Innocent Nwankwo - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Innocent Nwankwo
Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Jun 13, 2023
Abattoirs are imperative surveillance points for early detection, monitoring and disease control ... more Abattoirs are imperative surveillance points for early detection, monitoring and disease control along the meat supply chain. However, their function in this regard has remained underdeveloped in Nigeria even in the midst of pre-disposing factors of disease spread. In view of this, a descriptive study on the status of Ikpa slaughterhouse, Nsukka on the provision of physical facilities and the competency of workers for adequate meat inspection, good hygiene practices and waste management were evaluated by observation and interview of key stakeholders. Dilapidated facilities, poor waste management, poor knowledge and attitudes of butchers on hygiene and zoonosis as identified, pose limitations for meat inspection, hygiene standards and disease reporting practice at Ikpa slaughterhouse, Nsukka, Nigeria. The slaughterhouse is of very poor standard as a meat safety and disease surveillance point, hence the urgent need for the establishment of a contemporary abattoir, regular training and equipping of skilled staff to the ideals of abattoirs as meat safety and disease surveillance points in Nigeria.
Veterinary Sciences and Practices
Antibiotics
Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from a total of 360 nasal and groin skin swabs from 180 system... more Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from a total of 360 nasal and groin skin swabs from 180 systematic randomly-selected horses slaughtered for meat at Obollo-Afor, Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria and antimicrobial, methicillin and heavy metal resistance profile and virulence potentials of the isolates established. Baird-Parker agar with egg yolk tellurite was used for S. aureus isolation. S. aureus isolates were confirmed biochemically and serologically using a specific S. aureus Staphytect Plus™ latex agglutination test kit. The antimicrobial resistance profile, methicillin, vancomycin and inducible clindamycin resistance, and β-lactamase production of the isolates were determined with disc diffusion. Tolerance to Copper, Cadmium, Lead and Zinc was assessed using the agar dilution method and virulence potentials were determined using phenotypic methods. Forty-three (23.9%) of the 180 horses harbored S. aureus. Some 71 S. aureus were recovered from the 360 samples. Two (2.8%) of the ...
Animal Research International, 2019
Fasciolosis and Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBP) are characterized by gross pathognomonic ... more Fasciolosis and Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBP) are characterized by gross pathognomonic lesions in organ/offal of slaughtered cattle which result in condemnation of unsafe meat. Both are the major causes of bovine organ/offal condemnation in Nigeria. Postmortem detection with focus on Fasciola and CBP infections were made in cattle slaughtered at Ikpa market abattoir, Nsukka between May-July 2018. In addition, the economic losses associated with the disease conditions were assessed. Out of 474 cattle examined, 114(24 %) and 200(42.2 %), had gross lesions of fasciolosis and CBP respectively, while 66(13.9 %) were positive for the both conditions. Both lesions were observed in the three breeds of slaughtered cattle (White Fulani, Sokoto gudali and Ndama) irrespective of sex and age. The disease lesions were not significantly associated (p<0.05) with sex, age and breed of cattle. However, there was a significant relationship (p>0.05) between the prevalence of CBP and fasciolosis lesions in the slaughtered cattle. The economic loss due to condemnation of affected organs was estimated at N 1, 716,900.00 (US$ 4,769) in 24 days, approximately equivalent to N 71, 537.50 (US$ 198.8) on daily basis. The findings have revealed the high level of organ damages and financial losses due to fasciolosis and CBP in the study area. This portends dangers not limited to livestock production and the economy, but zoonosis and other public health issues. Public awareness campaign, appropriate surveillance and disease control programmes should be implemented in addition to adequate meat inspection and compensation for farmers.
Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 2020
Gross lesions in cattle viscera result in loss of meat quality and condemnation during inspection... more Gross lesions in cattle viscera result in loss of meat quality and condemnation during inspection. However, data on gross pathological conditions in cattle viscera are scarce in Nigeria. This study therefore was undertaken to determine the occurrence of gross lesions in cattle viscera during post mortem inspection at Ikpa Slaughter slab Nsukka and its economic and public health implications. Gross pathological lesions were found in all of the 545 cattle carcasses examined from May to August 2017. Lesions of fasciolosis, liver tuberculosis, Liver cirrhosis, lung tuberculosis, pneumonic lung, congested lung, blood retention in the heart, pimply gut and paramphistomosis were observed in 1 (0.18%), 33 (6.06%), 11 (2.02%), 216 (39.63%), 38 (6.97%), 501 (91.93%), 200 (39.69%), 545 (100%) and 545 (100%) of the slaughtered cattle, respectively. The rejection and condemnation of affected visceral organs loss estimate was N1,532,300.00. This unavoidable loss reduces profit and the absence of ...
International Journal of One Health, 2016
The study was conducted to determine the prevalence and viability of Campylobacter species isolat... more The study was conducted to determine the prevalence and viability of Campylobacter species isolates from different species of poultry and humans in Sokoto State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in the live birds markets, humans on admission and at outpatient clinics in the randomly selected hospitals in Sokoto State. Isolation and characterization of Campylobacter species were performed using standard culture isolation techniques and biochemical characterization. A total of 798 (506 cloacal and 292 fecal) swabs from poultry and humans, respectively, were collected and analyzed. The viability of 307 isolates stored in 15% glycerol and 85% tryptone broth at −20°C was determined after 7-13 months. Results: A total of 312 (39%) were positive for Campylobacter species which comprises 119 (30%), 20 (30%), 3 (14%), 9 (56%), 1 (50%), and 160 (55%) in chicken, guinea fowls, pigeons, ducks, turkey, and humans, respectively. The total of 38 (24%), 63 (39%), and 59 (37%) humans and 29 (19%), 79 (52%), and 44 (29%) poultry isolates were positive for Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter Coli, and Campylobacter Lari, respectively. A total of 261 (85%) of the stored isolates were still viable on re-isolation with the viability rates of 41 (95%), 67 (85%), and 17 (59%) at 7, 9, and 13 months of storage, respectively. There was a negative correlation between months of storage and viability rates. However, there was no significant statistical association (p>0.05) between prevalence rate and species of poultry. Conclusion: Campylobacter species have been detected with varying degree of prevalence in both poultry and humans and their ability to survive freezing at −20°C (95%) for up to 7 months has been revealed in the study. This is not only a concern to food and livestock industries but also a concern to the public health at large, especially, in view of the study area being considered one of the largest livestock producers in Nigeria. Campylobacteriosis is known to be associated with the cost of gastroenteritis management, antimicrobial resistance, food contamination, and complications such as a paralytic condition called Guillain-Barre syndrome.
International Journal of One Health, 2015
The study was carried out to survey and determine the prevalence of Campylobacter species among p... more The study was carried out to survey and determine the prevalence of Campylobacter species among pigs and humans within the pig rearing areas of Zuru Kebbi State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among household pigs and humans between September, 2013 and February, 2014. Isolation and characterization of Campylobacter species were performed using standard culture isolation techniques and biochemical characterization. A total of 450 fecal samples comprised of 300 from pigs and 150 from humans was collected and analyzed. Results: Prevalence of Campylobacter were 278 (92.67%) and 94 (62.67%) for pigs and humans respectively. The most encountered Campylobacter species in both cases was Campylobacter coli (276 [74.19]) followed by Campylobacter jejuni (62 [16.66]). The least isolated species in pigs was Campylobacter hyointestinalis 5 (1.8%) while Campylobacter lari 2 (2.13%) was least isolated in humans. C. lari was not found in pigs. No significant association (p>0.05) existed between Campylobacter isolates and the age and sex of both pigs and humans in this study. Conclusion: Both pigs and humans within the pig rearing areas of Zuru have been shown to harbor Campylobacter species and this might be due to extensive system of pig farming with indiscriminate defecation by pigs coupled with unhygienic disposal of human wastes in the environment and poor personal hygiene.
Journal of Veterinary Advances, 2012
The prevalence of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus in some domestic and captured wild bir... more The prevalence of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus in some domestic and captured wild birds in four localities and the Nguru-Hadejia wetlands of Yobe State, Nigeria was determined using Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR) technique. A total of 193 birds comprising of 139 chickens, 16 turkeys, 4 muscovy ducks and 34 captured wild birds were examined. An overall infection rate of 26.9% was obtained in all the birds examined out of which 35 (18.1%) domestic birds and 17(8.8%) captured wild birds respectively, were positive for ILT virus infection. Among the domestic birds Muscovy ducks had the highest infection rate of 50% while Goose (Anser anser) had the highest of 72.7% infection rate among the wild captured birds. Report on ILT in birds in Nigeria is scanty and virtually non-existence in the study area, thus the need to set up surveillance system that shall establish the true prevalence statewide for effective planning on control of the spread of infection and curtailing economic losses that may arise from morbidity and mortality.
Journal of Natural Remedies, 2005
Objective: To investigate the role of calcium [Ca 2+ ] on uterine muscle contraction induced by b... more Objective: To investigate the role of calcium [Ca 2+ ] on uterine muscle contraction induced by butanolic leaf extract of Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae). Materials and methods: Dried leaves of S.mombin were exhausively extracted with n-hexane and 80% ethanol. The 80% ethanol extract was partitioned in dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. The butanolic extract was tested for spasmogenicity on isolated uterine muscle strips of the rat using conventional methods. Results: The extract contracted the uterine muscle concentration-dependently (EC 50 , 0.08 mg/ml). The responses to the extract (0.14 mg/ ml) were abolished in Ca 2+ -free media with or without EGTA and by verapamil (0.18 μg/ml). The contractions were similarly abolished by LaCl 3 but significantly (P+ depolarization (20 mmol) from fast phasic to a tonic contracture. Both isoprenaline (0.1 μmol) and salbutamol (0.1 μmol) inhibited the extract induced contractions which were reversed by propranolol (0.03 μmol). ...
Animal Research International, May 6, 2021
Tuberculosis (TB) in slaughtered cattle (SC) is of immense zoonotic and economic importance world... more Tuberculosis (TB) in slaughtered cattle (SC) is of immense zoonotic and economic importance worldwide. This study determined the prevalence and distribution of TB among SC in three agricultural zones of Cross River State, Nigeria, using post mortem lesions, the Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique (ZNST) and retrospective abattoir records. Out of the 1,852 SC surveyed from April, 2013-March 2014, 4.10 % had TB-like lesions, out of which 86.8 % were positive when subjected to ZNST. Similarly, a 9 year retrospective survey (2001-2010) using abattoir records revealed 1.00 % prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in the State. The periodic prevalence of the infection were:
A study was conducted to establish the epidemiology of Campylobacter species in the four agricult... more A study was conducted to establish the epidemiology of Campylobacter species in the four agricultural zones of Sokoto. A total of 798 (506 cloacal and 292 fecal) swabs from poultry and humans respectively were screened and analyzed using standard culture isolation technique and biochemical characterization. A total of 152 (30%) and 160 (55%) were positive for Campylobacter spp. in poultry and humans respectively. The prevalence rates of 53, 28, and 18% were for Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter lari and Campylobacter jejuni in poultry while 39, 37 and 24% were for C. coli, C. lari and C. jejuni in humans, respectively. The prevalence rate of 30% was recorded in both chicken and guinea fowl, while 14, 56 and 50% were found in pigeon, ducks and turkey, respectively. The prevalence rates were slightly higher in males than females in both poultry and humans. There was no significant statistical association (P>0.05) between prevalence rate and species. The prevalence in agricultural z...
Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences
Veterinaria italiana, 2021
Good antimicrobial drug stewardship in food‑producing animals boosts productivity and limits tran... more Good antimicrobial drug stewardship in food‑producing animals boosts productivity and limits transmission of zoonotic pathogens, but the imprudent usage is counterproductive. A nation‑wide survey to determine the pattern of antimicrobial drug usage in poultry was therefore conducted across 12 of the 36 States in Nigeria. The survey was conducted using structured questionnaire designed to elicit information on socio‑demographics, pattern of antimicrobial drug usage and awareness of the consequences of imprudent use of antimicrobials in food‑producing animals, among 2,402 randomly selected poultry farmers. Critically important antimicrobials, belonging to the WHO's lists of 'Highest' and 'High' priority antibiotics, were administered sub‑therapeutically for prophylaxis and growth enhancement purposes. Many diseases that warranted the antimicrobial administration were of viral etiology. Only 64.2% of the farmers administered the drug based on veterinary doctors'...
Background: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among hazardous chemicals that may endang... more Background: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among hazardous chemicals that may endanger food safety. In Nigeria, hides and skins of animals are edible and used in dishes. So, this study investigated the levels of PAHs in singed and unsinged hides and skins of animals slaughtered at three districts abattoirs (Obosi, Uga, and Kwata) in Anambra State, Nigeria. Methods: Using gas chromatography, the levels of PAHs were determined in 120 samples of raw and singed cattle hides and goat skins. Data were analyzed using the SPSS Windows software package (version 20.0). Results: The total PAHs of raw and singed cattle hides were respectively 0.80 and 12.33 μg/kg for Obosi district, 0.56 and 6.96 μg/kg for Uga district, and 8.30 and 16.24 μg/kg for Kwata district. Furthermore, the total PAHs levels in raw and singed goat skins were respectively 2.75 and 9.00 μg/kg for Obosi district, 1.76 and 6.42 μg/kg for Uga district, and 1.30 and 5.19 μg/kg for Kwata district. The levels of som...
Handling and consumption of contaminated meat can lead to food poisoning and acquisition of antib... more Handling and consumption of contaminated meat can lead to food poisoning and acquisition of antibiotics resistance genes. This study determined the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. and antibiotics resistant E. coli on poultry carcasses and handler’s hands at Ikpa slaughter, Nsukka. Swabs collected from carcass surfaces and handler’s hands were cultured and isolates were identified with phenotypic and molecular methods. Coliform enumeration, antibiotics susceptibility testing and data analysis were done. Out of 204 samples, 29 (14.2%) were Campylobacter positive, consisting of C. jejuni (27.6%) and C. coli (72.4%) while another 67 samples yielded 23 (34.4%) positive E. coli. Coliform counts were 3.2x10cfu cm and 1.06x10cfu cmfor unwashed and washed carcasses, 2.5x10 cfu cm and 0.5x10 cfu cm for unwashed and washed handlers’ hands respectively. E. coli was isolated from 45 and 22% of unwashed and washed carcasses respectively and Campylobacter from 16% of unwashed carcasses only. One ...
The study was conducted among apparently healthy birds brought from different local government ar... more The study was conducted among apparently healthy birds brought from different local government areas, neighbouring states and across international boundaries to the Sokoto central live bird market between October 2008 and March 2009. Tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected from 221 apparently healthy birds comprising 182 chickens, 3 turkeys, 11 guineafowl, 17 ducks and 8 pigeons. These samples were analysed using nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) to check for the presence of avian influenza virus. An overall prevalence of 1.4% (3 positive cases) was detected with two cases observed in chickens and one in a pigeon. The findings indicate the circulation of avian influenza in the study area. This raises concern for human and animal health due to zoonotic and economic implications of this virus.
Prevalence of zoonotic tuberculosis in livestock in Nigeria contributes substantially to TB incid... more Prevalence of zoonotic tuberculosis in livestock in Nigeria contributes substantially to TB incidence among the population at risk. This study sought for tubercles in cattle carcasses and assessed knowledge and risk behaviours for zoonotic tuberculosis transmission among workers in Ikpa slaughter, Nsukka, Nigeria. Tubercle samples collected during meat inspection of 420 cattle carcasses were subjected to Ziehl Neelson stain. Questionnaire was issued to 50 slaughterhouse workers and data generated analysed with STATA 12 at p<α (0.05). The results showed 0.71% (3/420) prevalence of tubercles that translated to 0.79% (3/382), 0.81% (3/372), 0.79% (2/379) among the males, adults and White Fulani breeds, respectively. Among the respondents, 64% (32/50) had good knowledge of the disease. Knowledge of ZTB was significantly associated with level of education (P<0.05). Practices that expose to zoonotic tuberculosis infection were found among 48% of the participants. Practices that expo...
Tropical Animal Health and Production
International Journal of One Health
Backgrond and Aim: Thermotolerant Campylobacter organisms (TCOs) are primary causes of bacterial ... more Backgrond and Aim: Thermotolerant Campylobacter organisms (TCOs) are primary causes of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. Although all warm-blooded animals are susceptible to colonization by TCOs, food-producing animals, especially poultry, are major reservoirs of the infection for transmission to humans. This epidemiological study for thermotolerant Campylobacter infection (TCI) in poultry was, therefore, conducted to determine the prevalence and to identify the risk factors of TCI in 60 randomly selected poultry farms in Nsukka agricultural zone. Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire was used to elicit information on the farmers' involvement in practices that may aggravate TCI in poultry farms. Isolation of TCOs for the determination of prevalence of the infection was done following standard microbiological protocol. Results: The majority (93.3%) of the farms practiced intensive management system. Farm and individual prevalence of TCI were 78.3% and 19....
Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Jun 13, 2023
Abattoirs are imperative surveillance points for early detection, monitoring and disease control ... more Abattoirs are imperative surveillance points for early detection, monitoring and disease control along the meat supply chain. However, their function in this regard has remained underdeveloped in Nigeria even in the midst of pre-disposing factors of disease spread. In view of this, a descriptive study on the status of Ikpa slaughterhouse, Nsukka on the provision of physical facilities and the competency of workers for adequate meat inspection, good hygiene practices and waste management were evaluated by observation and interview of key stakeholders. Dilapidated facilities, poor waste management, poor knowledge and attitudes of butchers on hygiene and zoonosis as identified, pose limitations for meat inspection, hygiene standards and disease reporting practice at Ikpa slaughterhouse, Nsukka, Nigeria. The slaughterhouse is of very poor standard as a meat safety and disease surveillance point, hence the urgent need for the establishment of a contemporary abattoir, regular training and equipping of skilled staff to the ideals of abattoirs as meat safety and disease surveillance points in Nigeria.
Veterinary Sciences and Practices
Antibiotics
Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from a total of 360 nasal and groin skin swabs from 180 system... more Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from a total of 360 nasal and groin skin swabs from 180 systematic randomly-selected horses slaughtered for meat at Obollo-Afor, Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria and antimicrobial, methicillin and heavy metal resistance profile and virulence potentials of the isolates established. Baird-Parker agar with egg yolk tellurite was used for S. aureus isolation. S. aureus isolates were confirmed biochemically and serologically using a specific S. aureus Staphytect Plus™ latex agglutination test kit. The antimicrobial resistance profile, methicillin, vancomycin and inducible clindamycin resistance, and β-lactamase production of the isolates were determined with disc diffusion. Tolerance to Copper, Cadmium, Lead and Zinc was assessed using the agar dilution method and virulence potentials were determined using phenotypic methods. Forty-three (23.9%) of the 180 horses harbored S. aureus. Some 71 S. aureus were recovered from the 360 samples. Two (2.8%) of the ...
Animal Research International, 2019
Fasciolosis and Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBP) are characterized by gross pathognomonic ... more Fasciolosis and Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBP) are characterized by gross pathognomonic lesions in organ/offal of slaughtered cattle which result in condemnation of unsafe meat. Both are the major causes of bovine organ/offal condemnation in Nigeria. Postmortem detection with focus on Fasciola and CBP infections were made in cattle slaughtered at Ikpa market abattoir, Nsukka between May-July 2018. In addition, the economic losses associated with the disease conditions were assessed. Out of 474 cattle examined, 114(24 %) and 200(42.2 %), had gross lesions of fasciolosis and CBP respectively, while 66(13.9 %) were positive for the both conditions. Both lesions were observed in the three breeds of slaughtered cattle (White Fulani, Sokoto gudali and Ndama) irrespective of sex and age. The disease lesions were not significantly associated (p<0.05) with sex, age and breed of cattle. However, there was a significant relationship (p>0.05) between the prevalence of CBP and fasciolosis lesions in the slaughtered cattle. The economic loss due to condemnation of affected organs was estimated at N 1, 716,900.00 (US$ 4,769) in 24 days, approximately equivalent to N 71, 537.50 (US$ 198.8) on daily basis. The findings have revealed the high level of organ damages and financial losses due to fasciolosis and CBP in the study area. This portends dangers not limited to livestock production and the economy, but zoonosis and other public health issues. Public awareness campaign, appropriate surveillance and disease control programmes should be implemented in addition to adequate meat inspection and compensation for farmers.
Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 2020
Gross lesions in cattle viscera result in loss of meat quality and condemnation during inspection... more Gross lesions in cattle viscera result in loss of meat quality and condemnation during inspection. However, data on gross pathological conditions in cattle viscera are scarce in Nigeria. This study therefore was undertaken to determine the occurrence of gross lesions in cattle viscera during post mortem inspection at Ikpa Slaughter slab Nsukka and its economic and public health implications. Gross pathological lesions were found in all of the 545 cattle carcasses examined from May to August 2017. Lesions of fasciolosis, liver tuberculosis, Liver cirrhosis, lung tuberculosis, pneumonic lung, congested lung, blood retention in the heart, pimply gut and paramphistomosis were observed in 1 (0.18%), 33 (6.06%), 11 (2.02%), 216 (39.63%), 38 (6.97%), 501 (91.93%), 200 (39.69%), 545 (100%) and 545 (100%) of the slaughtered cattle, respectively. The rejection and condemnation of affected visceral organs loss estimate was N1,532,300.00. This unavoidable loss reduces profit and the absence of ...
International Journal of One Health, 2016
The study was conducted to determine the prevalence and viability of Campylobacter species isolat... more The study was conducted to determine the prevalence and viability of Campylobacter species isolates from different species of poultry and humans in Sokoto State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in the live birds markets, humans on admission and at outpatient clinics in the randomly selected hospitals in Sokoto State. Isolation and characterization of Campylobacter species were performed using standard culture isolation techniques and biochemical characterization. A total of 798 (506 cloacal and 292 fecal) swabs from poultry and humans, respectively, were collected and analyzed. The viability of 307 isolates stored in 15% glycerol and 85% tryptone broth at −20°C was determined after 7-13 months. Results: A total of 312 (39%) were positive for Campylobacter species which comprises 119 (30%), 20 (30%), 3 (14%), 9 (56%), 1 (50%), and 160 (55%) in chicken, guinea fowls, pigeons, ducks, turkey, and humans, respectively. The total of 38 (24%), 63 (39%), and 59 (37%) humans and 29 (19%), 79 (52%), and 44 (29%) poultry isolates were positive for Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter Coli, and Campylobacter Lari, respectively. A total of 261 (85%) of the stored isolates were still viable on re-isolation with the viability rates of 41 (95%), 67 (85%), and 17 (59%) at 7, 9, and 13 months of storage, respectively. There was a negative correlation between months of storage and viability rates. However, there was no significant statistical association (p>0.05) between prevalence rate and species of poultry. Conclusion: Campylobacter species have been detected with varying degree of prevalence in both poultry and humans and their ability to survive freezing at −20°C (95%) for up to 7 months has been revealed in the study. This is not only a concern to food and livestock industries but also a concern to the public health at large, especially, in view of the study area being considered one of the largest livestock producers in Nigeria. Campylobacteriosis is known to be associated with the cost of gastroenteritis management, antimicrobial resistance, food contamination, and complications such as a paralytic condition called Guillain-Barre syndrome.
International Journal of One Health, 2015
The study was carried out to survey and determine the prevalence of Campylobacter species among p... more The study was carried out to survey and determine the prevalence of Campylobacter species among pigs and humans within the pig rearing areas of Zuru Kebbi State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among household pigs and humans between September, 2013 and February, 2014. Isolation and characterization of Campylobacter species were performed using standard culture isolation techniques and biochemical characterization. A total of 450 fecal samples comprised of 300 from pigs and 150 from humans was collected and analyzed. Results: Prevalence of Campylobacter were 278 (92.67%) and 94 (62.67%) for pigs and humans respectively. The most encountered Campylobacter species in both cases was Campylobacter coli (276 [74.19]) followed by Campylobacter jejuni (62 [16.66]). The least isolated species in pigs was Campylobacter hyointestinalis 5 (1.8%) while Campylobacter lari 2 (2.13%) was least isolated in humans. C. lari was not found in pigs. No significant association (p>0.05) existed between Campylobacter isolates and the age and sex of both pigs and humans in this study. Conclusion: Both pigs and humans within the pig rearing areas of Zuru have been shown to harbor Campylobacter species and this might be due to extensive system of pig farming with indiscriminate defecation by pigs coupled with unhygienic disposal of human wastes in the environment and poor personal hygiene.
Journal of Veterinary Advances, 2012
The prevalence of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus in some domestic and captured wild bir... more The prevalence of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus in some domestic and captured wild birds in four localities and the Nguru-Hadejia wetlands of Yobe State, Nigeria was determined using Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR) technique. A total of 193 birds comprising of 139 chickens, 16 turkeys, 4 muscovy ducks and 34 captured wild birds were examined. An overall infection rate of 26.9% was obtained in all the birds examined out of which 35 (18.1%) domestic birds and 17(8.8%) captured wild birds respectively, were positive for ILT virus infection. Among the domestic birds Muscovy ducks had the highest infection rate of 50% while Goose (Anser anser) had the highest of 72.7% infection rate among the wild captured birds. Report on ILT in birds in Nigeria is scanty and virtually non-existence in the study area, thus the need to set up surveillance system that shall establish the true prevalence statewide for effective planning on control of the spread of infection and curtailing economic losses that may arise from morbidity and mortality.
Journal of Natural Remedies, 2005
Objective: To investigate the role of calcium [Ca 2+ ] on uterine muscle contraction induced by b... more Objective: To investigate the role of calcium [Ca 2+ ] on uterine muscle contraction induced by butanolic leaf extract of Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae). Materials and methods: Dried leaves of S.mombin were exhausively extracted with n-hexane and 80% ethanol. The 80% ethanol extract was partitioned in dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. The butanolic extract was tested for spasmogenicity on isolated uterine muscle strips of the rat using conventional methods. Results: The extract contracted the uterine muscle concentration-dependently (EC 50 , 0.08 mg/ml). The responses to the extract (0.14 mg/ ml) were abolished in Ca 2+ -free media with or without EGTA and by verapamil (0.18 μg/ml). The contractions were similarly abolished by LaCl 3 but significantly (P+ depolarization (20 mmol) from fast phasic to a tonic contracture. Both isoprenaline (0.1 μmol) and salbutamol (0.1 μmol) inhibited the extract induced contractions which were reversed by propranolol (0.03 μmol). ...
Animal Research International, May 6, 2021
Tuberculosis (TB) in slaughtered cattle (SC) is of immense zoonotic and economic importance world... more Tuberculosis (TB) in slaughtered cattle (SC) is of immense zoonotic and economic importance worldwide. This study determined the prevalence and distribution of TB among SC in three agricultural zones of Cross River State, Nigeria, using post mortem lesions, the Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique (ZNST) and retrospective abattoir records. Out of the 1,852 SC surveyed from April, 2013-March 2014, 4.10 % had TB-like lesions, out of which 86.8 % were positive when subjected to ZNST. Similarly, a 9 year retrospective survey (2001-2010) using abattoir records revealed 1.00 % prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in the State. The periodic prevalence of the infection were:
A study was conducted to establish the epidemiology of Campylobacter species in the four agricult... more A study was conducted to establish the epidemiology of Campylobacter species in the four agricultural zones of Sokoto. A total of 798 (506 cloacal and 292 fecal) swabs from poultry and humans respectively were screened and analyzed using standard culture isolation technique and biochemical characterization. A total of 152 (30%) and 160 (55%) were positive for Campylobacter spp. in poultry and humans respectively. The prevalence rates of 53, 28, and 18% were for Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter lari and Campylobacter jejuni in poultry while 39, 37 and 24% were for C. coli, C. lari and C. jejuni in humans, respectively. The prevalence rate of 30% was recorded in both chicken and guinea fowl, while 14, 56 and 50% were found in pigeon, ducks and turkey, respectively. The prevalence rates were slightly higher in males than females in both poultry and humans. There was no significant statistical association (P>0.05) between prevalence rate and species. The prevalence in agricultural z...
Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences
Veterinaria italiana, 2021
Good antimicrobial drug stewardship in food‑producing animals boosts productivity and limits tran... more Good antimicrobial drug stewardship in food‑producing animals boosts productivity and limits transmission of zoonotic pathogens, but the imprudent usage is counterproductive. A nation‑wide survey to determine the pattern of antimicrobial drug usage in poultry was therefore conducted across 12 of the 36 States in Nigeria. The survey was conducted using structured questionnaire designed to elicit information on socio‑demographics, pattern of antimicrobial drug usage and awareness of the consequences of imprudent use of antimicrobials in food‑producing animals, among 2,402 randomly selected poultry farmers. Critically important antimicrobials, belonging to the WHO's lists of 'Highest' and 'High' priority antibiotics, were administered sub‑therapeutically for prophylaxis and growth enhancement purposes. Many diseases that warranted the antimicrobial administration were of viral etiology. Only 64.2% of the farmers administered the drug based on veterinary doctors'...
Background: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among hazardous chemicals that may endang... more Background: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among hazardous chemicals that may endanger food safety. In Nigeria, hides and skins of animals are edible and used in dishes. So, this study investigated the levels of PAHs in singed and unsinged hides and skins of animals slaughtered at three districts abattoirs (Obosi, Uga, and Kwata) in Anambra State, Nigeria. Methods: Using gas chromatography, the levels of PAHs were determined in 120 samples of raw and singed cattle hides and goat skins. Data were analyzed using the SPSS Windows software package (version 20.0). Results: The total PAHs of raw and singed cattle hides were respectively 0.80 and 12.33 μg/kg for Obosi district, 0.56 and 6.96 μg/kg for Uga district, and 8.30 and 16.24 μg/kg for Kwata district. Furthermore, the total PAHs levels in raw and singed goat skins were respectively 2.75 and 9.00 μg/kg for Obosi district, 1.76 and 6.42 μg/kg for Uga district, and 1.30 and 5.19 μg/kg for Kwata district. The levels of som...
Handling and consumption of contaminated meat can lead to food poisoning and acquisition of antib... more Handling and consumption of contaminated meat can lead to food poisoning and acquisition of antibiotics resistance genes. This study determined the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. and antibiotics resistant E. coli on poultry carcasses and handler’s hands at Ikpa slaughter, Nsukka. Swabs collected from carcass surfaces and handler’s hands were cultured and isolates were identified with phenotypic and molecular methods. Coliform enumeration, antibiotics susceptibility testing and data analysis were done. Out of 204 samples, 29 (14.2%) were Campylobacter positive, consisting of C. jejuni (27.6%) and C. coli (72.4%) while another 67 samples yielded 23 (34.4%) positive E. coli. Coliform counts were 3.2x10cfu cm and 1.06x10cfu cmfor unwashed and washed carcasses, 2.5x10 cfu cm and 0.5x10 cfu cm for unwashed and washed handlers’ hands respectively. E. coli was isolated from 45 and 22% of unwashed and washed carcasses respectively and Campylobacter from 16% of unwashed carcasses only. One ...
The study was conducted among apparently healthy birds brought from different local government ar... more The study was conducted among apparently healthy birds brought from different local government areas, neighbouring states and across international boundaries to the Sokoto central live bird market between October 2008 and March 2009. Tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected from 221 apparently healthy birds comprising 182 chickens, 3 turkeys, 11 guineafowl, 17 ducks and 8 pigeons. These samples were analysed using nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) to check for the presence of avian influenza virus. An overall prevalence of 1.4% (3 positive cases) was detected with two cases observed in chickens and one in a pigeon. The findings indicate the circulation of avian influenza in the study area. This raises concern for human and animal health due to zoonotic and economic implications of this virus.
Prevalence of zoonotic tuberculosis in livestock in Nigeria contributes substantially to TB incid... more Prevalence of zoonotic tuberculosis in livestock in Nigeria contributes substantially to TB incidence among the population at risk. This study sought for tubercles in cattle carcasses and assessed knowledge and risk behaviours for zoonotic tuberculosis transmission among workers in Ikpa slaughter, Nsukka, Nigeria. Tubercle samples collected during meat inspection of 420 cattle carcasses were subjected to Ziehl Neelson stain. Questionnaire was issued to 50 slaughterhouse workers and data generated analysed with STATA 12 at p<α (0.05). The results showed 0.71% (3/420) prevalence of tubercles that translated to 0.79% (3/382), 0.81% (3/372), 0.79% (2/379) among the males, adults and White Fulani breeds, respectively. Among the respondents, 64% (32/50) had good knowledge of the disease. Knowledge of ZTB was significantly associated with level of education (P<0.05). Practices that expose to zoonotic tuberculosis infection were found among 48% of the participants. Practices that expo...
Tropical Animal Health and Production
International Journal of One Health
Backgrond and Aim: Thermotolerant Campylobacter organisms (TCOs) are primary causes of bacterial ... more Backgrond and Aim: Thermotolerant Campylobacter organisms (TCOs) are primary causes of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. Although all warm-blooded animals are susceptible to colonization by TCOs, food-producing animals, especially poultry, are major reservoirs of the infection for transmission to humans. This epidemiological study for thermotolerant Campylobacter infection (TCI) in poultry was, therefore, conducted to determine the prevalence and to identify the risk factors of TCI in 60 randomly selected poultry farms in Nsukka agricultural zone. Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire was used to elicit information on the farmers' involvement in practices that may aggravate TCI in poultry farms. Isolation of TCOs for the determination of prevalence of the infection was done following standard microbiological protocol. Results: The majority (93.3%) of the farms practiced intensive management system. Farm and individual prevalence of TCI were 78.3% and 19....