Amrit Nakarmi - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Amrit Nakarmi
Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment
Nepal is 100% dependent on imported petroleum products as it has no as yet viable proven reserve.... more Nepal is 100% dependent on imported petroleum products as it has no as yet viable proven reserve. The import of petroleum is increasing at an alarming rate (15.2% annually) which is creating not only a burden on the national economy but also raising the issue of energy supply security and environmental degradation. In this study, eleven distinct significant indicators have been used to evaluate the energy security status of the country. Since there is no such detailed quantification of indicators carried out in previous research, this study can be a significant input to policymakers and planners. It also explores the policy intervention measures to improve energy security status in the context of a developing country that is increasingly dependent on imported commercial fuels. Five different scenarios have been developed considering 2017 as a base year and 2040 as an end year with different economic growth rates 4.5%, 7.2% and 9.2% as main driving parameter. Two additional policy in...
Fuel consumption share varies according to different sectors like residential, industrial, commer... more Fuel consumption share varies according to different sectors like residential, industrial, commercial etc. Traditional fuel is predominant fuel source in case of developing countries like Nepal. Energy efficiency in these fuels are very low compared to other fuels. Use of fossil fuels is also increasing in Nepal which are imported. These fuels cause economic burden in country in addition to environmental problems like CO2 emissions. Hence, switching over the fuels with least environmental problems, efficient energy is a requisite in today’s world. Energy efficiency plays a critical role in energy policy debates because meeting our future energy needs comes down to only two options: increasing supply or decreasing the demand for energy. In due time, the demand is bound to increase due to increase in population, income growth and other factors. The switch-over from traditional fuels and fossil fuels to electricity is imminent in very near future in Nepal. In Nepal, the generation bein...
Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management, 2021
This paper is an attempt to find out the required optimum number of vehicles in the Top Ten Route... more This paper is an attempt to find out the required optimum number of vehicles in the Top Ten Routes of Kathmandu Valley which was found from the 163 number of routes of our study on the basis of total travel demand measured in passenger-km per year. The transportation optimization model has been prepared on the Microsoft-Excel Spreadsheet & the optimization of distribution of vehicles is done by using Premium Solver. The results clearly show that the requirement of buses at some routes was less than the available buses plying on the route & the requirement of buses at some routes was more than the available buses plying on the route. The optimization is done on the basis of least cost methods fulfilling the travel demands of flow of passengers at different interval of time in a day at each route of our study. More number of required vehicles in the optimized scenario in the route means more transportation cost, more energy consumption & more environmental emissions than the present s...
Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 2020
Short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) including black carbon (BC), methane (CH4), and tropospher... more Short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) including black carbon (BC), methane (CH4), and tropospheric ozone (O3) are major climate forcers after carbon dioxide (CO2). These SLCPs also have detrimental impacts on human health and agriculture. Studies show that the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region, which includes Nepal, has been experiencing the impacts of these pollutants in addition to greenhouse gases. In this study, we derive a national-level emission inventory for SLCPs, CO2, and air pollutants for Nepal and project their impacts under reference (REF) and mitigation policy (POL) scenarios. The impacts on human health, agriculture, and climate were then estimated by applying the following: (1) adjoint coefficients from the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS)-chemical transport model that quantify the sensitivity of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and surface O3 concentrations in Nepal, and radiative forcing in four latitudinal bands, to emissions in 2 × 2.5° grids, and (2) concen...
This paper explores the determinants of performance exposed by the financial ratios and determine... more This paper explores the determinants of performance exposed by the financial ratios and determines the financial performance of commercial banks in Nepal through Analytical Hierarchy Process based on their financial characteristics. The financial parameters were derived by segregating 5 major criteria which were Liquidity, Efficiency, Profitability, Capital Adequacy and Assets Quality. These criteria were further classified into 21 hierarchical sub-criteria. The performance evaluation was done for 13 commercial banks for financial data from year 2008/09 to 2011/12. The paper emphasizes financial decision problems to have strong multi criteria character and establishes priorities for performance parameters of commercial banks among financial indicators identified and ranks banks according to those indicators. This study has added one more literature to demonstrate the utility of AHP based bank evaluation to Nepalese banking community in particular, which not only evaluates the performance of banks but also gives insights to focus in the area of improvement to a particular bank in comparison to others.
Energy is the crucial element for sustainable development of country. Unless the energy sector is... more Energy is the crucial element for sustainable development of country. Unless the energy sector is geared up for efficient, secure and indigenous sustainable resources, the economy cannot move forward on a higher growth path. Access to reliable and affordable energy services is fundamental to reducing poverty, increasing productivity, enhancing competitiveness and promoting economic growth. Considering the problem stated, Centre for Energy Studies (CES) at the Institute of Engineering (IOE) of Tribhuvan University (TU), Nepal joined hands with the Institute for Energy Systems and Thermodynamics (IET) at Vienna University of Technology, with the objectives of building capacity of energy systems planning and analysis for developing sustainable energy policies in the Nepal and promote indigenous hydropower resource for the universal access to electricity. This project is funded by the Austrian Development Cooperation under the APPEAR Programme. Following main objective, the project has ...
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015
Demand of energy is ever increasing, especially in developing countries. Renewable energy such as... more Demand of energy is ever increasing, especially in developing countries. Renewable energy such as hydropower has become one of the most demanded sources of energy for its clean generation. Low head hydropower plant is demanded in area which cannot see grid extension due to difficult geographical terrain and other reasons. Gravitational water vortex power plant is one of such low head turbine in which the mechanical energy of free surface flowing water is converted to kinetic energy by tangentially passing the water to a basin, which forms a water vortex. This study is the analysis of different basin structures which has ability to form a gravitational vortex stream from low head, low flow water streams with the optimum runner position in the basin to maximize the output power. The analysis was first carried out by development of the model using CAD software, SolidWorks and it was simulated in commercial CFD code ANSYS Fluent for the measurement of velocity. Secondly, the result so obtained was experimentally verified by measuring the output power.
International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2014
This paper employs an integrated model for analysis of energy demand and MARKet ALlocation modell... more This paper employs an integrated model for analysis of energy demand and MARKet ALlocation modelling framework for assessing different pathways for the development of energy systems of Nepal. Four energy scenarios are analysed with the time horizon from 2010 to 2030. With high electrification and energy efficiency and demand-side management, the analysis reveals that all three major goals of sustainable energy for all can be achieved by 2030, but that the total discounted systems costs required account for three times the costs of the reference scenario. In the policy scenario, net fuel import costs and greenhouse gas emissions will decline by 20% and 35%, respectively and the share of renewable energy will increase from 3% in 2010 to 22% in 2030. The analysis provides insights for selecting a better pathway for the sustainable energy development and energy security of the country.
Journal of the Institute of Engineering
This research is carried out to assess the current status of municipal solid waste of municipali... more This research is carried out to assess the current status of municipal solid waste of municipalities of Nepal and its potential for energy recovery. During the year 2016, solid waste samples were collected by door-to-door collection method and the total energy content of the municipal waste was calculated using Bomb Calorimeter in the laboratory. During the study period, the total waste generated at Kathmandu metropolitan city was 566 tons per day with 0.3 kg per capita contribution. The major waste constituent was the organic with 67.77% of the total waste volume. Other bulk wastes were plastic and paper constituting 10% and 5% by volume respectively. Rest of the wastes (8%) was categorized as “other". In average, the total moisture content in the wastes was 49.93%. Total waste generation of all municipalities was found 1435 tons per day. The calorific value of the plastic wastes had highest energy content (40.61 MJ/kg). The organic (15.68 MJ/kg) and paper (15.61MJ/kg) wastes...
Urbanization is a common characteristic of a developing country. Whilst urbanization is an indica... more Urbanization is a common characteristic of a developing country. Whilst urbanization is an indicator of development, it demands high utilization of resources. The urbanization rate of Nepal is one of the highest in South Asia and among developing countries as well. Kathmandu Valley is the chief center of the urban transition in Nepal. This study is conducted to understand the current energy consumption pattern of residential sector of Kathmandu valley. A primary survey was conducted though household questionnaire survey within the three districts of valley, with division of valley into two regions viz. urban and peri-urban area. Residential energy system has been developed using MAED and MARKAL. A set of residential alternatives have been assumed considering both conventional and renewable resources. The energy model has been evaluated using least cost optimization method using ANSWER MARKAL for various scenarios. Various indicators have been derived to evaluate each scenario. Accor...
Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management
This study aims to analyse energy scenarios of Bhaktapur Municipality through primary data survey... more This study aims to analyse energy scenarios of Bhaktapur Municipality through primary data survey of 165 houses as a function of household's characteristics. Three scenarios are considered business-as-usual (BAU), Sustainable Energy scenario (SED) and Accelerated Growth Scenario (AGS). BAU, SED and AGS show an expected energy growth at annual rates of4.08%, 3.71% and 4.01%; with economic growth of 4.6%, 7.0% and 9.2% respectively. Whereas, the electricity consumption per household in the SEDand AGS are 3,840KWh and 4,698KWh respectively, lies in tier-5 as per SDG. Fuel imported cost NRs. 471 million and NRs. 523 million can be saved in SED and AGS Scenarios respectively as compare to BAU scenario. Overall, under all three scenarios, it was found that total GHG emission in 2018 was 7.59 kilotons to nil in 2030 for SED and AGS.Furthermore,NPV value in AGS and SED scenarios are in negative value which means both scenarios is economically viable.
International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process, 2016
The inference of this study lies mainly in identifying and prioritizing financial parameters base... more The inference of this study lies mainly in identifying and prioritizing financial parameters based on which financial institutions are considered efficient. This study attempts to find out the current performance of commercial banks in Nepal and develop a multi criteria model to check the health and status of these banks. This research will explore the Key Performance Indicators based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process and identify how these are affecting a bank’s performance in Nepal. The study reveals the financial positions of three public and ten private commercial banks. The data are mainly obtained from the Central Bank of Nepal annual audited financial statements of commercial banks (published by the respective banks), and a yearly economic survey. An average of four year ratios from 2008/09 to 2011/12 was evaluated to assess the financial performance of the commercial banks. Thirteen commercial banks were selected for the analysis in this study. The financial ratios used to a...
Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management, Dec 18, 2019
This paper examined the energy planning in each province, sustainable technology policy intervent... more This paper examined the energy planning in each province, sustainable technology policy interventions in the energy demand and social cost benefit analysis in energy sector for Nepal in the federal structure over the period 2017-2050 using LEAP-IBC modelling framework.Four scenarios were developed, reference, Low economy, accelerated economy and sustainable scenario, former three are based on socioeconomic assumption and later is technology intervention case. In reference scenario, energy consumption will increase by 3 folds from 544 PJ to 1645 PJ during 2017-2050, whereas in sustainable scenario the value expected to increase to 866 PJ by 2050.In the base year 2017, emission is 69 million metric tons of Co2 equivalents whereas per capita emission is 2.36 metric tons. In the reference scenario the carbon emission increases to 178 million Metric tons of CO2 equivalent in 2050 whereas per capita carbon emission increases to the 4.06 metric ton in the year 2050. In sustainable scenario the carbon emission increases to 21.95 million Metric tons of CO2 equivalent in 2030 whereas per capita carbon emission reduces to the 0.64 metric ton in the year 2030 due to the technological policy intervention.The calculated NPV shows that SED scenario is most economically viable with NPV value 7899 million NRS.In sustainable policy scenario efficient as well as new and improved technologies has been considered as a result of which substantial amount of reduction in energy intensities and per capita final energy consumption is achieved. In reference scenarioper capita energy consumption 18GJ is increase to 40 GJ and in sustainable scenario is expected to 19 GJ by 2050.
Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management
This study aims to analyse energy scenarios of residential sector in Panauti Municipality for sus... more This study aims to analyse energy scenarios of residential sector in Panauti Municipality for sustainable energy development and energy security. This study was done by conducting a questionnaire survey, and was supported by secondary data from various sources. Data analysis was carried out with the help of excel and LEAP software. From the results, total energy consumption of Panauti Municipality is 147 TJ in year 2016 with per capita is 4.72GJ and per capita emission 82kg. The main fuel for consumption in residential sector is firewood with share 44% then followed by LPG with 26% of total energy. Cooking is the most energy intensive end-use, accounting 60% of total energy consumption, followed by animal feed preparation 28%. It was seen that total electrification in all end-use can reduce energy demand by 57% and 35% respectively in AEL and SUD scenario and saved fuel import cost about NRs.235 million. in year 2050. Using nationally available electricity ensures energy security an...
Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment
Nepal is 100% dependent on imported petroleum products as it has no as yet viable proven reserve.... more Nepal is 100% dependent on imported petroleum products as it has no as yet viable proven reserve. The import of petroleum is increasing at an alarming rate (15.2% annually) which is creating not only a burden on the national economy but also raising the issue of energy supply security and environmental degradation. In this study, eleven distinct significant indicators have been used to evaluate the energy security status of the country. Since there is no such detailed quantification of indicators carried out in previous research, this study can be a significant input to policymakers and planners. It also explores the policy intervention measures to improve energy security status in the context of a developing country that is increasingly dependent on imported commercial fuels. Five different scenarios have been developed considering 2017 as a base year and 2040 as an end year with different economic growth rates 4.5%, 7.2% and 9.2% as main driving parameter. Two additional policy in...
Fuel consumption share varies according to different sectors like residential, industrial, commer... more Fuel consumption share varies according to different sectors like residential, industrial, commercial etc. Traditional fuel is predominant fuel source in case of developing countries like Nepal. Energy efficiency in these fuels are very low compared to other fuels. Use of fossil fuels is also increasing in Nepal which are imported. These fuels cause economic burden in country in addition to environmental problems like CO2 emissions. Hence, switching over the fuels with least environmental problems, efficient energy is a requisite in today’s world. Energy efficiency plays a critical role in energy policy debates because meeting our future energy needs comes down to only two options: increasing supply or decreasing the demand for energy. In due time, the demand is bound to increase due to increase in population, income growth and other factors. The switch-over from traditional fuels and fossil fuels to electricity is imminent in very near future in Nepal. In Nepal, the generation bein...
Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management, 2021
This paper is an attempt to find out the required optimum number of vehicles in the Top Ten Route... more This paper is an attempt to find out the required optimum number of vehicles in the Top Ten Routes of Kathmandu Valley which was found from the 163 number of routes of our study on the basis of total travel demand measured in passenger-km per year. The transportation optimization model has been prepared on the Microsoft-Excel Spreadsheet & the optimization of distribution of vehicles is done by using Premium Solver. The results clearly show that the requirement of buses at some routes was less than the available buses plying on the route & the requirement of buses at some routes was more than the available buses plying on the route. The optimization is done on the basis of least cost methods fulfilling the travel demands of flow of passengers at different interval of time in a day at each route of our study. More number of required vehicles in the optimized scenario in the route means more transportation cost, more energy consumption & more environmental emissions than the present s...
Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 2020
Short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) including black carbon (BC), methane (CH4), and tropospher... more Short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) including black carbon (BC), methane (CH4), and tropospheric ozone (O3) are major climate forcers after carbon dioxide (CO2). These SLCPs also have detrimental impacts on human health and agriculture. Studies show that the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region, which includes Nepal, has been experiencing the impacts of these pollutants in addition to greenhouse gases. In this study, we derive a national-level emission inventory for SLCPs, CO2, and air pollutants for Nepal and project their impacts under reference (REF) and mitigation policy (POL) scenarios. The impacts on human health, agriculture, and climate were then estimated by applying the following: (1) adjoint coefficients from the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS)-chemical transport model that quantify the sensitivity of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and surface O3 concentrations in Nepal, and radiative forcing in four latitudinal bands, to emissions in 2 × 2.5° grids, and (2) concen...
This paper explores the determinants of performance exposed by the financial ratios and determine... more This paper explores the determinants of performance exposed by the financial ratios and determines the financial performance of commercial banks in Nepal through Analytical Hierarchy Process based on their financial characteristics. The financial parameters were derived by segregating 5 major criteria which were Liquidity, Efficiency, Profitability, Capital Adequacy and Assets Quality. These criteria were further classified into 21 hierarchical sub-criteria. The performance evaluation was done for 13 commercial banks for financial data from year 2008/09 to 2011/12. The paper emphasizes financial decision problems to have strong multi criteria character and establishes priorities for performance parameters of commercial banks among financial indicators identified and ranks banks according to those indicators. This study has added one more literature to demonstrate the utility of AHP based bank evaluation to Nepalese banking community in particular, which not only evaluates the performance of banks but also gives insights to focus in the area of improvement to a particular bank in comparison to others.
Energy is the crucial element for sustainable development of country. Unless the energy sector is... more Energy is the crucial element for sustainable development of country. Unless the energy sector is geared up for efficient, secure and indigenous sustainable resources, the economy cannot move forward on a higher growth path. Access to reliable and affordable energy services is fundamental to reducing poverty, increasing productivity, enhancing competitiveness and promoting economic growth. Considering the problem stated, Centre for Energy Studies (CES) at the Institute of Engineering (IOE) of Tribhuvan University (TU), Nepal joined hands with the Institute for Energy Systems and Thermodynamics (IET) at Vienna University of Technology, with the objectives of building capacity of energy systems planning and analysis for developing sustainable energy policies in the Nepal and promote indigenous hydropower resource for the universal access to electricity. This project is funded by the Austrian Development Cooperation under the APPEAR Programme. Following main objective, the project has ...
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015
Demand of energy is ever increasing, especially in developing countries. Renewable energy such as... more Demand of energy is ever increasing, especially in developing countries. Renewable energy such as hydropower has become one of the most demanded sources of energy for its clean generation. Low head hydropower plant is demanded in area which cannot see grid extension due to difficult geographical terrain and other reasons. Gravitational water vortex power plant is one of such low head turbine in which the mechanical energy of free surface flowing water is converted to kinetic energy by tangentially passing the water to a basin, which forms a water vortex. This study is the analysis of different basin structures which has ability to form a gravitational vortex stream from low head, low flow water streams with the optimum runner position in the basin to maximize the output power. The analysis was first carried out by development of the model using CAD software, SolidWorks and it was simulated in commercial CFD code ANSYS Fluent for the measurement of velocity. Secondly, the result so obtained was experimentally verified by measuring the output power.
International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2014
This paper employs an integrated model for analysis of energy demand and MARKet ALlocation modell... more This paper employs an integrated model for analysis of energy demand and MARKet ALlocation modelling framework for assessing different pathways for the development of energy systems of Nepal. Four energy scenarios are analysed with the time horizon from 2010 to 2030. With high electrification and energy efficiency and demand-side management, the analysis reveals that all three major goals of sustainable energy for all can be achieved by 2030, but that the total discounted systems costs required account for three times the costs of the reference scenario. In the policy scenario, net fuel import costs and greenhouse gas emissions will decline by 20% and 35%, respectively and the share of renewable energy will increase from 3% in 2010 to 22% in 2030. The analysis provides insights for selecting a better pathway for the sustainable energy development and energy security of the country.
Journal of the Institute of Engineering
This research is carried out to assess the current status of municipal solid waste of municipali... more This research is carried out to assess the current status of municipal solid waste of municipalities of Nepal and its potential for energy recovery. During the year 2016, solid waste samples were collected by door-to-door collection method and the total energy content of the municipal waste was calculated using Bomb Calorimeter in the laboratory. During the study period, the total waste generated at Kathmandu metropolitan city was 566 tons per day with 0.3 kg per capita contribution. The major waste constituent was the organic with 67.77% of the total waste volume. Other bulk wastes were plastic and paper constituting 10% and 5% by volume respectively. Rest of the wastes (8%) was categorized as “other". In average, the total moisture content in the wastes was 49.93%. Total waste generation of all municipalities was found 1435 tons per day. The calorific value of the plastic wastes had highest energy content (40.61 MJ/kg). The organic (15.68 MJ/kg) and paper (15.61MJ/kg) wastes...
Urbanization is a common characteristic of a developing country. Whilst urbanization is an indica... more Urbanization is a common characteristic of a developing country. Whilst urbanization is an indicator of development, it demands high utilization of resources. The urbanization rate of Nepal is one of the highest in South Asia and among developing countries as well. Kathmandu Valley is the chief center of the urban transition in Nepal. This study is conducted to understand the current energy consumption pattern of residential sector of Kathmandu valley. A primary survey was conducted though household questionnaire survey within the three districts of valley, with division of valley into two regions viz. urban and peri-urban area. Residential energy system has been developed using MAED and MARKAL. A set of residential alternatives have been assumed considering both conventional and renewable resources. The energy model has been evaluated using least cost optimization method using ANSWER MARKAL for various scenarios. Various indicators have been derived to evaluate each scenario. Accor...
Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management
This study aims to analyse energy scenarios of Bhaktapur Municipality through primary data survey... more This study aims to analyse energy scenarios of Bhaktapur Municipality through primary data survey of 165 houses as a function of household's characteristics. Three scenarios are considered business-as-usual (BAU), Sustainable Energy scenario (SED) and Accelerated Growth Scenario (AGS). BAU, SED and AGS show an expected energy growth at annual rates of4.08%, 3.71% and 4.01%; with economic growth of 4.6%, 7.0% and 9.2% respectively. Whereas, the electricity consumption per household in the SEDand AGS are 3,840KWh and 4,698KWh respectively, lies in tier-5 as per SDG. Fuel imported cost NRs. 471 million and NRs. 523 million can be saved in SED and AGS Scenarios respectively as compare to BAU scenario. Overall, under all three scenarios, it was found that total GHG emission in 2018 was 7.59 kilotons to nil in 2030 for SED and AGS.Furthermore,NPV value in AGS and SED scenarios are in negative value which means both scenarios is economically viable.
International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process, 2016
The inference of this study lies mainly in identifying and prioritizing financial parameters base... more The inference of this study lies mainly in identifying and prioritizing financial parameters based on which financial institutions are considered efficient. This study attempts to find out the current performance of commercial banks in Nepal and develop a multi criteria model to check the health and status of these banks. This research will explore the Key Performance Indicators based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process and identify how these are affecting a bank’s performance in Nepal. The study reveals the financial positions of three public and ten private commercial banks. The data are mainly obtained from the Central Bank of Nepal annual audited financial statements of commercial banks (published by the respective banks), and a yearly economic survey. An average of four year ratios from 2008/09 to 2011/12 was evaluated to assess the financial performance of the commercial banks. Thirteen commercial banks were selected for the analysis in this study. The financial ratios used to a...
Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management, Dec 18, 2019
This paper examined the energy planning in each province, sustainable technology policy intervent... more This paper examined the energy planning in each province, sustainable technology policy interventions in the energy demand and social cost benefit analysis in energy sector for Nepal in the federal structure over the period 2017-2050 using LEAP-IBC modelling framework.Four scenarios were developed, reference, Low economy, accelerated economy and sustainable scenario, former three are based on socioeconomic assumption and later is technology intervention case. In reference scenario, energy consumption will increase by 3 folds from 544 PJ to 1645 PJ during 2017-2050, whereas in sustainable scenario the value expected to increase to 866 PJ by 2050.In the base year 2017, emission is 69 million metric tons of Co2 equivalents whereas per capita emission is 2.36 metric tons. In the reference scenario the carbon emission increases to 178 million Metric tons of CO2 equivalent in 2050 whereas per capita carbon emission increases to the 4.06 metric ton in the year 2050. In sustainable scenario the carbon emission increases to 21.95 million Metric tons of CO2 equivalent in 2030 whereas per capita carbon emission reduces to the 0.64 metric ton in the year 2030 due to the technological policy intervention.The calculated NPV shows that SED scenario is most economically viable with NPV value 7899 million NRS.In sustainable policy scenario efficient as well as new and improved technologies has been considered as a result of which substantial amount of reduction in energy intensities and per capita final energy consumption is achieved. In reference scenarioper capita energy consumption 18GJ is increase to 40 GJ and in sustainable scenario is expected to 19 GJ by 2050.
Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management
This study aims to analyse energy scenarios of residential sector in Panauti Municipality for sus... more This study aims to analyse energy scenarios of residential sector in Panauti Municipality for sustainable energy development and energy security. This study was done by conducting a questionnaire survey, and was supported by secondary data from various sources. Data analysis was carried out with the help of excel and LEAP software. From the results, total energy consumption of Panauti Municipality is 147 TJ in year 2016 with per capita is 4.72GJ and per capita emission 82kg. The main fuel for consumption in residential sector is firewood with share 44% then followed by LPG with 26% of total energy. Cooking is the most energy intensive end-use, accounting 60% of total energy consumption, followed by animal feed preparation 28%. It was seen that total electrification in all end-use can reduce energy demand by 57% and 35% respectively in AEL and SUD scenario and saved fuel import cost about NRs.235 million. in year 2050. Using nationally available electricity ensures energy security an...