The microcosmos of cancer (original) (raw)

• Bartel, D. P. MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions. Cell 136, 215–233 (2009).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Lee, R. C., Feinbaum, R. L. & Ambros, V. The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell 75, 843–854 (1993).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wightman, B., Ha, I. & Ruvkun, G. Post-transcriptional regulation of the heterochronic gene lin-14 by lin-4 mediates temporal pattern formation in C. elegans. Cell 75, 855–862 (1993).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hanahan, D. & Weinberg, R. A. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144, 646–674 (2011).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Calin, G. A. et al. Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro-RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 15524–15529 (2002). This article reports miRNA deregulation in cancer and is the first evidence of the role of miRNAs in cancer.
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Lu, J. et al. MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers. Nature 435, 834–838 (2005). This article systematically profiles miRNAs in cancer and demonstrates their potential as classifiers.
  ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• O'Donnell, K. A., Wentzel, E. A., Zeller, K. I., Dang, C. V. & Mendell, J. T. c-Myc-regulated microRNAs modulate E2F1 expression. Nature 435, 839–843 (2005).
  ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• He, L. et al. A microRNA polycistron as a potential human oncogene. Nature 435, 828–833 (2005). References 7 and 8 show, for the first time, that miRNAs can be actively involved in the MYC signalling pathway.
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Calin, G. A. et al. Human microRNA genes are frequently located at fragile sites and genomic regions involved in cancers. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 2999–3004 (2004).
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Saito, Y. et al. Specific activation of microRNA-127 with downregulation of the proto-oncogene BCL6 by chromatin-modifying drugs in human cancer cells. Cancer Cell 9, 435–443 (2006).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mayr, C., Hemann, M. T. & Bartel, D. P. Disrupting the pairing between let-7 and Hmga2 enhances oncogenic transformation. Science 315, 1576–1579 (2007).
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Veronese, A. et al. Mutated β-catenin evades a microRNA-dependent regulatory loop. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 4840–4845 (2011).
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Diederichs, S. & Haber, D. A. Sequence variations of microRNAs in human cancer: alterations in predicted secondary structure do not affect processing. Cancer Res. 66, 6097–6104 (2006).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kuchenbauer, F. et al. In-depth characterization of the microRNA transcriptome in a leukemia progression model. Genome Res. 18, 1787–1797 (2008).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Yanaihara, N. et al. Unique microRNA molecular profiles in lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Cancer Cell 9, 189–198 (2006).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Calin, G. A. et al. A microRNA signature associated with prognosis and progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 1793–1801 (2005).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld, N. et al. MicroRNAs accurately identify cancer tissue origin. Nature Biotechnol. 26, 462–469 (2008).
  CAS Google Scholar
• Xi, Y. et al. Systematic analysis of microRNA expression of RNA extracted from fresh frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. RNA 13, 1668–1674 (2007).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Mitchell, P. S. et al. Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancer detection. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 10513–10518 (2008).
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Chang, T. C. et al. Widespread microRNA repression by Myc contributes to tumorigenesis. Nature Genet. 40, 43–50 (2008).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Thomson, J. M. et al. Extensive post-transcriptional regulation of microRNAs and its implications for cancer. Genes Dev. 20, 2202–2207 (2006).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Kumar, M. S., Lu, J., Mercer, K. L., Golub, T. R. & Jacks, T. Impaired microRNA processing enhances cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. Nature Genet. 39, 673–677 (2007).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kumar, M. S. et al. Dicer1 functions as a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor. Genes Dev. 23, 2700–2704 (2009).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Merritt, W. M. et al. Dicer, Drosha, and outcomes in patients with ovarian cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 359, 2641–2650 (2008).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Melo, S. A. et al. A TARBP2 mutation in human cancer impairs microRNA processing and DICER1 function. Nature Genet. 41, 365–370 (2009).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Melo, S. A. et al. A genetic defect in exportin-5 traps precursor microRNAs in the nucleus of cancer cells. Cancer Cell 18, 303–315 (2010).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Newman, M. A. & Hammond, S. M. Emerging paradigms of regulated microRNA processing. Genes Dev. 24, 1086–1092 (2010).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Mavrakis, K. J. et al. Genome-wide RNA-mediated interference screen identifies miR-19 targets in Notch-induced T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Nature Cell Biol. 12, 372–379 (2010).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Portela, A. & Esteller, M. Epigenetic modifications and human disease. Nature Biotechnol. 28, 1057–1068 (2010).
  CAS Google Scholar
• Cao, Q. et al. Coordinated regulation of Polycomb Group complexes through microRNAs in cancer. Cancer Cell 20, 187–199 (2011).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Fabbri, M. et al. MicroRNA-29 family reverts aberrant methylation in lung cancer by targeting DNA methyltransferases 3A and 3B. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 15805–15810 (2007).
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Varambally, S. et al. Genomic loss of microRNA-101 leads to overexpression of histone methyltransferase EZH2 in cancer. Science 322, 1695–1699 (2008).
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hwang, H. W., Wentzel, E. A. & Mendell, J. T. A hexanucleotide element directs microRNA nuclear import. Science 315, 97–100 (2007).
  ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Khraiwesh, B. et al. Transcriptional control of gene expression by microRNAs. Cell 140, 111–122 (2010).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gebeshuber, C. A., Zatloukal, K. & Martinez, J. miR-29a suppresses tristetraprolin, which is a regulator of epithelial polarity and metastasis. EMBO Rep. 10, 400–405 (2009).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Small, E. M. & Olson, E. N. Pervasive roles of microRNAs in cardiovascular biology. Nature 469, 336–342 (2011).
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Bueno, M. J. et al. Combinatorial effects of microRNAs to suppress the Myc oncogenic pathway. Blood 117, 6255–6266 (2011).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bui, T. V. & Mendell, J. T. Myc: maestro of microRNAs. Genes Cancer 1, 568–575 (2010).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Dews, M. et al. Augmentation of tumor angiogenesis by a Myc-activated microRNA cluster. Nature Genet. 38, 1060–1065 (2006).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cairo, S. et al. Stem cell-like micro-RNA signature driven by Myc in aggressive liver cancer. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 20471–20476 (2010).
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Kent, O. A. et al. Repression of the miR-143/145 cluster by oncogenic Ras initiates a tumor-promoting feed-forward pathway. Genes Dev. 24, 2754–2759 (2010).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Johnson, S. M. et al. RAS is regulated by the let-7 microRNA family. Cell 120, 635–647 (2005). This article reports the first evidence of an oncogene, KRAS, being targeted by an miRNA.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• He, L., He, X., Lowe, S. W. & Hannon, G. J. microRNAs join the p53 network–another piece in the tumour-suppression puzzle. Nature Rev. Cancer 7, 819–822 (2007). This comprehensive review describes the regulation of the miR-34 family by the tumour suppressor p53.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Pichiorri, F. et al. Downregulation of p53-inducible microRNAs 192, 194, and 215 impairs the p53/MDM2 autoregulatory loop in multiple myeloma development. Cancer Cell 18, 367–381 (2010).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Xiao, J., Lin, H., Luo, X. & Wang, Z. miR-605 joins p53 network to form a p53:miR-605:Mdm2 positive feedback loop in response to stress. EMBO J. 30, 524–532 (2011).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Yamakuchi, M. et al. P53-induced microRNA-107 inhibits HIF-1 and tumor angiogenesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 6334–6339 (2010).
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Chang, C. J. et al. p53 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stem cell properties through modulating miRNAs. Nature Cell Biol. 13, 317–323 (2011).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kim, T. et al. p53 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition through microRNAs targeting ZEB1 and ZEB2. J. Exp. Med. 208, 875–883 (2011).
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Swarbrick, A. et al. miR-380-5p represses p53 to control cellular survival and is associated with poor outcome in _MYCN_-amplified neuroblastoma. Nature Med. 16, 1134–1140 (2010).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hu, W. et al. Negative regulation of tumor suppressor p53 by microRNA miR-504. Mol. Cell 38, 689–699 (2010).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Suzuki, H. I. et al. Modulation of microRNA processing by p53. Nature 460, 529–533 (2009).
  ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Su, X. et al. TAp63 suppresses metastasis through coordinate regulation of Dicer and miRNAs. Nature 467, 986–990 (2010).
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Ma, L., Teruya-Feldstein, J. & Weinberg, R. A. Tumour invasion and metastasis initiated by microRNA-10b in breast cancer. Nature 449, 682–688 (2007). This study demonstrates for the first time that miRNAs are involved in tumour invasion and metastasis.
  ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Tavazoie, S. F. et al. Endogenous human microRNAs that suppress breast cancer metastasis. Nature 451, 147–152 (2008).
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Ma, L. et al. miR-9, a MYC/MYCN-activated microRNA, regulates E-cadherin and cancer metastasis. Nature Cell Biol. 12, 247–256 (2010).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Valastyan, S. et al. A pleiotropically acting microRNA, miR-31, inhibits breast cancer metastasis. Cell 137, 1032–1046 (2009).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Cano, A. & Nieto, M. A. Non-coding RNAs take centre stage in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Trends Cell Biol. 18, 357–359 (2008).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Korpal, M. et al. Direct targeting of Sec23a by miR-200s influences cancer cell secretome and promotes metastatic colonization. Nature Med. 17, 1101–1108 (2011).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Martello, G. et al. A microRNA targeting Dicer for metastasis control. Cell 141, 1195–1207 (2010).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Vander Heiden, M. G., Cantley, L. C. & Thompson, C. B. Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Science 324, 1029–1033 (2009).
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Godlewski, J. et al. MicroRNA-451 regulates LKB1/AMPK signaling and allows adaptation to metabolic stress in glioma cells. Mol. Cell 37, 620–632 (2010).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Gao, P. et al. c-Myc suppression of miR-23a/b enhances mitochondrial glutaminase expression and glutamine metabolism. Nature 458, 762–765 (2009).
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Anand, S. et al. MicroRNA-132-mediated loss of p120RasGAP activates the endothelium to facilitate pathological angiogenesis. Nature Med. 16, 909–914 (2010).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mu, P. et al. Genetic dissection of the miR-17∼92 cluster of microRNAs in Myc-induced B-cell lymphomas. Genes Dev. 23, 2806–2811 (2009).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Olive, V. et al. miR-19 is a key oncogenic component of mir-17-92. Genes Dev. 23, 2839–2849 (2009).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Costinean, S. et al. Pre-B cell proliferation and lymphoblastic leukemia/high-grade lymphoma in E(mu)-miR155 transgenic mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 7024–7029 (2006). This article reports overexpression of a single miRNA can cause cancer in vivo.
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• O'Connell, R. M. et al. Sustained expression of microRNA-155 in hematopoietic stem cells causes a myeloproliferative disorder. J. Exp. Med. 205, 585–594 (2008).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Miska, E. A. et al. Most Caenorhabditis elegans microRNAs are individually not essential for development or viability. PLoS Genet. 3, e215 (2007).
  PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Klein, U. et al. The DLEU2/miR-15a/16-1 cluster controls B cell proliferation and its deletion leads to chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Cell 17, 28–40 (2010).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Medina, P. P., Nolde, M. & Slack, F. J. OncomiR addiction in an in vivo model of microRNA-21-induced pre-B-cell lymphoma. Nature 467, 86–90 (2010).
  ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chan, J. A., Krichevsky, A. M. & Kosik, K. S. MicroRNA-21 is an antiapoptotic factor in human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Res. 65, 6029–6033 (2005).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Prosser, H. M., Koike-Yusa, H., Cooper, J. D., Law, F. C. & Bradley, A. A resource of vectors and ES cells for targeted deletion of microRNAs in mice. Nature Biotechnol. 29, 840–845 (2011).
  CAS Google Scholar
• Loya, C. M., Lu, C. S., Van Vactor, D. & Fulga, T. A. Transgenic microRNA inhibition with spatiotemporal specificity in intact organisms. Nature Methods 6, 897–903 (2009).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Zhu, Q. et al. A sponge transgenic mouse model reveals important roles for the miRNA-183/96/182 cluster in post-mitotic photoreceptors of the retina. J. Biol. Chem. 2865, 31749–31760 (2011). This article reports the development of the first sponge transgenic mouse that allows in vivo inhibition of one or several miRNAs.
  Google Scholar
• Kota, J. et al. Therapeutic microRNA delivery suppresses tumorigenesis in a murine liver cancer model. Cell 137, 1005–1017 (2009). This article uses adenovirus-associated vectors to deliver miRNAs to the liver and treat cancer.
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Czech, B. & Hannon, G. J. Small RNA sorting: matchmaking for Argonautes. Nature Rev. Genet. 12, 19–31 (2011).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chicas, A. et al. Dissecting the unique role of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor during cellular senescence. Cancer Cell 17, 376–387 (2010).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Stegmeier, F., Hu, G., Rickles, R. J., Hannon, G. J. & Elledge, S. J. A lentiviral microRNA-based system for single-copy polymerase II-regulated RNA interference in mammalian cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 13212–13217 (2005).
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Zuber, J. et al. Toolkit for evaluating genes required for proliferation and survival using tetracycline-regulated RNAi. Nature Biotechnol. 29, 79–83 (2010).
  Google Scholar
• Fellmann, C. et al. Functional identification of optimized RNAi triggers using a massively parallel sensor assay. Mol. Cell 41, 733–746 (2011).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Premsrirut, P. K. et al. A rapid and scalable system for studying gene function in mice using conditional RNA interference. Cell 145, 145–158 (2011).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Seibler, J. et al. Reversible gene knockdown in mice using a tight, inducible shRNA expression system. Nucleic. Acids Res. 35, e54 (2007).
  PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hemann, M. T. et al. An epi-allelic series of p53 hypomorphs created by stable RNAi produces distinct tumor phenotypes in vivo. Nature Genet. 33, 396–400 (2003).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zender, L. et al. An oncogenomics-based in vivo RNAi screen identifies tumor suppressors in liver cancer. Cell 135, 852–864 (2008).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Westbrook, T. F. et al. A genetic screen for candidate tumor suppressors identifies REST. Cell 121, 837–848 (2005).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Xue, W. et al. Senescence and tumour clearance is triggered by p53 restoration in murine liver carcinomas. Nature 445, 656–660 (2007).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Luo, J. et al. A genome-wide RNAi screen identifies multiple synthetic lethal interactions with the Ras oncogene. Cell 137, 835–848 (2009).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Scholl, C. et al. Synthetic lethal interaction between oncogenic KRAS dependency and STK33 suppression in human cancer cells. Cell 137, 821–834 (2009).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Barbie, D. A. et al. Systematic RNA interference reveals that oncogenic _KRAS_-driven cancers require TBK1. Nature 462, 108–112 (2009).
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Zuber, J. et al. RNAi screen identifies Brd4 as a therapeutic target in acute myeloid leukaemia. Nature 478, 524–528 (2011).
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Gumireddy, K. et al. Small-molecule inhibitors of microRNA miR-21 function. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 47, 7482–7484 (2008).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Melo, S. et al. Small molecule enoxacin is a cancer-specific growth inhibitor that acts by enhancing TAR RNA-binding protein 2-mediated microRNA processing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108, 4394–4399 (2011).
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Garzon, R., Marcucci, G. & Croce, C. M. Targeting microRNAs in cancer: rationale, strategies and challenges. Nature Rev. Drug Discov. 9, 775–789 (2010).
  CAS Google Scholar
• Lanford, R. E. et al. Therapeutic silencing of microRNA-122 in primates with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Science 327, 198–201 (2009).
  ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Obad, S. et al. Silencing of microRNA families by seed-targeting tiny LNAs. Nature Genet. 43, 371–378 (2011).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bonci, D. et al. The miR-15a-miR-16-1 cluster controls prostate cancer by targeting multiple oncogenic activities. Nature Med. 14, 1271–1277 (2008).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kumar, M. S. et al. Suppression of non-small cell lung tumor development by the let-7 microRNA family. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 3903–3908 (2008).
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Poliseno, L. et al. A coding-independent function of gene and pseudogene mRNAs regulates tumour biology. Nature 465, 1033–1038 (2010). This elegant study shows how mRNA from genes and pseudogenes can compete for the binding of miRNAs, unveiling the complexity of miRNA regulatory networks.
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Ruby, J. G., Jan, C. H. & Bartel, D. P. Intronic microRNA precursors that bypass Drosha processing. Nature 448, 83–86 (2007).
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Cheloufi, S., Dos Santos, C. O., Chong, M. M. & Hannon, G. J. A dicer-independent miRNA biogenesis pathway that requires Ago catalysis. Nature 465, 584–589 (2010).
  ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar