- Acloque H, Adams MS, Fishwick K, Bronner-Fraser M, Nieto MA . (2009). Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions: the importance of changing cell state in development and disease. J Clin Invest 119: 1438–1449.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Al-Hajj M, Wicha MS, Benito-Hernandez A, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF . (2003). Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 3983–3988.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Ansieau S, Bastid J, Doreau A, Morel AP, Bouchet BP, Thomas C et al. (2008). Induction of EMT by twist proteins as a collateral effect of tumor-promoting inactivation of premature senescence. Cancer Cell 14: 79–89.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Ansieau S, Morel AP, Hinkal G, Bastid J, Puisieux A . (2010). TWISTing an embryonic transcription factor into an oncoprotein. Oncogene 29: 3173–3184.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Bao S, Ouyang G, Bai X, Huang Z, Ma C, Liu M et al. (2004). Periostin potently promotes metastatic growth of colon cancer by augmenting cell survival via the Akt/PKB pathway. Cancer Cell 5: 329–339.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Bao S, Wu Q, McLendon RE, Hao Y, Shi Q, Hjelmeland AB et al. (2006). Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response. Nature 444: 756–760.
CAS Google Scholar
- Battula VL, Evans KW, Hollier BG, Shi Y, Marini FC, Ayyanan A et al. (2010). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition-derived cells exhibit multilineage differentiation potential similar to mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 28: 1435–1445.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Brabletz T, Jung A, Spaderna S, Hlubek F, Kirchner T . (2005). Opinion: migrating cancer stem cells—an integrated concept of malignant tumour progression. Nat Rev Cancer 5: 744–749.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Bromberg J . (2002). Stat proteins and oncogenesis. J Clin Invest 109: 1139–1142.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Chan KS, Sano S, Kiguchi K, Anders J, Komazawa N, Takeda J et al. (2004). Disruption of Stat3 reveals a critical role in both the initiation and the promotion stages of epithelial carcinogenesis. J Clin Invest 114: 720–728.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Chen ZF, Behringer RR . (1995). Twist is required in head mesenchyme for cranial neural tube morphogenesis. Genes Dev 9: 686–699.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Cheng GZ, Zhang WZ, Sun M, Wang Q, Coppola D, Mansour M et al. (2008). Twist is transcriptionally induced by activation of STAT3 and mediates STAT3 oncogenic function. J Biol Chem 283: 14665–14673.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Debnath J, Muthuswamy SK, Brugge JS . (2003). Morphogenesis and oncogenesis of MCF-10A mammary epithelial acini grown in three-dimensional basement membrane cultures. Methods 30: 256–268.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Dimri GP, Martinez JL, Jacobs JJ, Keblusek P, Itahana K, Van Lohuizen M et al. (2002). The Bmi-1 oncogene induces telomerase activity and immortalizes human mammary epithelial cells. Cancer Res 62: 4736–4745.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Dontu G, Abdallah WM, Foley JM, Jackson KW, Clarke MF, Kawamura MJ et al. (2003). In vitro propagation and transcriptional profiling of human mammary stem/progenitor cells. Genes Dev 17: 1253–1270.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Evdokimova V, Tognon C, Ng T, Ruzanov P, Melnyk N, Fink D et al. (2009). Translational activation of snail1 and other developmentally regulated transcription factors by YB-1 promotes an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Cell 15: 402–415.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Fernando RI, Litzinger M, Trono P, Hamilton DH, Schlom J, Palena C . (2010). The T-box transcription factor Brachyury promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human tumor cells. J Clin Invest 120: 533–544.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Franco HL, Casasnovas J, Rodríguez-Medina JR, Cadilla CL . (2011). Redundant or separate entities?—Roles of Twist1 and Twist2 as molecular switches during gene transcription. Nucleic Acids Res 39: 1177–1186.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Gong XQ, Li L . (2002). Dermo-1, a multifunctional basic helix-loop-helix protein, represses MyoD transactivation via the HLH domain, MEF2 interaction, and chromatin deacetylation. J Biol Chem 277: 12310–12317.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Gupta PB, Chaffer CL, Weinberg RA . (2009a). Cancer stem cells: mirage or reality? Nat Med 15: 1010–1012.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Gupta PB, Onder TT, Jiang G, Tao K, Kuperwasser C, Weinberg RA et al. (2009b). Identification of selective inhibitors of cancer stem cells by high-throughput screening. Cell 138: 645–659.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Hanahan D, Weinberg RA . (2011). Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144: 646–674.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Iliopoulos D, Polytarchou C, Hatziapostolou M, Kottakis F, Maroulakou IG, Struhl K et al. (2009). MicroRNAs differentially regulated by Akt isoforms control EMT and stem cell renewal in cancer cells. Sci Signal 2: ra62.
Article Google Scholar
- Isenmann S, Arthur A, Zannettino AC, Turner JL, Shi S, Glackin CA et al. (2009). TWIST family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors mediate human mesenchymal stem cell growth and commitment. Stem Cells 27: 2457–2468.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Kalluri R, Weinberg RA . (2009). The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Clin Invest 119: 1420–1428.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Lee MS, Lowe G, Flanagan S, Kuchler K, Glackin CA . (2000). Human Dermo-1 has attributes similar to twist in early bone development. Bone 27: 591–602.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Levy DE, Darnell Jr JE . (2002). Stats: transcriptional control and biological impact. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3: 651–662.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Li L, Cserjesi P, Olson EN . (1995). Dermo-1: a novel twist-related bHLH protein expressed in the developing dermis. Dev Biol 172: 280–292.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Liu S, Dontu G, Mantle ID, Patel S, Ahn NS, Jackson KW et al. (2006). Hedgehog signaling and Bmi-1 regulate self-renewal of normal and malignant human mammary stem cells. Cancer Res 66: 6063–6071.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Liu S, Dontu G, Wicha MS . (2005). Mammary stem cells, self-renewal pathways, and carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res 7: 86–95.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Lo HW, Hsu SC, Xia W, Cao X, Shih JY, Wei Y et al. (2007). Epidermal growth factor receptor cooperates with signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer cells via up-regulation of TWIST gene expression. Cancer Res 67: 9066–9076.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Maeda M, Johnson KR, Wheelock MJ . (2005). Cadherin switching: essential for behavioral but not morphological changes during an epithelium-to-mesenchyme transition. J Cell Sci 118: 873–887.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Mani SA, Guo W, Liao MJ, Eaton EN, Ayyanan A, Zhou AY et al. (2008). The epithelial-mesenchymal transition generates cells with properties of stem cells. Cell 133: 704–715.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- McCoy EL, Iwanaga R, Jedlicka P, Abbey NS, Chodosh LA, Heichman KA et al. (2009). Six1 expands the mouse mammary epithelial stem/progenitor cell pool and induces mammary tumors that undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Clin Invest 119: 2663–2677.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Morel AP, Lievre M, Thomas C, Hinkal G, Ansieau S, Puisieux A . (2008). Generation of breast cancer stem cells through epithelial-mesenchymal transition. PLoS One 3: e2888.
Article Google Scholar
- Onder TT, Gupta PB, Mani SA, Yang J, Lander ES, Weinberg RA . (2008). Loss of E-cadherin promotes metastasis via multiple downstream transcriptional pathways. Cancer Res 68: 3645–3654.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Ouyang G, Wang Z, Fang X, Liu J, Yang CJ . (2010). Molecular signaling of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in generating and maintaining cancer stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 67: 2605–2618.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Peinado H, Olmeda D, Cano A . (2007). Snail, Zeb and bHLH factors in tumour progression: an alliance against the epithelial phenotype? Nat Rev Cancer 7: 415–428.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Polyak K, Weinberg RA . (2009). Transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal states: acquisition of malignant and stem cell traits. Nat Rev Cancer 9: 265–273.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Ruan K, Bao S, Ouyang G . (2009). The multifaceted role of periostin in tumorigenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 66: 2219–2230.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Singh A, Settleman J . (2010). EMT, cancer stem cells and drug resistance: an emerging axis of evil in the war on cancer. Oncogene 29: 4741–4751.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Song G, Ouyang G, Mao Y, Ming Y, Bao S, Hu T . (2009a). Osteopontin promotes gastric cancer metastasis by augmenting cell survival and invasion through Akt-mediated HIF-1alpha up-regulation and MMP9 activation. J Cell Mol Med 13: 1706–1718.
Article Google Scholar
- Song LB, Li J, Liao WT, Feng Y, Yu CP, Hu LJ et al. (2009b). The polycomb group protein Bmi-1 represses the tumor suppressor PTEN and induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. J Clin Invest 119: 3626–3636.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Sullivan NJ, Sasser AK, Axel AE, Vesuna F, Raman V, Ramirez N et al. (2009). Interleukin-6 induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype in human breast cancer cells. Oncogene 28: 2940–2947.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Thiery JP, Acloque H, Huang RY, Nieto MA . (2009). Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and disease. Cell 139: 871–890.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Thiery JP, Sleeman JP . (2006). Complex networks orchestrate epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7: 131–142.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Thisse B, el Messal M, Perrin-Schmitt F . (1987). The twist gene: isolation of a Drosophila zygotic gene necessary for the establishment of dorsoventral pattern. Nucleic Acids Res 15: 3439–3453.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Tsuji T, Ibaragi S, Shima K, Hu MG, Katsurano M, Sasaki A et al. (2008). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by growth suppressor p12CDK2-AP1 promotes tumor cell local invasion but suppresses distant colony growth. Cancer Res 68: 10377–10386.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Vesuna F, Lisok A, Kimble B, Raman V . (2009). Twist modulates breast cancer stem cells by transcriptional regulation of CD24 expression. Neoplasia 11: 1318–1328.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Wellner U, Schubert J, Burk UC, Schmalhofer O, Zhu F, Sonntag A et al. (2009). The EMT-activator ZEB1 promotes tumorigenicity by repressing stemness-inhibiting microRNAs. Nat Cell Biol 11: 1487–1495.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Yang J, Mani SA, Donaher JL, Ramaswamy S, Itzykson RA, Come C et al. (2004). Twist, a master regulator of morphogenesis, plays an essential role in tumor metastasis. Cell 117: 927–939.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Yang J, Weinberg RA . (2008). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: at the crossroads of development and tumor metastasis. Dev Cell 14: 818–829.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Yang MH, Hsu DS, Wang HW, Wang HJ, Lan HY, Yang WH et al. (2010). Bmi1 is essential in Twist1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Nat Cell Biol 12: 982–992.
Article Google Scholar
- Yang Y, Pan X, Lei W, Wang J, Shi J, Li F et al. (2006). Regulation of transforming growth factor-beta 1-induced apoptosis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by protein kinase A and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3. Cancer Res 66: 8617–8624.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Yin G, Chen R, Alvero AB, Fu HH, Holmberg J, Glackin C et al. (2010). TWISTing stemness, inflammation and proliferation of epithelial ovarian cancer cells through MIR199A2/214. Oncogene 29: 3545–3553.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Yu M, Smolen GA, Zhang J, Wittner B, Schott BJ, Brachtel E et al. (2009). A developmentally regulated inducer of EMT, LBX1, contributes to breast cancer progression. Genes Dev 23: 1737–1742.
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Zhou J, Wulfkuhle J, Zhang H, Gu P, Yang Y, Deng J et al. (2007). Activation of the PTEN/mTOR/STAT3 pathway in breast cancer stem-like cells is required for viability and maintenance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 16158–16163.
Article CAS Google Scholar