Andreas Kopp - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Andreas Kopp

Tübingen 1996 Alle Rechte vorbehalten Ohne ausdrückliche Genehmigung des Verlages ist es auch nic... more Tübingen 1996 Alle Rechte vorbehalten Ohne ausdrückliche Genehmigung des Verlages ist es auch nicht gestattet, den Band oder Teile daraus auf photomechanischem Wege (Photokopie, Mikrokopie) zu vervielfältigen

to income, and Canada, the United States, and some oil-producing countries have very high consump... more to income, and Canada, the United States, and some oil-producing countries have very high consumption. Some of the differences can be explained by geography, but others are due to energy demand policies and technology differences. Motorization has driven the expansion of roads and the increase in energy use. It accelerates in most countries at per capita incomes of 5,000−5,000-5,000−10,000 (figure O.2). There is no direct link between motorization and development; small countries with high per capita incomes, in particular, have large differences in motorization. Projecting patterns of motorization and energy use into the future, the transport sector would eventually become the main consumer of oil (figure O.3). Absolute oil consumption would increase dramatically until 2030, and alternative sources of energy would have minor impact. Longer-term scenarios suggest that the trend would continue until the century ends. Deep cuts in transport greenhouse gas emissions through fuel substitution are expected to be possible with the emergence of new biofuel feedstocks that do not compete with food production and require less water-or as fuel cell cars become economically viable. If today's developing countries repeat what has happened in developed countries, almost all the increase in transport oil demand would come from non-Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. China, India, and the Middle East would see the largest increase (figure O.4). Progress in engine technologies would reduce fossil fuel consumption in some parts of the OECD, but such savings in non-OECD countries would be far exceeded by the rise in motorization. 1. This translates into a mirror image in per capita emissions in transport (see figure O.1).

World Economy, 2010

In new trade theory (NTT) models, freer trade tends to increase the spatial concentration of indu... more In new trade theory (NTT) models, freer trade tends to increase the spatial concentration of industrial production across countries. While nations with large home markets and central geographical location become increasingly attractive business locations, small peripheral countries gradually deindustrialise. Using data for 26 industries, 20 OECD countries and 20 years, we investigate the empirical validity of this claim. Separating out the role of home market size from geographical factors, and using various panel methods, we find robust evidence in line with theory. Freer trade has indeed magnified the importance of domestic demand and geographical location for the pattern of industrial production across the globe and has therefore exacerbated spatial disparities.

We discuss theoretical approaches to study the relationship between the size distribution of a na... more We discuss theoretical approaches to study the relationship between the size distribution of a nation's cities and macroeconomic growth. The discussion is based on the hypothesis of the New Growth Theory that inter-personal spillovers of education and skills determine the long-run growth of the economy. Growth theory treats such externalities as being uniformly effective over national territories and completely internal to nation-state. This suggests a link to urban economics which has a long tradition of considering human capital externalities as driving forces of the growth of urban centers, with productivity increases inducing immigration. From the perspective of the urbanization literature long-run macroeconomic growth is thus determined by the functioning of cities as a catalysts for human capital accumulation. Theoretical avenues to the relationship between the development of cities of different sizes and aggregate growth can be distinguished according to whether the spill...

This paper summarizes the discussions at the European Conference of Ministers of Transport Roundt... more This paper summarizes the discussions at the European Conference of Ministers of Transport Roundtable 133 regarding taxi industry regulation and deregulation. It covers price competition, markets, regulation of the quality of taxi services, and deregulatory experiences.

The World Bank’s GHG analysis for transport shows whether a given transport project can help lowe... more The World Bank’s GHG analysis for transport shows whether a given transport project can help lower the trajectory of the sector’s GHG emissions. A central feature is an estimate of the wider social costs of emissions under various modes—for example, air pollution and accidents—as well as climate change. Including them greatly increases the demonstrated benefit of emissionsreducing projects and thus will also help accelerate the move to a sustainable transport sector.

In the working paper we address the question whether the upsurge in geographical economics is rel... more In the working paper we address the question whether the upsurge in geographical economics is related to the early works of the founders of the German school of regional economics. More specifically we examine why the German geographical economists were an exception of being a successful school in international mainstream economics, and why there was little competition between alternative schools of regional economics. We argue that the answer lies in the difficulties to combine geographical economics and the dominant economic theory of perfect competition. Much of the recent success of the New Geographical Economics lies in the fact that it is based on a model of monopolistic competition which sidesteps the problems that were posed by geography for the economics of perfect competition. The basis of this model of monopolistic competition provides, however, limited opportunity to pursue the research objectives of the German School of regional economics.

Problemas del Desarrollo. Revista Latinoamericana de Economía, 2011

En este trabajo se tratan de contestar dos preguntas principales: 1) ¿Por qué, aunque los economi... more En este trabajo se tratan de contestar dos preguntas principales: 1) ¿Por qué, aunque los economistas alemanes en general jugaron un papel relativamente sin importancia en el área de la economía internacional, los que contribuyeron a la economía espacial del siglo XIX y principios del XX son ampliamente reconocidos como los fundadores de esta subrama de la disciplina? 2) ¿Por qué cuestiones tales como el papel que juega la distancia geográfica en las transacciones económicas, o la forma en que las empresas productoras y las familias consumidoras seleccionan su ubicación, o lo que define las áreas de mercado y sus implicaciones para la estructura política y administrativa de una nación, han estado curiosa y sospechosamente ausentes del análisis económico tradicional? Para responder a dichas preguntas se revisan las contribuciones de J. H. Von Thunen, W., Launhanrdt, A. Weber, W Chistaller y A. Losch, y se encuentra que: a) La escuela alemana de ciencia regional persiste porque los re...

Tables Rondes CEMT, 2006

Dans le debat public, les couts de transport sont consideres comme etant l'un des determinant... more Dans le debat public, les couts de transport sont consideres comme etant l'un des determinants principaux de la globalisation. Malgre leur importance proeminente dans ces debats, la recherche en transport et la politique des transports n'ont donne que peu d'attention, jusqu'a une date recente, a l'analyse des relations entre les couts de transport et le commerce international et a l'impact des decisions de politique des transports sur l'integration economique. Le present article apporte une analyse critique de ce debat. Plus precisement, il rend compte de l'evolution des couts de transport ces dernieres decennies, discute des benefices economiques de la politique des transports en ce qu'elle promeut la specialisation des economies et analyse l'importance des politiques de transport non pas aux frontieres mais au dela de celles-ci pour faciliter le commerce. L'article montre qu'il n'y a pas une decroissance uniforme des couts de transport et, notamment, qu'il existe des differences entre modes, en particulier l'aerien et le maritime. Il explicite que des effets notables peuvent etre attendus sur le revenu national de politiques de transport qui favorisent l'acces aux marches internationaux. Il fournit une indication sur l'efficacite relative de differentes mesures visant a favoriser le commerce international, mesures telles que la reforme des procedures douanieres, l'harmonisation des normes reglementaires, les investissements destines a ameliorer les operations portuaires ou dans les nouvelles technologies d'information.

The authors themselves, not the Kiel Institute of World Economics, are responsible for the conten... more The authors themselves, not the Kiel Institute of World Economics, are responsible for the contents and distribution of Kiel Working Papers. Since the series involves manuscripts in a preliminary form, interested reader are kindly requested to direct criticism and suggestions directly to the authors and to clear any quotations with them.

* On the problems resulting from the assumption of a continuum of agents in Tiebout type models c... more * On the problems resulting from the assumption of a continuum of agents in Tiebout type models cf. Berliant and Raa (1991). * On such a lock-in in a suboptimal allocation with heterogeneous populations for nonspatial clubs cf. Bewley (1981).

The authors themselves, not the Kiel Institute of World Economics, are responsible for the conten... more The authors themselves, not the Kiel Institute of World Economics, are responsible for the contents and distribution of Kiel Working Papers. Since the series involves manuscripts in a preliminary form, interested readers are kindly requested to direct criticism and suggestions directly to the authors and to clear any quotations with them.

World Economy, 2010

Problemas del Desarrollo. Revista Latinoamericana de Economía, 2011

Tables Rondes CEMT, 2006

The authors themselves, not the Kiel Institute of World Economics, are responsible for the conten... more The authors themselves, not the Kiel Institute of World Economics, are responsible for the contents and distribution of Kiel Working Papers. Since the series involves manuscripts in a preliminary form, interested readers are kindly requested to direct criticism and suggestions directly to the authors and to clear any quotations with them.