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littera
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littera
出典:『Wiktionary』 (2026/04/09 03:54 UTC 版)
語源
Origin unknown. Two explanations have been proposed:
- From earlier lītera, the existence of which is disputed, with lengthening of the consonant (sometimes called the littera rule), from Old Latin leitera (attested ca. 122 BC, argued by Ernout & Meillet to be a false etymological attraction to lino), from a plural form of earlier adj. *lei-tos (cf. opera from opus), related to Latin linō (“smear”) and Proto-Italic *linō (“smear”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂leyH- (“smear”). A variation of this is to reconstruct the PIE root as *leyt- (“to scratch”).
However, De Vaan points out that the past participle from lino is actually litus with a short i and, lacking any other traces of *leitos, says the scenario is "morphologically unconvincing".
- Alternatively, perhaps via Etruscan [Term?] from (or related to, as if from a common source) Ancient Greek διφθέρᾱ (diphthérā, “leather; writing material”) which is claimed by Hesychius to be used to name tablets as well, of unknown ultimate origin.
発音
- (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈlɪt.tɛ.ra]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈlit.te.ra]
名詞
littera f (genitive litterae); first declension
- letter (of the alphabet)
- (metonymic) handwriting
- (usually in the plural) letter, epistle
- (usually in the plural) literature
- (usually in the plural, by extension) letters, knowledge of literature, learning, scholarship
- (usually in the plural) books (often a collection of letters, epistles, accounts, records, etc.)
- (usually in the plural) record(s), account(s), document(s)
- (usually in the plural) edict, ordinance
使用する際の注意点
- litterae missae means "a letter sent by a person" and litterae allatae a "a letter received" hence, liber litterarum missarum et allatarum meant a letter-book.
語形変化
First-declension noun.
派生語
- ad litteram
- coeuntes litterae
- littera canīna
- littera tenuis
- litterae clausae
- litterae patentēs
- litterālis
- litterātim
- litterula
派生した語
参照
- ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “littera”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 346
- ^ Sen, Ranjan (2015), Syllable and Segment in Latin, Oxford: Oxford University Press, page 47
- ^ Iustinianus Project (14 June 2021 (last accessed)), “LEX (ACILIA?) REPETUNDARUM, Law on the right to recovery of property officially extorted (CIL I2, n. 583)”, in The Roman Law Library, Université Grenoble Alpes, archived from the original on 14 June 2021: “...libros leiterasve pop[licas]...”
- ↑ Ernout, Alfred; Meillet, Antoine (1985), “littera”, in Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine: histoire des mots (in French), 4th edition, with additions and corrections of Jacques André, Paris: Klincksieck, published 2001, page 363
- ^ Walde, Alois; Hofmann, Johann Baptist (1938), “littera”, in Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), 3rd edition, volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 814
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 224
Further reading
- “littera”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “littera”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- "littera", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- “littera”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
- Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book, London: Macmillan and Co.
- to live (all) one's life (honourably, in the country, as a man of learning): vitam, aetatem (omnem aetatem, omne aetatis tempus) agere (honeste, ruri, in litteris), degere, traducere
- the study of belles-lettres; literary pursuits: litterarum studium or tractatio (not occupatio)
- learned, scientific, literary men: homines litterarum studiosi
- scholarship, culture, literature is at a low ebb: litterae iacent, neglectae iacent
- to be engaged in the pursuit of letters: litteras colere
- to be an enthusiastic devotee of letters: litteras amplecti
- to be an enthusiastic devotee of letters: litteras adamasse (only in perf. and plup.)
- to be engaged in literary pursuits: in studio litterarum versari
- to be engaged in any branch of study: in aliquo litterarum genere versari
- to be an ardent student of..: summo studio in litteris versari
- to devote oneself entirely to literature: se totum litteris tradere, dedere
- to be quite engrossed in literary studies: se totum in litteras or se litteris abdere
- to apply oneself very closely to literary, scientific work: in litteris elaborare (De Sen. 8. 26)
- to find recreation in study: in litteris acquiescere or conquiescere
- to devote one's life to science, study: aetatem in litteris ducere, agere
- to devote all one's leisure moments to study: omne (otiosum) tempus in litteris consumere
- to employ all one's energies on literary work: omne studium in litteris collocare, ad litteras conferre
- to feel an attraction for study: litterarum studio trahi
- to feel an attraction for study: trahi, ferri ad litteras
- to relax one's studies: litterarum studia remittere
- to have a superficial knowledge, a smattering of literature, of the sciences: primis (ut dicitur) or primoribus labris gustare or attingere litteras
- literature: litterae
- written records; documents: litterae ac monumenta or simply monumenta
- Roman literature: litterae latinae
- shining lights in the literary world: clarissima litterarum lumina
- to study Greek literature: graecis litteris studere
- to be well (slightly) acquainted with Greek literature: multum (mediocriter) in graecis litteris versari
- acquainted with the Latin language: latinis litteris or latine doctus
- to possess literary knowledge: litterarum scientiam (only in sing.) habere
- to be well-informed, erudite: multarum rerum cognitione imbutum esse (opp. litterarum or eruditionis expertem esse or [rerum] rudem esse)
- to have received a liberal education: litteras scire
- profound scientific education: litterae interiores et reconditae, artes reconditae
- for a Roman he is decidedly well educated: sunt in illo, ut in homine Romano, multae litterae (De Sen. 4. 12)
- to have received a superficial education: litteris leviter imbutum or tinctum esse
- to be educated by some one: litteras discere ab aliquo
- an elementary school: ludus (discendi or litterarum)
- to receive the first elements of a liberal education: primis litterarum elementis imbui
- to teach some one letters: erudire aliquem artibus, litteris (but erudire aliquem in iure civili, in re militari)
- to write expositions of philosophy in Latin: philosophiam latinis litteris illustrare (Acad. 1. 1. 3)
- to study historical records, read history: evolvere historias, litterarum (veterum annalium) monumenta
- to hold by the letter (of the law): verba ac litteras or scriptum (legis) sequi (opp. sententia the spirit)
- to lengthen the pronunciation of a syllable or letter: syllabam, litteram producere (opp. corripere) (Quintil. 9. 4. 89)
- to pronounce the syllables distinctly: litteras exprimere (opp. obscurare)
- to the letter; literally: ad litteram, litterate
- the alphabet: litterarum ordo
- the alphabet: litterae, elementa
- to arrange in alphabetical order: ad litteram or litterarum ordine digerere
- to put down in writing: litteris mandare or consignare aliquid (Acad. 2. 1. 2)
- to treat in writing: litteris persequi (vid. sect. VIII. 2, note persequi...) aliquid
- to write a letter to some one: epistulam (litteras) dare, scribere, mittere ad aliquem
- correspondence: litterae missae et allatae
- to correspond with some one: colloqui cum aliquo per litteras
- to be in correspondence with..: litteras inter se dare et accipere
- to take a letter somewhere: litteras perferre aliquo
- to read a letter aloud (in public): litteras recitare (Att. 8. 9. 2)
- a letter, the tenor of which is..: litterae hoc exemplo (Att. 9. 6. 3)
- the terms, contents of the letter are as follows: litterae in hanc sententiam or his verbis scriptae sunt
- to deliver a letter dated September 21st: litteras reddere datas a. d. Kal. X. Octob.
- a most courteous letter: litterae officii or humanitatis plenae
- littera in Ramminger, Johann (16 July 2016 (last accessed)), Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700, pre-publication website, 2005-2016
- littera, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [_Logeion_] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011
- Blažek, Václav (2018), “Toward the Etymology of Latin littera”, in Graeco-Latina Brunensia, volume 23, number 2, page 5
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