Li, Z. -W., Rickert, R. C. & Karin, M. Genetic dissection of antigen receptor induced-NF-κB activation. Mol. Immunol.41, 701–714 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tam, W. F., Lee, L. H., Davis, L. & Sen, R. Cytoplasmic sequestration of Rel proteins by IκBα requires CRM1-dependent nuclear export. Mol. Cell. Biol.20, 2269–2284 (2000). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Lee, S. -H. & Hannink, M. The N-terminal nuclear export sequence of IκBα is required for RanGTP-dependent binding to CRM1. J. Biol. Chem.276, 23599–23606 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bonizzi, G. & Karin, M. The two NF-κB activation pathways and their role in innate and adaptive immunity. Trends Immunol.25, 280–288 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Horwitz, B. H., Scott, M. L., Cherry, S. R., Bronson, R. T. & Baltimore, D. Failure of lymphopoiesis after adoptive transfer of NF-κB-deficient fetal liver cells. Immunity6, 765–772 (1997). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Senftleben, U., Li, Z. W., Baud, V. & Karin, M. IKKβ is essential for protecting T cells from TNFα-induced apoptosis. Immunity14, 217–230 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Grossmann, M. et al. The combined absence of the transcription factors Rel and RelA leads to multiple hemopoietic cell defects. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA96, 11848–11853 (1999). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Grossmann, M. et al. The anti-apoptotic activities of Rel and RelA required during B-cell maturation involve the regulation of Bcl-2 expression. EMBO J.19, 6351–6360 (2000). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Schmidt-Supprian, M. et al. NEMO/IKKγ-deficient mice model incontinentia pigmenti. Mol. Cell5, 981–989 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Makris, C. et al. Female mice heterozygous for IKKγ/NEMO deficiencies develop a dermatopathy similar to the human X-linked disorder incontinentia pigmenti. Mol. Cell5, 969–979 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Smahi, A. et al. The NF-κB signalling pathway in human diseases: from incontinentia pigmenti to ectodermal dysplasias and immune-deficiency syndromes. Hum. Mol. Genet.11, 2371–2375 (2002). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Germain, R. N. T-cell development and the CD4–CD8 lineage decision. Nature Rev. Immunol.2, 309–322 (2002). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Sen, J. et al. Expression and induction of nuclear factor-κB-related proteins in thymocytes. J. Immunol.154, 3213–3221 (1995). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Voll, R. E. et al. NF-κB activation by the pre-T cell receptor serves as a selective survival signal in T lymphocyte development. Immunity13, 677–689 (2000). Pre-TCR signals that activate NF-κB provide a survival signal for thymocytes. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hardy, R. R. & Hayakawa, K. B cell development pathways. Annu. Rev. Immunol.19, 595–562 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Feng, B., Cheng, S., Pear, W. S. & Liou, H. C. NF-κB inhibitor blocks B cell development at two checkpoints. Med. Immunol.3, 1 (2004). ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Middendorp, S., Dingjan, G. M. & Hendriks, R. W. Impaired precursor B cell differentiation in Bruton's tyrosine kinase-deficient mice. J. Immunol.168, 2695–2703 (2002). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Conley, M. E., Rohrer, J., Rapalus, L., Boylin, E. C. & Minegishi, Y. Defects in early B-cell development: comparing the consequences of abnormalities in pre-BCR signaling in the human and the mouse. Immunol. Rev.178, 75–90 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Saijo, K. et al. Essential role of Src-family protein tyrosine kinases in NF-κB activation during B cell development. Nature Immunol.4, 274–279 (2003). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Schlissel, M. S. Regulation of activation and recombination of murine Igκ locus. Immunol. Rev.200, 215–223 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Xu, Y., Davidson, L., Alt, F. W. & Baltimore, D. Deletion of the Igκ light chain intronic enhancer/matrix attachment region impairs but does not abolish VκJκ rearrangement. Immunity4, 377–385 (1996). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kirillov, A. et al. A role of nuclear NF-κB in B-cell-specific demethylation of the Igκ locus. Nature Genet.13, 435–441 (1996). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Mostoslavsky, R. et al. Demethylation and the establishment of κ allelic exclusion. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol.64, 197–206 (1999). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Goldmit, M. & Bergman, Y. Monoallelic gene expression: a repertoire of recurrent themes. Immunol. Rev.200, 197–214 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Muljo, S. A. & Schlissel, M. S. A small molecule Abl kinase inhibitor induces differentiation of Abelson virus-transformed pre-B cell lines. Nature Immunol.4, 31–37 (2003). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Bendall, H. H., Sikes, M. L. & Oltz, E. M. Transcription factor NF-κB regulates Igλ light chain gene rearrangement. J. Immunol.167, 264–269 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Scherer, D. C. et al. Corepression of RelA and c-Rel inhibits immunoglobulin κ gene transcription and rearrangement in precursor B lymphocytes. Immunity5, 563–574 (1996). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bendall, H. H., Sikes, M. L., Ballard, D. W. & Oltz, E. M. An intact NF-κB signaling pathway is required for maintenance of mature B cell subsets. Mol. Immunol.36, 187–195 (1999). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Inlay, M. A., Tian, H., Lin, T. & Xu, Y. Important roles for E protein binding sites within the immunoglobulin κ chain intronic enhancer in activating VκJκ rearrangement. J. Exp. Med.200, 1205–1211 (2004). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Hettmann, T., DiDonato, J., Karin, M. & Leiden, J. M. An essential role for nuclear factor κB in promoting double positive thymocyte apoptosis. J. Exp. Med.189, 145–158 (1999). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Ren, H., Schmalstieg, A., van Oers, N. S. & Gaynor, R. B. I-κB kinases α and β have distinct roles in regulating murine T cell function. J. Immunol.168, 3721–3731 (2002). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kim, D., Peng, X. C. & Sun, X. H. Massive apoptosis of thymocytes in T-cell-deficient Id1 transgenic mice. Mol. Cell. Biol.19, 8240–8253 (1999). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Kim, D. et al. Helix–loop–helix proteins regulate pre-TCR and TCR signaling through modulation of Rel/NF-κB activities. Immunity16, 9–21 (2002). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Mora, A. L., Stanley, S., Armistead, W., Chan, A. C. & Boothby, M. Inefficient ZAP-70 phosphorylation and decreased thymic selection in vivo result from inhibition of NF-κB/Rel. J. Immunol.167, 5628–5635 (2001). IκB super-repressor-mediated inhibition of NF-κB interferes with both negative and positive selection of thymocytesin vivo. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Fiorini, E. et al. Peptide-induced negative selection of thymocytes activates transcription of an NF-κB inhibitor. Mol. Cell9, 637–648 (2002). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Guerin, S. et al. RelB reduces thymocyte apoptosis and regulates terminal thymocyte maturation. Eur. J. Immunol.32, 1–9 (2002). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Schmidt-Supprian, M. et al. Mature T cells depend on signaling through the IKK complex. Immunity19, 377–389 (2003). IKK and the classical pathway of NF-κB activation are essential for the generation and survival of mature T cells. The development of regulatory and memory T cells specifically depends on IKK-β. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Schmidt-Supprian, M. et al. Differential dependence of CD4+CD25+ regulatory and natural killer-like T cells on signals leading to NF-κB activation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA101, 4566–4571 (2004). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Esslinger, C. W., Wilson, A., Sordat, B., Beermann, F. & Jongeneel, C. V. Abnormal T lymphocyte development induced by targeted overexpression of IκBα. J. Immunol.158, 5075–5078 (1997). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Boothby, M. R., Mora, A. L., Scherer, D. C., Brockman, J. A. & Ballard, D. W. Perturbation of the T lymphocyte lineage in transgenic mice expressing a constitutive repressor of nuclear factor (NF)-κB. J. Exp. Med.185, 1897–1907 (1997). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Attar, R. M., Macdonald-Bravo, H., Raventos-Suarez, C., Durham, S. K. & Bravo, R. Expression of constitutively active IκBβ in T cells of transgenic mice: persistent NF-κB activity is required for T-cell immune responses. Mol. Cell. Biol.18, 477–487 (1998). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Zheng, Y., Vig, M., Lyons, J., Van Parijs, L. & Beg, A. A. Combined deficiency of p50 and cRel in CD4+ T cells reveals an essential requirement for nuclear factor κB in regulating mature T cell survival and in vivo function. J. Exp. Med.197, 861–874 (2003). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Sivakumar, V., Hammond, K. J., Howells, N., Pfeffer, K. & Weih, F. Differential requirement for Rel/nuclear factor κB family members in natural killer T cell development. J. Exp. Med.197, 1613–1621 (2003). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
King, L. B. & Monroe, J. G. Immunobiology of the immature B cell: plasticity in the B-cell antigen receptor-induced response fine tunes negative selection. Immunol. Rev.176, 86–104 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Banerji, L. et al. BCR signals target p27 (Kip1) and cyclin D2 via the PI3-K signalling pathway to mediate cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of WEHI 231 B cells. Oncogene20, 7352–7367 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Donjerkovic, D. & Scott, D. W. Activation-induced death in B lymphocytes. Cell Res.10, 179–192 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Saijo, K. et al. Protein kinase C β controls nuclear factor κB activation in B cells through selective regulation of the IκB kinase α. J. Exp. Med.195, 1647–1652 (2002). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Guo, B., Su, T. T. & Rawlings, D. J. Protein kinase C family functions in B-cell activation. Curr. Opin. Immunol.16, 367–373 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Su, T. T. et al. PKC-β controls IκB kinase lipid raft recruitment and activation in response to BCR signaling. Nature Immunol.3, 780–786 (2002). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Thome, M. CARMA1, BCL-10 and MALT1 in lymphocyte development and activation. Nature Rev. Immunol.4, 348–359 (2004). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Cancro, M. P. Peripheral B-cell maturation: the intersection of selection and homeostasis. Immunol. Rev.197, 89–101 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Rathmell, J. C. B cell homeostasis: digital survival or analog growth? Immunol. Rev.197, 116–128 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Gerondakis, S. & Strasser, A. The role of Rel/NF-κB transcription in B lymphocyte survival. Semin. Immunol.15, 159–166 (2003). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Claudio, E., Brown, K., Park, S., Wang, H. & Siebenlist, U. BAFF-induced NEMO-independent processing of NF-κB2 in maturing B cells. Nature Immunol.3, 958–965 (2002). BAFFR activates the non-classical pathway of NF-κB activation, which is important for the survival and maturation of transitional B cells. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Mackay, F. & Browning, J. L. BAFF: a fundamental survival factor for B cells. Nature Rev. Immunol.2, 465–475 (2002). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Gross, J. A. et al. TACI–Ig neutralizes molecules critical for B cell development and autoimmune disease: impaired B cell maturation in mice lacking BLyS. Immunity15, 289–302 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sasaki, Y., Casola, S., Kutok, J. L., Rajewsky, K. & Schmidt-Supprian, M. TNF family member B cell-activating factor (BAFF) receptor-dependent roles for BAFF in B cell physiology. J. Immunol.173, 2245–2252 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Shulga-Morskaya, S. et al. B cell activating factor belonging to the TNF family acts through separate receptors to support B cell survival and T cell-independent antibody formation. J. Immunol.173, 2331–2341 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tardivel, A. et al. The anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 can functionally substitute for the B cell survival but not for the marginal zone B cell differentiation activity of BAFF. Eur. J. Immunol.34, 509–518 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hsu, B. L., Harless, S. M., Lindsley, R. C., Hilbert, D. M. & Cancro, M. P. BlyS enables survival of transitional and mature B cells through distinct mediators. J. Immunol.168, 5993–5996 (2002). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Mecklenbrauler, I., Kalled, S. L., Leitges, M., Mackay, F. & Tarakhovsky, A. Regulation of B-cell survival by BAFF-dependent PKCδ-mediated nuclear signaling. Nature431, 456–461 (2004). Spontaneous death of resting B cells is controlled by nuclear localization of PKC-δ. Treatment of cells with BAFF prevents the nuclear accumulation of PKC-δ. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Senftleben, U. et al. Activation by IKKα of a second, evolutionarily conserved, NF-κB signaling pathway. Science293, 1495–1499 (2001). IKK-α is a component of the non-classical pathway of NF-κB activation. This pathway leads to the processing of p100 into p52 rather than IκB degradation. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kaisho, T. et al. IκB kinase α is essential for mature B cell development and function. J. Exp. Med.193, 417–426 (2001). IKK-α-chimeric mice have disrupted B-cell zones in the spleen, and IKK-α-deficient B cells have impaired survival and mitogenic responsesin vitro. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Yamada, T. et al. Abnormal immune function of hemopoietic cells from alymphoplasia (aly) mice, a natural strain with mutant NF-κB-inducing kinase. J. Immunol.165, 804–812 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Pasparakis, M., Schmidt-Supprian, M. & Rajewsky, K. IκB kinase signaling is essential for maintenance of mature B cells. J. Exp. Med.196, 743–752 (2002). Conditional knockout ofIkk-βorIkk-γfrom B cells reveals the importance of the classical pathway of NF-κB activation for maintenance of peripheral B cells, beginning with defects in transitional B cells. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Khan, W. N. Regulation of B lymphocyte development and activation by Bruton's tyrosine kinase. Immunol. Res.23, 147–156 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Cariappa, A., Liou, H. C., Horwitz, B. H. & Pillai, S. Nuclear factor κB is required for the development of marginal zone B lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med.192, 1175–1182 (2000). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Weih, D. S., Yilmaz, Z. B. & Weih, F. Essential role of RelB in germinal center and marginal zone formation and proper expression of homing chemokines. J. Immunol.167, 1909–1919 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Grumont, R. J. et al. B lymphocytes differentially use the Rel and nuclear factor κB1 (NF-κB1) transcription factors to regulate cell cycle progression and apoptosis in quiescent and mitogen-activated cells. J. Exp. Med.187, 663–674 (1998). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Prendes, M., Zheng, Y. & Beg, A. A. Regulation of developing B cell survival by RelA-containing NF-κB complexes. J. Immunol.171, 3963–3969 (2003). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kraus, M., Alimzhanov, M. B., Rajewsky, N. & Rajewsky, K. Survival of resting mature B lymphocytes depends on BCR signaling via the Igα/β heterodimer. Cell117, 787–800 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Xue, L. et al. Defective development and function of Bcl10-deficient follicular, marginal zone and B1 B cells. Nature Immunol.4, 857–864 (2003). BCL-10-deficient mice show impaired progression of transitional B cells to mature B cells, as well as a decrease in the number of marginal-zone B cells and B1 cells. BCL-10-deficient follicular and marginal-zone B cells also fail to proliferate. So, BCL-10 is essential for the development of all mature B-cell subsets. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Li, Z. -W., Omori, S. A., Labuda, T., Karin, M. & Rickert, R. C. IKKβ is required for peripheral B cell survival and proliferation. J. Immunol.170, 4630–4637 (2003). Loss of IKK-β from B cells severely reduces the number of cells in all peripheral B-cell subsets. IKK-β-deficient B cells have impaired responses, indicating that there is a role for this protein in the activation and maintenance of B cells. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Pohl, T. et al. The combined absence of NF-κB1 and c-Rel reveals that overlapping roles for these transcription factors in the B cell lineage are restricted to the activation and function of mature cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA99, 4514–4519 (2002). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Kayagaki, N. et al. BAFF/BLyS receptor 3 binds the B cell survival factor BAFF ligand through a discrete surface loop and promotes processing of NF-κB2. Immunity17, 515–524 (2002). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Mackay, F. et al. Mice transgenic for BAFF develop lymphocytic disorders along with autoimmune manifestations. J. Exp. Med.190, 1697–1710 (1999). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Khare, S. D. et al. Severe B cell hyperplasia and autoimmune disease in TALL-1 transgenic mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA97, 3370–3375 (2000). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Gross, J. A. et al. TACI and BCMA are receptors for a TNF homologue implicated in B-cell autoimmune disease. Nature404, 995–999 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Greten, F. R. et al. IKKβ links inflammation and tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated cancer. Cell118, 285–296 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Pikarsky, E. et al. NF-κB functions as a tumour promoter in inflammation-associated cancer. Nature431, 461–466 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Davis, R. E., Brown, K. D., Siebenlist, U. & Staudt, L. M. Constitutive nuclear factor κB activity is required for survival of activated B cell-like diffuse large B cell lymphoma cells J. Exp. Med.194, 1861–1874 (2001). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Lam, L. T. et al. Small molecule inhibitors of IκB kinase are selectively toxic for subgroups of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma defined by gene expression profiling. Clin. Cancer Res.11, 28–40 (2005). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Krappmann, D. et al. Molecular mechanisms of constitutive NF-κB/Rel activation in Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells. Oncogene18, 943–953 (1999). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hinz, M. et al. Nuclear factor κB-dependent gene expression profiling of Hodgkin's disease tumor cells, pathogenetic significance, and link to constitutive signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a activity. J. Exp. Med.196, 605–617 (2002). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar