neuroreport15: 527–532. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Phan KL, Fitzgerald DA, Nathan PJ, Tancer ME (2006b). Association between amygdala hyperactivity to harsh faces and severity of social anxiety in generalized social phobia. Biol Psychiatry59: 424–429. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Phan KL, Liberzon I, Welsh RC, Britton JC, Taylor SF (2003a). Habituation of rostral anterior cingulate cortex to repeated emotionally salient pictures. Neuropsychopharmacology28: 1344–1350. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Phan KL, Taylor SF, Welsh RC, Decker LR, Noll DC, Nichols TE et al (2003b). Activation of the medial prefrontal cortex and extended amygdala by individual ratings of emotional arousal: a fMRI study. Biol Psychiatry53: 211–215. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Phan KL, Wager T, Taylor SF, Liberzon I (2002). Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: a meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. Neuroimage16: 331–348. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Phan KL, Wager TD, Taylor SF, Liberzon I (2004b). Functional neuroimaging studies of human emotions. CNS Spectr9: 258–266. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Phelps EA, Delgado MR, Nearing KI, LeDoux JE (2004). Extinction learning in humans: role of the amygdala and vmPFC. Neuron43: 897–905. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Phelps EA, O'Connor KJ, Gatenby JC, Gore JC, Grillon C, Davis M (2001). Activation of the left amygdala to a cognitive representation of fear. Nat Neurosci4: 437–441. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Phillips ML, Williams LM, Heining M, Herba CM, Russell T, Andrew C et al (2004). Differential neural responses to overt and covert presentations of facial expressions of fear and disgust. Neuroimage21: 1484–1496. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Phillips ML, Young AW, Senior C, Brammer M, Andrew C, Calder AJ et al (1997). A specific neural substrate for perceiving facial expressions of disgust. Nature389: 495–498. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Pillay SS, Gruber SA, Rogowska J, Simpson N, Yurgelun-Todd DA (2006). fMRI of fearful facial affect recognition in panic disorder: the cingulate gyrus-amygdala connection. J Affect Disord94: 173–181. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Pillay SS, Rogowska J, Gruber SA, Simpson N, Yurgelun-Todd DA (2007). Recognition of happy facial affect in panic disorder: an fMRI study. J Anxiety Disord21: 381–393. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Pine DS, Fyer A, Grun J, Phelps EA, Szeszko PR, Koda V et al (2001). Methods for developmental studies of fear conditioning circuitry. Biol Psychiatry50: 225–228. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Pissiota A, Frans O, Fernandez M, von Knorring L, Fischer H, Fredrikson M (2002). Neurofunctional correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder: a PET symptom provocation study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci252: 68–75. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Pissiota A, Frans O, Michelgard A, Appel L, Langstrom B, Flaten MA et al (2003). Amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex activation during affective startle modulation: a PET study of fear. Eur J Neurosci18: 1325–1331. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Plotsky PM, Meaney MJ (1993). Early, postnatal experience alters hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA, median eminence CRF content and stress-induced release in adult rats. Brain Res Mol Brain Res18: 195–200. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Pohl J, Olmstead MC, Wynne-Edwards KE, Harkness K, Menard JL (2007). Repeated exposure to stress across the childhood-adolescent period alters rats' anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in adulthood: the importance of stressor type and gender. Behav Neurosci121: 462–474. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Protopopescu X, Pan H, Tuescher O, Cloitre M, Goldstein M, Engelien A et al (2006). Increased brainstem volume in panic disorder: a voxel-based morphometric study. Neuroreport17: 361–363. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Protopopescu X, Pan H, Tuescher O, Cloitre M, Goldstein M, Engelien W et al (2005). Differential time courses and specificity of amygdala activity in posttraumatic stress disorder subjects and normal control subjects. Biol Psychiatry57: 464–473. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Quadflieg S, Mohr A, Mentzel HJ, Miltner WH, Straube T (2008). Modulation of the neural network involved in the processing of anger prosody: the role of task-relevance and social phobia. Biol Psychol78: 129–137. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Quirk GJ, Garcia R, Gonzalez-Lima F (2006). Prefrontal mechanisms in extinction of conditioned fear. Biol Psychiatry60: 337–343. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Quirk GJ, Likhtik E, Pelletier JG, Pare D (2003). Stimulation of medial prefrontal cortex decreases the responsiveness of central amygdala output neurons. J Neurosci23: 8800–8807. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Quirk GJ, Mueller D (2008). Neural mechanisms of extinction learning and retrieval. Neuropsychopharmacology33: 56–72. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Quirk GJ, Russo GK, Barron JL, Lebron K (2000). The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the recovery of extinguished fear. J Neurosci20: 6225–6231. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Radley JJ, Sisti HM, Hao J, Rocher AB, McCall T, Hof PR et al (2004). Chronic behavioral stress induces apical dendritic reorganization in pyramidal neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience125: 1–6. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Rauch S, Whalen P, Dougherty D, Jenike M (1998a). Neurobiological models of obsessive compulsive disorders. In: Jenike M, Baer L, Minichiello W (eds). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: Practical Management. Mosby, Baston, MA. pp 222–253. Google Scholar
Rauch SL, Jenike MA, Alpert NM, Baer L, Breiter HC, Savage CR et al (1994). Regional cerebral blood flow measured during symptom provocation in obsessive-compulsive disorder using oxygen 15-labeled carbon dioxide and positron emission tomography. Arch Gen Psychiatry51: 62–70. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Rauch SL, Savage CR, Alpert NM, Dougherty D, Kendrick A, Curran T et al (1997). Probing striatal function in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a PET study of implicit sequence learning. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci9: 568–573. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Rauch SL, Shin LM, Phelps EA (2006). Neurocircuitry models of posttraumatic stress disorder and extinction: human neuroimaging research—past, present, and future. Biol Psychiatry60: 376–382. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Rauch SL, Shin LM, Segal E, Pitman RK, Carson MA, McMullin K et al (2003). Selectively reduced regional cortical volumes in post-traumatic stress disorder. Neuroreport14: 913–916. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Rauch SL, Shin LM, Whalen PJ, Pitman RK (1998b). Neuroimaging and the neuroanatomy of PTSD. CNS Spectrums3 (Suppl. 2): 30–41. Article Google Scholar
Rauch SL, Whalen PJ, Shin LM, McInerney SC, Macklin ML, Lasko NB et al (2000). Exaggerated amygdala response to masked facial stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder: a functional MRI study. Biol Psychiatry47: 769–776. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Rauch SL, Wright CI, Martis B, Busa E, McMullin KG, Shin LM et al (2004). A magnetic resonance imaging study of cortical thickness in animal phobia. Biol Psychiatry55: 946–952. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Reiger D, Burke J, Burke K (1990). Comorbidity of affective and anxiety disorders in the NIHM Epidemiologic Catchment Area program. In: Maser J, Cloninger R (eds). Comorbidity of Mood and Anxiety Disorders. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC. Google Scholar
Reiman EM, Lane RD, Ahern GL, Schwartz GE, Davidson RJ, Friston KJ et al (1997). Neuroanatomical correlates of externally and internally generated human emotion. Am J Psychiatry154: 918–925. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Reimold M, Smolka MN, Zimmer A, Batra A, Knobel A, Solbach C et al (2007). Reduced availability of serotonin transporters in obsessive-compulsive disorder correlates with symptom severity—a [11C]DASB PET study. J Neural Transm114: 1603–1609. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Remijnse PL, Nielen MM, van Balkom AJ, Cath DC, van Oppen P, Uylings HB et al (2006). Reduced orbitofrontal-striatal activity on a reversal learning task in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry63: 1225–1236. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Robinson D, Wu H, Munne RA, Ashtari M, Alvir JM, Lerner G et al (1995). Reduced caudate nucleus volume in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry52: 393–398. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Root JC, Tuescher O, Cunningham-Bussel A, Pan H, Epstein J, Altemus M et al (2009). Frontolimbic function and cortisol reactivity in response to emotional stimuli. Neuroreport20: 429–434. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Rosenberg DR, Keshavan MS, O'Hearn KM, Dick EL, Bagwell WW, Seymour AB et al (1997). Frontostriatal measurement in treatment-naive children with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry54: 824–830. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sabatini E, Penna SD, Franciotti R, Ferretti A, Zoccolotti P, Rossini PM et al (2009). Brain structures activated by overt and covert emotional visual stimuli. Brain Res Bull79: 258–264. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Sachinvala N, Kling A, Suffin S, Lake R, Cohen M (2000). Increased regional cerebral perfusion by 99mTc hexamethyl propylene amine oxime single photon emission computed tomography in post-traumatic stress disorder. Mil Med165: 473–479. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sakai Y, Kumano H, Nishikawa M, Sakano Y, Kaiya H, Imabayashi E et al (2005). Cerebral glucose metabolism associated with a fear network in panic disorder. Neuroreport16: 927–931. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Sakai Y, Kumano H, Nishikawa M, Sakano Y, Kaiya H, Imabayashi E et al (2006). Changes in cerebral glucose utilization in patients with panic disorder treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy. Neuroimage33: 218–226. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Sananes CB, Davis M (1992). _N_-methyl-D-aspartate lesions of the lateral and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala block fear-potentiated startle and shock sensitization of startle. Behav Neurosci106: 72–80. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sareen J, Campbell DW, Leslie WD, Malisza KL, Stein MB, Paulus MP et al (2007). Striatal function in generalized social phobia: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry61: 396–404. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Schienle A, Schafer A, Hermann A, Rohrmann S, Vaitl D (2007). Symptom provocation and reduction in patients suffering from spider phobia: an fMRI study on exposure therapy. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci257: 486–493. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Schienle A, Schafer A, Walter B, Stark R, Vaitl D (2005). Brain activation of spider phobics towards disorder-relevant, generally disgust- and fear-inducing pictures. Neurosci Lett388: 1–6. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Schneider F, Weiss U, Kessler C, Muller-Gartner HW, Posse S, Salloum JB et al (1999). Subcortical correlates of differential classical conditioning of aversive emotional reactions in social phobia. Biol Psychiatry45: 863–871. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Schneier FR, Abi-Dargham A, Martinez D, Slifstein M, Hwang DR, Liebowitz MR et al (2009). Dopamine transporters, D(2) receptors, and dopamine release in generalized social anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety26: 411–418. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Schneier FR, Liebowitz MR, Abi-Dargham A, Zea-Ponce Y, Lin SH, Laruelle M (2000). Low dopamine D(2) receptor binding potential in social phobia. Am J Psychiatry157: 457–459. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Schuff N, Neylan TC, Fox-Bosetti S, Lenoci M, Samuelson KW, Studholme C et al (2008). Abnormal _N_-acetylaspartate in hippocampus and anterior cingulate in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res162: 147–157. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Schuff N, Neylan TC, Lenoci MA, Du AT, Weiss DS, Marmar CR et al (2001). Decreased hippocampal _N_-acetylaspartate in the absence of atrophy in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry50: 952–959. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Schunck T, Erb G, Mathis A, Gilles C, Namer IJ, Hode Y et al (2006). Functional magnetic resonance imaging characterization of CCK-4-induced panic attack and subsequent anticipatory anxiety. Neuroimage31: 1197–1208. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Schwartz CE, Snidman N, Kagan J (1999). Adolescent social anxiety as an outcome of inhibited temperament in childhood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry38: 1008–1015. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Schwartz CE, Wright CI, Shin LM, Kagan J, Rauch SL (2003). Inhibited and uninhibited infants ‘grown up’: adult amygdalar response to novelty. Science300: 1952–1953. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Seedat S, Warwick J, van Heerden B, Hugo C, Zungu-Dirwayi N, Van Kradenburg J et al (2004). Single photon emission computed tomography in posttraumatic stress disorder before and after treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. J Affect Disord80: 45–53. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Semple WE, Goyer PF, McCormick R, Donovan B, Muzic Jr RF, Rugle L et al (2000). Higher brain blood flow at amygdala and lower frontal cortex blood flow in PTSD patients with comorbid cocaine and alcohol abuse compared with normals. Psychiatry63: 65–74. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Servan-Schreiber D, Perlstein WM, Cohen JD, Mintun M (1998). Selective pharmacological activation of limbic structures in human volunteers: a positron emission tomography study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci10: 148–159. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Shin LM, Bush G, Whalen PJ, Handwerger K, Cannistraro PA, Wright CI et al (2007). Dorsal anterior cingulate function in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress20: 701–712. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Shin LM, Kosslyn SM, McNally RJ, Alpert NM, Thompson WL, Rauch SL et al (1997). Visual imagery and perception in posttraumatic stress disorder. A positron emission tomographic investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry54: 233–241. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Shin LM, Lasko NB, Macklin ML, Karpf RD, Milad MR, Orr SP et al. Resting metabolic activity in cingulate cortex and vulnerability to posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry (in press).
Shin LM, McNally RJ, Kosslyn SM, Thompson WL, Rauch SL, Alpert NM et al (1999). Regional cerebral blood flow during script-driven imagery in childhood sexual abuse-related PTSD: a PET investigation. Am J Psychiatry156: 575–584. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Shin LM, Orr SP, Carson MA, Rauch SL, Macklin ML, Lasko NB et al (2004a). Regional cerebral blood flow in amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex during traumatic imagery in male and female Vietnam veterans with PTSD. Arch Gen Psychiatry61: 168–176. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Shin LM, Shin PS, Heckers S, Krangel TS, Macklin ML, Orr SP et al (2004b). Hippocampal function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Hippocampus14: 292–300. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Shin LM, Whalen PJ, Pitman RK, Bush G, Macklin ML, Lasko NB et al (2001). An fMRI study of anterior cingulate function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry50: 932–942. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Shin LM, Wright CI, Cannistraro PA, Wedig MM, McMullin K, Martis B et al (2005). A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses to overtly presented fearful faces in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry62: 273–281. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Simmons A, Strigo I, Matthews SC, Paulus MP, Stein MB (2006). Anticipation of aversive visual stimuli is associated with increased insula activation in anxiety-prone subjects. Biol Psychiatry60: 402–409. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Simmons AN, Paulus MP, Thorp SR, Matthews SC, Norman SB, Stein MB (2008). Functional activation and neural networks in women with posttraumatic stress disorder related to intimate partner violence. Biol Psychiatry64: 681–690. ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Smith ME (2005). Bilateral hippocampal volume reduction in adults with post-traumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis of structural MRI studies. Hippocampus15: 798–807. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Smoller JW, Pollack MH, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Jackson RD, Oberman A, Wong ND et al (2007). Panic attacks and risk of incident cardiovascular events among postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry64: 1153–1160. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Somerville LH, Kim H, Johnstone T, Alexander AL, Whalen PJ (2004). Human amygdala responses during presentation of happy and neutral faces: correlations with state anxiety. Biol Psychiatry55: 897–903. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Sprengelmeyer R, Rausch M, Eysel UT, Przuntek H (1998). Neural structures associated with recognition of facial expressions of basic emotions. Proc Biol Sci265: 1927–1931. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Stark R, Wolf OT, Tabbert K, Kagerer S, Zimmermann M, Kirsch P et al (2006). Influence of the stress hormone cortisol on fear conditioning in humans: evidence for sex differences in the response of the prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage32: 1290–1298. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Stein DJ, Westenberg HG, Liebowitz MR (2002a). Social anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder: serotonergic and dopaminergic neurocircuitry. J Clin Psychiatry63 (Suppl 6): 12–19. PubMed Google Scholar
Stein MB (1998). Neurobiological perspectives on social phobia: from affiliation to zoology. Biol Psychiatry44: 1277–1285. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Stein MB, Goldin PR, Sareen J, Zorrilla LT, Brown GG (2002b). Increased amygdala activation to angry and contemptuous faces in generalized social phobia. Arch Gen Psychiatry59: 1027–1034. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Stein MB, Koverola C, Hanna C, Torchia MG, McClarty B (1997). Hippocampal volume in women victimized by childhood sexual abuse. Psychol Med27: 951–959. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Stein MB, Simmons AN, Feinstein JS, Paulus MP (2007). Increased amygdala and insula activation during emotion processing in anxiety-prone subjects. Am J Psychiatry164: 318–327. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Straube T, Glauer M, Dilger S, Mentzel HJ, Miltner WH (2006a). Effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on brain activation in specific phobia. Neuroimage29: 125–135. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Straube T, Kolassa IT, Glauer M, Mentzel HJ, Miltner WH (2004a). Effect of task conditions on brain responses to threatening faces in social phobics: an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry56: 921–930. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Straube T, Mentzel HJ, Glauer M, Miltner WH (2004b). Brain activation to phobia-related words in phobic subjects. Neurosci Lett372: 204–208. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Straube T, Mentzel HJ, Miltner WH (2005). Common and distinct brain activation to threat and safety signals in social phobia. Neuropsychobiology52: 163–168. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Straube T, Mentzel HJ, Miltner WH (2006b). Neural mechanisms of automatic and direct processing of phobogenic stimuli in specific phobia. Biol Psychiatry59: 162–170. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Straube T, Mentzel HJ, Miltner WH (2007). Waiting for spiders: brain activation during anticipatory anxiety in spider phobics. Neuroimage37: 1427–1436. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Tabbert K, Stark R, Kirsch P, Vaitl D (2006). Dissociation of neural responses and skin conductance reactions during fear conditioning with and without awareness of stimulus contingencies. Neuroimage32: 761–770. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Taylor SF, Liberzon I, Fig LM, Decker LR, Minoshima S, Koeppe RA (1998). The effect of emotional content on visual recognition memory: a PET activation study. Neuroimage8: 188–197. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Teasdale JD, Howard RJ, Cox SG, Ha Y, Brammer MJ, Williams SC et al (1999). Functional MRI study of the cognitive generation of affect. Am J Psychiatry156: 209–215. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Thomaes K, Dorrepaal E, Draijer NP, de Ruiter MB, Elzinga BM, van Balkom AJ et al (2009). Increased activation of the left hippocampus region in Complex PTSD during encoding and recognition of emotional words: a pilot study. Psychiatry Res171: 44–53. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Tiihonen J, Kuikka J, Bergstrom K, Lepola U, Koponen H, Leinonen E (1997). Dopamine reuptake site densities in patients with social phobia. Am J Psychiatry154: 239–242. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tillfors M, Furmark T, Marteinsdottir I, Fischer H, Pissiota A, Langstrom B et al (2001). Cerebral blood flow in subjects with social phobia during stressful speaking tasks: a PET study. Am J Psychiatry158: 1220–1226. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tillfors M, Furmark T, Marteinsdottir I, Fredrikson M (2002). Cerebral blood flow during anticipation of public speaking in social phobia: a PET study. Biol Psychiatry52: 1113–1119. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Uchida RR, Del-Ben CM, Busatto GF, Duran FL, Guimaraes FS, Crippa JA et al (2008). Regional gray matter abnormalities in panic disorder: a voxel-based morphometry study. Psychiatry Res163: 21–29. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Urry HL, van Reekum CM, Johnstone T, Kalin NH, Thurow ME, Schaefer HS et al (2006). Amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex are inversely coupled during regulation of negative affect and predict the diurnal pattern of cortisol secretion among older adults. J Neurosci26: 4415–4425. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Valente Jr AA, Miguel EC, Castro CC, Amaro Jr E, Duran FL, Buchpiguel CA et al (2005). Regional gray matter abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a voxel-based morphometry study. Biol Psychiatry58: 479–487. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Van Ameringen M, Mancini C, Szechtman H, Nahmias C, Oakman JM, Hall GB et al (2004). A PET provocation study of generalized social phobia. Psychiatry Res132: 13–18. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
van den Heuvel OA, Veltman DJ, Groenewegen HJ, Cath DC, van Balkom AJ, van Hartskamp J et al (2005a). Frontal-striatal dysfunction during planning in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry62: 301–309. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
van den Heuvel OA, Veltman DJ, Groenewegen HJ, Dolan RJ, Cath DC, Boellaard R et al (2004). Amygdala activity in obsessive-compulsive disorder with contamination fear: a study with oxygen-15 water positron emission tomography. Psychiatry Res132: 225–237. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
van den Heuvel OA, Veltman DJ, Groenewegen HJ, Witter MP, Merkelbach J, Cath DC et al (2005b). Disorder-specific neuroanatomical correlates of attentional bias in obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and hypochondriasis. Arch Gen Psychiatry62: 922–933. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Van Laere K, Nuttin B, Gabriels L, Dupont P, Rasmussen S, Greenberg BD et al (2006). Metabolic imaging of anterior capsular stimulation in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a key role for the subgenual anterior cingulate and ventral striatum. J Nucl Med47: 740–747. PubMed Google Scholar
Veit R, Flor H, Erb M, Hermann C, Lotze M, Grodd W et al (2002). Brain circuits involved in emotional learning in antisocial behavior and social phobia in humans. Neurosci Lett328: 233–236. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Veltman DJ, Tuinebreijer WE, Winkelman D, Lammertsma AA, Witter MP, Dolan RJ et al (2004). Neurophysiological correlates of habituation during exposure in spider phobia. Psychiatry Res132: 149–158. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Vermetten E, Schmahl C, Southwick SM, Bremner JD (2007). Positron tomographic emission study of olfactory induced emotional recall in veterans with and without combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull40: 8–30. PubMed Google Scholar
Vermetten E, Vythilingam M, Southwick SM, Charney DS, Bremner JD (2003). Long-term treatment with paroxetine increases verbal declarative memory and hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry54: 693–702. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Villarreal G, Hamilton DA, Petropoulos H, Driscoll I, Rowland LM, Griego JA et al (2002a). Reduced hippocampal volume and total white matter volume in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry52: 119–125. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Villarreal G, Petropoulos H, Hamilton DA, Rowland LM, Horan WP, Griego JA et al (2002b). Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the hippocampus and occipital white matter in PTSD: preliminary results. Can J Psychiatry47: 666–670. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Vuilleumier P, Pourtois G (2007). Distributed and interactive brain mechanisms during emotion face perception: evidence from functional neuroimaging. Neuropsychologia45: 174–194. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Vyas A, Jadhav S, Chattarji S (2006). Prolonged behavioral stress enhances synaptic connectivity in the basolateral amygdala. Neuroscience143: 387–393. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Wendt J, Lotze M, Weike AI, Hosten N, Hamm AO (2008). Brain activation and defensive response mobilization during sustained exposure to phobia-related and other affective pictures in spider phobia. Psychophysiology45: 205–215. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Werner NS, Meindl T, Engel RR, Rosner R, Riedel M, Reiser M et al (2009). Hippocampal function during associative learning in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Res43: 309–318. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Wessa M, Flor H (2007). Failure of extinction of fear responses in posttraumatic stress disorder: evidence from second-order conditioning. Am J Psychiatry164: 1684–1692. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Whalen PJ, Johnstone T, Somerville LH, Nitschke JB, Polis S, Alexander AL et al (2008). A functional magnetic resonance imaging predictor of treatment response to venlafaxine in generalized anxiety disorder. Biol Psychiatry63: 858–863. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Whalen PJ, Kagan J, Cook RG, Davis FC, Kim H, Polis S et al (2004). Human amygdala responsivity to masked fearful eye whites. Science306: 2061. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Whalen PJ, Rauch SL, Etcoff NL, McInerney SC, Lee MB, Jenike MA (1998). Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. J Neurosci18: 411–418. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Whalen PJ, Shin LM, Mcinerney SC, Fischer H, Wright CI, Rauch SL (2001). A functional MRI study of human amygdala responses to facial expressions of fear vs anger. Emotion1: 70–83. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Whalley MG, Rugg MD, Smith AP, Dolan RJ, Brewin CR (2009). Incidental retrieval of emotional contexts in post-traumatic stress disorder and depression: An fMRI study. Brain Cogn69: 98–107. ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Wignall EL, Dickson JM, Vaughan P, Farrow TF, Wilkinson ID, Hunter MD et al (2004). Smaller hippocampal volume in patients with recent-onset posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry56: 832–836. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Wik G, Fredrikson M, Fischer H (1996). Cerebral correlates of anticipated fear: a PET study of specific phobia. Int J Neurosci87: 267–276. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Wik G, Fredrikson M, Fischer H (1997). Evidence of altered cerebral blood-flow relationships in acute phobia. Int J Neurosci91: 253–263. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Williams LM, Kemp AH, Felmingham K, Barton M, Olivieri G, Peduto A et al (2006). Trauma modulates amygdala and medial prefrontal responses to consciously attended fear. Neuroimage29: 347–357. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Winter H, Irle E (2004). Hippocampal volume in adult burn patients with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry161: 2194–2200. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Woodward SH, Kaloupek DG, Streeter CC, Martinez C, Schaer M, Eliez S (2006). Decreased anterior cingulate volume in combat-related PTSD. Biol Psychiatry59: 582–587. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Woon FL, Hedges DW (2008). Hippocampal and amygdala volumes in children and adults with childhood maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Hippocampus18: 729–736. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Wright CI, Martis B, McMullin K, Shin LM, Rauch SL (2003). Amygdala and insular responses to emotionally valenced human faces in small animal specific phobia. Biol Psychiatry54: 1067–1076. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Yamasue H, Kasai K, Iwanami A, Ohtani T, Yamada H, Abe O et al (2003). Voxel-based analysis of MRI reveals anterior cingulate gray-matter volume reduction in posttraumatic stress disorder due to terrorism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA100: 9039–9043. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Yang P, Wu MT, Hsu CC, Ker JH (2004). Evidence of early neurobiological alternations in adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder: a functional MRI study. Neurosci Lett370: 13–18. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Yehuda R (2006). Advances in understanding neuroendocrine alterations in PTSD and their therapeutic implications. Ann NY Acad Sci1071: 137–166. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Yehuda R, Giller EL, Southwick SM, Lowy MT, Mason JW (1991). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry30: 1031–1048. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Yoon KL, Fitzgerald DA, Angstadt M, McCarron RA, Phan KL (2007). Amygdala reactivity to emotional faces at high and low intensity in generalized social phobia: a 4-Tesla functional MRI study. Psychiatry Res154: 93–98. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Zald DH, Lee JT, Fluegel KW, Pardo JV (1998). Aversive gustatory stimulation activates limbic circuits in humans. Brain121 (Part 6): 1143–1154. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Zald DH, Pardo JV (1997). Emotion, olfaction, and the human amygdala: amygdala activation during aversive olfactory stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA94: 4119–4124. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Zysset S, Huber O, Ferstl E, von Cramon DY (2002). The anterior frontomedian cortex and evaluative judgment: an fMRI study. Neuroimage15: 983–991. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar