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Papers by Eric JEAN
Arkeoloji ve Sanat 173, 2023
In these preliminary reflections, it is suggested that the Hittite kingdom underwent imperial exp... more In these preliminary reflections, it is suggested that the Hittite kingdom underwent imperial expansion early on or soon after its formation in the isolated micro-regions of north-central Anatolia, whose landscapes did not seem to favour such an imperialist enterprise. Explanations are then put forward to explain the choice and the conditions that allowed this imperialist policy and its duration over time. In addition to natural assets and the legacy of a past, the pragmatic character of the organization of the empire seems to have played a decisive role.
Late Bronze Age Painted Pottery Traditions at the Margins of the Hittite State. Papers Presented at a Workshop Held at the 11th ICAANE (München 4 April 2018) and Additional Contributions., 2022
During the Late Bronze Age, a majority of the pottery produced in Cilicia consisted of plain ware... more During the Late Bronze Age, a majority of the pottery produced in Cilicia consisted of plain ware, the forms of which are related to the Hittite repertoire. Other finds at various Cilician sites, such as bronze weapons and hieroglyphic seals, seem to be markers of the Hittite culture; usually understood as signs of the Hittite political expansion. Nevertheless, that vision must be relativised. On the one hand, plain ware repertoires do not show a homogeneous distribution. On the other hand, locally or regionally made painted wares appear in Late Bronze Age contexts at several sites, which raise the question whether they do not indicate the relative political autonomy of the regions concerned. The most striking example comes from western Cilicia, where cross-hatched painted pottery, mainly consisting of medium-sized jars with squared rims, developed at Kilise Tepe, Soli Höyük and Yumuktepe. That production style suggests micro-regional interactions, as Soli and Yumuktepe seem to have shared a cultural and trade space with Kilise Tepe. In this paper, after dating the painted sherds found at Yumuktepe to the Late Bronze Age II, I address the question of the origin of such painted pottery by suggesting a link between its production and a hypothetical territory of Ura.
… der Deutschen Orient- …, 2000
Résumé/Abstract Compte-rendu de la septième campagne de fouilles sur le site hittite de Kusakli-S... more Résumé/Abstract Compte-rendu de la septième campagne de fouilles sur le site hittite de Kusakli-Sarissa (Est Cappadoce, Turquie) et en particulier des recherches menées à l'emplacement d'un grand bâtiment édifié sur l'acropole de la ville.
Les Dossiers D Archeologie, 2002
Olba XXIX, 77-108, 2021
Though the term “ḫilani” refers to an architectural form occurring in northern Syria during the e... more Though the term “ḫilani” refers to an architectural form occurring in northern Syria during the early centuries of the 1st millennium BCE, the Middle Bronze II Building E of Tilmen Höyük in the Islahiye Valley and the Late Bronze I palace of Alalakh IV (15th century BCE) in the Amuq are often given as the earliest examples or prototypes of ḫilani architecture. More recently, another Late Bronze I ḫilani has been excavated at Kinet Höyük, a seaport in eastern Plain Cilicia. The ḫilani of Kinet Höyük was built in the second half of the 16th century BCE. From the very beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE onwards, close contact between the Islahiye Valley, the Amuq and Plain Cilicia have been notably reflected in locally made painted pottery from the Middle Bronze Age. While the designation of such pottery as “Syro-Cilician” underscores the eastern cultural orientation of Plain Cilicia, the term “Amuq-Cilician” enhances the characteristics of the Amuq and Plain Cilicia. This raises the question of whether the ḫilani should be considered an Amuq-Cilician, Syro-Cilician or yet another architectural tradition. After reviewing the different uses of the term “ḫilani” in the scholarly literature, as well as the features that characterize it as an architectural form, the ḫilani of Kinet Höyük is presented in its archaeological context. As an important administrative building (hypothetically the seat of a political authority representing the state of Kizzuwatna), it is then suggested that the ḫilani of Kinet Period 15C originates from a north Syrian cultural influence. Conversely, the sudden appearance of Hittite-related pottery in Kinet Period 15C suggests that the economy of Kizzuwatna was under a certain degree of Hittite control. Economic and strategic interests would have therein motivated the establishment of such a Hittite maritime outpost in Kizzuwatna, while the Hittite diplomatic skills would explain the success of this takeover. Thus, the ḫilani of Kinet Period 15C would have served as an architectural expression of this diplomacy and recall a period in which the Hittite king was politically strong. In the second half of the 16th century BCE, the most likely royal candidate who embodied the requisite qualities would be Telipinu (according to the Middle Chronology) or Murshili I (according to the Low Chronology).
Archaeology & History in the Lebanon 50-51, 2019
The appearance of local painted wares in Cilicia has often been considered transitional between t... more The appearance of local painted wares in Cilicia has often been considered transitional between the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age, which seems legitimate when found with Late Helladic IIIC pottery. Population movements were cautiously suggested to explain the appearance of such
Transitional Period Local Painted Pottery at Tarsus-Gözlükule, where it is thought to occur after the fall of the kingdom of Hatti. In a number of settlements, Hittite-related ceramic traditions seem to continue after the demise of the Hittite central power, like in Cilicia where painted ware is found together with Hittite-related pottery, showing a period of both change and relative continuity. It has been suggested that the transitional painted wares could be rooted in older local traditions, re-emerging after the end of the Hittite empire, when the Hittite standards of pottery were no longer imposed. However, in Cilicia, far from being a re-emergence, a Cilician Red-Painted ware occurs during the Late Bronze Age II together with Hittite-related ceramics at Kilise Tepe, Soli Höyük, and Yumuktepe. It consists mainly of medium-sized jars with squared rims, and crosshatching
decor on the exterior and slashes around the rim. Elsewhere, a Buff-Painted ware occurs at least at Tarsus-Gözlükule. Obviously, various traditions of painted pottery precede in Cilicia the Transitional Period Local Painted Pottery of Tarsus, suggesting micro-regional interactions which may
well indicate geographically differentiated behaviours by the Hittites.
Özet: Önyargı etimolojik olarak, bir kişi ya da bir şey hakkında yeterli bilgiye sahip olmadan bi... more Özet: Önyargı etimolojik olarak, bir kişi ya da bir şey hakkında yeterli bilgiye sahip olmadan bir değer yargısı geliştirmek ya da taşımak anlamına gelir. Prehistorya terimi doğrudan doğruya kendisi bir önyargıdan kaynaklanır; tarihin yazıyla başladığını ifade eden ve prehistorik araştırmaların başlangıçta nasıl, öncelikle bir Avrupa, daha sonrasında Batı meselesi olduğunu gösteren bir önyargı. Dolayısıyla prehistorik insan hakkındaki peşin hükümler, Avrupa'da bilimlerin gelişiminden ve Avrupalı toplumların tarihinden ayrı düşünülemez. Irkçı, çizgisel ve ilerlemeci insanlık tarihi kavrayışı 19. yüzyılda, Avrupalının, ardından Batılının, sömürgeleştirdiği ve bazen de medenileştirmeyi arzuladığı yaban ya da yerli karşısındaki üstünlük duygusunu yansıtıyordu. Yaban olarak nitelendirilmiş olan insanlar, insan-dışı veya gayri medeni olarak algılanmışlardı. Bu algı kimilerinde 19. yüzyıl ortalarına kadar, kimilerindeyse 20. yüzyıl ortalarına kadar süregelmiş ve prehistorik insan algısının temelinde yattığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Bununla birlikte, başlıca stereotipler prehistorik insanı bir mağara adamı, bir tür " maymun-insan " olarak özetler. Diğer bir stereotip, prehistorik insan temsillerine cinsiyetçi bir nitelik kazandıran, erkeklere ve kadınlara atfedilen toplumsal rollerdir. Cinsiyetlerin hiyerarşiye göre sınıflandırılmasına, " ırk " ların aynı şekilde sınıflandırılması da eklenir, bu da özellikle Neandertal insanla ilgiliydi ve hâlâ da ilgilidir. 19. yüzyılda, prehistorik insanın ya da daha doğrusu onun hakkında edinilmiş olan fikrin çizimi, oyması, resmi, heykeli yapıldı ve hikayesi anlatıldı, fakat karikatürize bir şekilde. O zaman ki hâkim bilimsel düşünceye paralel olarak gerçekleştirilen söz konusu plastik ve edebi temsiller, prehistorik insanı insanlığın doğrusal gelişimci vizyonu içine yerleştiriyordu.
Prehistorik, öncelikle de Paleolitik insana dair başlıca önyargıları gözden geçirdikten sonra ve prehistoryacıların bugünkü bakışlarına dikkat çekmeden önce, bu önyargıların inşasını ve yapısökümünü tarihsel olarak inceleyeceğiz.
by Mirko Novák, Aslı Özyar, Anna Lucia D'Agata, Marie-Henriette Gates, Charles Gates, Özlem Oyman Girginer, Eric JEAN, ekin kozal, Gunnar Lehmann, Fatma Şahin, Elif Unlu, Christine Eslick, and Tülay Özaydın
Altorientalische Forschungen, 2017
This article presents a preliminary comparative stratigraphy of excavated sites in Plain Cilicia ... more This article presents a preliminary comparative stratigraphy of excavated sites in Plain Cilicia and one in Rough Cilicia. It is the outcome of three workshops held in 2014, 2015 and 2017. Plain Cilicia at the junction of Anatolia, Syro-Mesopotamia and Cyprus is one of the most fertile regions of the Ancient Near East. In recent years, archaeological research in the region has intensified, reopening questions of chronology. The comparative stratigraphy discussed in the workshops is presented here in form of a gazetteer of the participating sites and a chart. This is to be understood as a first step towards a more comprehensive chronology.
The Hittites at Mersin-Yumuktepe: Old Problems and New Directions, 2006
Archéobotanique et géographie historique: L'olivier en Kizzuwatna, 2005
From Bronze to Iron Ages in Cilicia: The Pottery in its Stratigraphic Context, 2003
Le relief rupestre d'Ivriz. 1- Une découverte en mal d'inventeur, 2002
Arkeolojik Belgelere Göre Hititler'de Demir, Jan 2001
Introduction (From Boǧazköy to Karatepe: Hittitology and the Discovery of the Hittite World), 2001
Chronicle of a Renaissance: The Hittite Civilization, 2001
La Cilicie: pluralité et unité, 2001
Arkeoloji ve Sanat 173, 2023
In these preliminary reflections, it is suggested that the Hittite kingdom underwent imperial exp... more In these preliminary reflections, it is suggested that the Hittite kingdom underwent imperial expansion early on or soon after its formation in the isolated micro-regions of north-central Anatolia, whose landscapes did not seem to favour such an imperialist enterprise. Explanations are then put forward to explain the choice and the conditions that allowed this imperialist policy and its duration over time. In addition to natural assets and the legacy of a past, the pragmatic character of the organization of the empire seems to have played a decisive role.
Late Bronze Age Painted Pottery Traditions at the Margins of the Hittite State. Papers Presented at a Workshop Held at the 11th ICAANE (München 4 April 2018) and Additional Contributions., 2022
During the Late Bronze Age, a majority of the pottery produced in Cilicia consisted of plain ware... more During the Late Bronze Age, a majority of the pottery produced in Cilicia consisted of plain ware, the forms of which are related to the Hittite repertoire. Other finds at various Cilician sites, such as bronze weapons and hieroglyphic seals, seem to be markers of the Hittite culture; usually understood as signs of the Hittite political expansion. Nevertheless, that vision must be relativised. On the one hand, plain ware repertoires do not show a homogeneous distribution. On the other hand, locally or regionally made painted wares appear in Late Bronze Age contexts at several sites, which raise the question whether they do not indicate the relative political autonomy of the regions concerned. The most striking example comes from western Cilicia, where cross-hatched painted pottery, mainly consisting of medium-sized jars with squared rims, developed at Kilise Tepe, Soli Höyük and Yumuktepe. That production style suggests micro-regional interactions, as Soli and Yumuktepe seem to have shared a cultural and trade space with Kilise Tepe. In this paper, after dating the painted sherds found at Yumuktepe to the Late Bronze Age II, I address the question of the origin of such painted pottery by suggesting a link between its production and a hypothetical territory of Ura.
… der Deutschen Orient- …, 2000
Résumé/Abstract Compte-rendu de la septième campagne de fouilles sur le site hittite de Kusakli-S... more Résumé/Abstract Compte-rendu de la septième campagne de fouilles sur le site hittite de Kusakli-Sarissa (Est Cappadoce, Turquie) et en particulier des recherches menées à l'emplacement d'un grand bâtiment édifié sur l'acropole de la ville.
Les Dossiers D Archeologie, 2002
Olba XXIX, 77-108, 2021
Though the term “ḫilani” refers to an architectural form occurring in northern Syria during the e... more Though the term “ḫilani” refers to an architectural form occurring in northern Syria during the early centuries of the 1st millennium BCE, the Middle Bronze II Building E of Tilmen Höyük in the Islahiye Valley and the Late Bronze I palace of Alalakh IV (15th century BCE) in the Amuq are often given as the earliest examples or prototypes of ḫilani architecture. More recently, another Late Bronze I ḫilani has been excavated at Kinet Höyük, a seaport in eastern Plain Cilicia. The ḫilani of Kinet Höyük was built in the second half of the 16th century BCE. From the very beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE onwards, close contact between the Islahiye Valley, the Amuq and Plain Cilicia have been notably reflected in locally made painted pottery from the Middle Bronze Age. While the designation of such pottery as “Syro-Cilician” underscores the eastern cultural orientation of Plain Cilicia, the term “Amuq-Cilician” enhances the characteristics of the Amuq and Plain Cilicia. This raises the question of whether the ḫilani should be considered an Amuq-Cilician, Syro-Cilician or yet another architectural tradition. After reviewing the different uses of the term “ḫilani” in the scholarly literature, as well as the features that characterize it as an architectural form, the ḫilani of Kinet Höyük is presented in its archaeological context. As an important administrative building (hypothetically the seat of a political authority representing the state of Kizzuwatna), it is then suggested that the ḫilani of Kinet Period 15C originates from a north Syrian cultural influence. Conversely, the sudden appearance of Hittite-related pottery in Kinet Period 15C suggests that the economy of Kizzuwatna was under a certain degree of Hittite control. Economic and strategic interests would have therein motivated the establishment of such a Hittite maritime outpost in Kizzuwatna, while the Hittite diplomatic skills would explain the success of this takeover. Thus, the ḫilani of Kinet Period 15C would have served as an architectural expression of this diplomacy and recall a period in which the Hittite king was politically strong. In the second half of the 16th century BCE, the most likely royal candidate who embodied the requisite qualities would be Telipinu (according to the Middle Chronology) or Murshili I (according to the Low Chronology).
Archaeology & History in the Lebanon 50-51, 2019
The appearance of local painted wares in Cilicia has often been considered transitional between t... more The appearance of local painted wares in Cilicia has often been considered transitional between the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age, which seems legitimate when found with Late Helladic IIIC pottery. Population movements were cautiously suggested to explain the appearance of such
Transitional Period Local Painted Pottery at Tarsus-Gözlükule, where it is thought to occur after the fall of the kingdom of Hatti. In a number of settlements, Hittite-related ceramic traditions seem to continue after the demise of the Hittite central power, like in Cilicia where painted ware is found together with Hittite-related pottery, showing a period of both change and relative continuity. It has been suggested that the transitional painted wares could be rooted in older local traditions, re-emerging after the end of the Hittite empire, when the Hittite standards of pottery were no longer imposed. However, in Cilicia, far from being a re-emergence, a Cilician Red-Painted ware occurs during the Late Bronze Age II together with Hittite-related ceramics at Kilise Tepe, Soli Höyük, and Yumuktepe. It consists mainly of medium-sized jars with squared rims, and crosshatching
decor on the exterior and slashes around the rim. Elsewhere, a Buff-Painted ware occurs at least at Tarsus-Gözlükule. Obviously, various traditions of painted pottery precede in Cilicia the Transitional Period Local Painted Pottery of Tarsus, suggesting micro-regional interactions which may
well indicate geographically differentiated behaviours by the Hittites.
Özet: Önyargı etimolojik olarak, bir kişi ya da bir şey hakkında yeterli bilgiye sahip olmadan bi... more Özet: Önyargı etimolojik olarak, bir kişi ya da bir şey hakkında yeterli bilgiye sahip olmadan bir değer yargısı geliştirmek ya da taşımak anlamına gelir. Prehistorya terimi doğrudan doğruya kendisi bir önyargıdan kaynaklanır; tarihin yazıyla başladığını ifade eden ve prehistorik araştırmaların başlangıçta nasıl, öncelikle bir Avrupa, daha sonrasında Batı meselesi olduğunu gösteren bir önyargı. Dolayısıyla prehistorik insan hakkındaki peşin hükümler, Avrupa'da bilimlerin gelişiminden ve Avrupalı toplumların tarihinden ayrı düşünülemez. Irkçı, çizgisel ve ilerlemeci insanlık tarihi kavrayışı 19. yüzyılda, Avrupalının, ardından Batılının, sömürgeleştirdiği ve bazen de medenileştirmeyi arzuladığı yaban ya da yerli karşısındaki üstünlük duygusunu yansıtıyordu. Yaban olarak nitelendirilmiş olan insanlar, insan-dışı veya gayri medeni olarak algılanmışlardı. Bu algı kimilerinde 19. yüzyıl ortalarına kadar, kimilerindeyse 20. yüzyıl ortalarına kadar süregelmiş ve prehistorik insan algısının temelinde yattığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Bununla birlikte, başlıca stereotipler prehistorik insanı bir mağara adamı, bir tür " maymun-insan " olarak özetler. Diğer bir stereotip, prehistorik insan temsillerine cinsiyetçi bir nitelik kazandıran, erkeklere ve kadınlara atfedilen toplumsal rollerdir. Cinsiyetlerin hiyerarşiye göre sınıflandırılmasına, " ırk " ların aynı şekilde sınıflandırılması da eklenir, bu da özellikle Neandertal insanla ilgiliydi ve hâlâ da ilgilidir. 19. yüzyılda, prehistorik insanın ya da daha doğrusu onun hakkında edinilmiş olan fikrin çizimi, oyması, resmi, heykeli yapıldı ve hikayesi anlatıldı, fakat karikatürize bir şekilde. O zaman ki hâkim bilimsel düşünceye paralel olarak gerçekleştirilen söz konusu plastik ve edebi temsiller, prehistorik insanı insanlığın doğrusal gelişimci vizyonu içine yerleştiriyordu.
Prehistorik, öncelikle de Paleolitik insana dair başlıca önyargıları gözden geçirdikten sonra ve prehistoryacıların bugünkü bakışlarına dikkat çekmeden önce, bu önyargıların inşasını ve yapısökümünü tarihsel olarak inceleyeceğiz.
by Mirko Novák, Aslı Özyar, Anna Lucia D'Agata, Marie-Henriette Gates, Charles Gates, Özlem Oyman Girginer, Eric JEAN, ekin kozal, Gunnar Lehmann, Fatma Şahin, Elif Unlu, Christine Eslick, and Tülay Özaydın
Altorientalische Forschungen, 2017
This article presents a preliminary comparative stratigraphy of excavated sites in Plain Cilicia ... more This article presents a preliminary comparative stratigraphy of excavated sites in Plain Cilicia and one in Rough Cilicia. It is the outcome of three workshops held in 2014, 2015 and 2017. Plain Cilicia at the junction of Anatolia, Syro-Mesopotamia and Cyprus is one of the most fertile regions of the Ancient Near East. In recent years, archaeological research in the region has intensified, reopening questions of chronology. The comparative stratigraphy discussed in the workshops is presented here in form of a gazetteer of the participating sites and a chart. This is to be understood as a first step towards a more comprehensive chronology.
The Hittites at Mersin-Yumuktepe: Old Problems and New Directions, 2006
Archéobotanique et géographie historique: L'olivier en Kizzuwatna, 2005
From Bronze to Iron Ages in Cilicia: The Pottery in its Stratigraphic Context, 2003
Le relief rupestre d'Ivriz. 1- Une découverte en mal d'inventeur, 2002
Arkeolojik Belgelere Göre Hititler'de Demir, Jan 2001
Introduction (From Boǧazköy to Karatepe: Hittitology and the Discovery of the Hittite World), 2001
Chronicle of a Renaissance: The Hittite Civilization, 2001
La Cilicie: pluralité et unité, 2001
DURUGÖNÜL S., KAPLAN D., TEPEBAS U. (eds.), Kilikia Arkeolojisi: Yeni Buluntular ve Yorumlar / Cilician Archaeology: Recent finds and Comments. V. Kilikia Arkeolojisi Sempozyumu / V. Cilician Archaeology Symposium, Ankara, Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları., 2024
Hittite texts provide the names of many watercourses in connection with religious practices or se... more Hittite texts provide the names of many watercourses in connection with religious practices or serving as space or borders delimitations, but they are not very talkative about the use of rivers for socioeconomic activities, as transport. Protohistoric Cilicia may serve as a study case for the potential use of its rivers as means of wood transport by flotation. From both archaeological evidence and inferences drawn from the interpretation of textual evidence, metallurgy and shipbuilding must have been important activities in Cilicia. Both activities required big amounts of wood, which were supplied by the surrounding forests from the Taurus and the Amanus ranges. Since land transport from the mountains was particularly difficult until the construction of modern roads, it can be assumed that the conveying of timber were made, at least partially, by rivers. As there is no direct evidence for the flotation of logs in Cilicia during the Hittite period, indirect information is induced from, first, the study of wood, its importance, use and origin, and, secondly, the analysis of the Cilician rivers and their potential use during the 2nd Millennium BC. A presentation of the main Cilician rivers and of the changes of their course show that their navigability was very low, because of flows very strong (before the construction of the modern dams). Nevertheless, the situation of sites like Kilise Tepe and Sirkeli Höyük suggest there were river ports. By giving later examples in history (Antiquity, Middle Age, and Modern Times), it is suggested that the conveying of wood as raw material through flotation of logs was a way to supply ports, cities and other commercial centres, combined with hauling and land paths.
Bir İdealin Peşinde ATATÜRK VE ALACA HÖYÜK - In Pursuit of an Ideal ATATÜRK AND ALACA HÖYÜK, 2023
Eds.): Questions, Approaches, and Dialogues in Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology. Studies in Hono... more Eds.): Questions, Approaches, and Dialogues in Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology. Studies in Honor of Marie-Henriette and Charles Gates Alter Orient und Altes Testament 445 © 2017 Ugarit-Verlag -Buch-und Medienhandel Münster w w w . u g a r i t -v e r l a g . c o m A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . N o p a r t o f this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, e l e c t r o n i c , m e c h a n i c a l , photo-copying, recording, or otherwise, w i t h o u t t h e p r i o r p e r m ission of the publisher. P r i n t e d i n G e r m a n y I S B N 9 7 8 -3 -8 6 8 3 5 -251-1