K.k. Saju - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by K.k. Saju

Titanium and its alloys are being widely used as orthopaedic implants based on their desirable pr... more Titanium and its alloys are being widely used as orthopaedic implants based on their desirable properties of relatively low modulus, good fatigue strength, formability, machinability, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. However, titanium and its alloys cannot meet all of the clinical requirements due to lack of level of osseointegration required for implant longevity. Porous tantalum metal is currently used in orthopaedics for manufacturing of structural components for primary and revision total hip revision surgery. Tantalum has shown a higher biocompatibility compared to titanium in various in vivo tests. RGD sequence has been identified in mediating the attachment of cells through specific ligand-receptor interactions. The biocompatibility of implant surfaces are directly related to the ease with which the RGD sequence interacts with the implant surface. A molecular level RGD adhesion characteristics have been compared for studying the biocompatibility of titanium and tan...

Autonomous navigation of mobile robots is an area that has witnessed a lot of research activity i... more Autonomous navigation of mobile robots is an area that has witnessed a lot of research activity in the recent years due to its increasing applications. Several approaches have been proposed for the navigation of mobile robots. This review paper describes the various developments and techniques that have been applied for navigation of robots in dynamic environments with special focus on the soft computing approaches.

High reflectance of surgical instruments under bright<br> light hinders the visual clarity ... more High reflectance of surgical instruments under bright<br> light hinders the visual clarity during laparoscopic surgical<br> procedures leading to loss of precision and device control and creates<br> strain and undesired difficulties to surgeons. Majority of the surgical<br> instruments are made of surgical grade steel. Instruments with a non<br> reflective surface can enhance the visual clarity during precision<br> surgeries. A conversion coating of black oxide has been successfully<br> developed 410 grade surgical stainless steel .The characteristics of<br> the developed coating suggests the application of this technique for<br> developing 410 grade surgical instruments with minimal reflectance.

International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 2021

Calcium fluoride (CaF2) is widely used for different bio applications ranging from biomedical ima... more Calcium fluoride (CaF2) is widely used for different bio applications ranging from biomedical imaging to cell labeling. The biocompatible properties of CaF2 combined with superior mechanical properties of titanium alloy makes it a perfect choice for orthopedic and dental implants. A dip-coating process was employed to develop a thin film of CaF2 coating on Ti6Al4V material with an intermediate thin layer of shellac (natural resin). The developed coating was subjected to X-ray powder diffraction method (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the surface characteristics. The dip-coated implant material was also subjected to mechanical property evaluation, dissolution behavior study, and corrosion behavior study. In vitro study of the developed implant material was also carried out to assess the biocompatibility. The obtained results suggest use of CaF2 coating developed by this method for producing biocompatible orthopedic implants.

2018 International Conference on Emerging Trends and Innovations In Engineering And Technological Research (ICETIETR), 2018

In order to diagnose any disease accurately, medical practitioners require a complete set of data... more In order to diagnose any disease accurately, medical practitioners require a complete set of data regarding anatomical and physiological information of the area of interest. Different medical imaging modalities are available, which gives either structural or functional information only. Image fusion is a suitable method to combine various multimodality medical images to form a single fused image with all relevant data. This paper gives a review and presents theoretical comparison on various image fusion techniques available for fusing the desirable multimodality medical images.

The effectiveness of viscosupplementation in the knee joint is not consistent and this cannot sto... more The effectiveness of viscosupplementation in the knee joint is not consistent and this cannot stop the wear rate of cartilage. The study carried out by the author revealed the effectiveness of viscosupplementation. This work is focused on the improvement of the efficacy of tribological behavior in viscosupplementation and reduces the wear rate of cartilage by adding albumin in hyaluronic acid (HA). The methodology is unique by using a bovine plug as the pin and the synovial fluid is prepared by ultrasonically mixed with HA and Albumin. The albumin injection and HA injection fluids added in different ratios like maximum, minimum and an average. HA and 20% albumin injection mixed by ultrasonic mixing in 1:3.5, 2.5:0.2, 4:0.35 by ml. Bovine femur plug specimen specially prepared for wear test on a pin on disc apparatus is used for the study. Rheological tests are carried out for the specific mixtures in the Anton Par tribometer. It is observed that the addition of a particular amount o...

Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion, 2021

To treat the knee joint disorder problem with less cost, viscosupplementation was introduced. How... more To treat the knee joint disorder problem with less cost, viscosupplementation was introduced. However, the presence of poor adsorption properties in viscosupplementation might affect the pain relief percentage. Also, the key drawback of viscosupplementation is its inconsistency and fluctuating result in healing knee joint problem that tends to action disability. To address these issues, a novel Albumin blended Hyaluronic Acid (AbHA)-based viscosupplementation experimental work was prepared for treating knee joint problems. Here, the combination of Albumin and Hydraulic Acid is prepared and mixed thoroughly in an ultrasonic mixer. Here, the maximum possible content of albumin is equipped in the first sample, average content is equipped in the second sample, the minimum possible amount of albumin is prepared as the third sample, and the substance HA is utilized as general synovial fluid; the obtained proportions of HA and albumin ratios are 6:2.100, 6:0.480, and 6:0.075, respectively. Subsequently, a bovine plug is a stainless steel that is applied in the knee joint, and the pin-on-the-disk apparatus is utilized to test the wear rate and High-Frequency Reciprocating Test Rig. Finally, the rheological properties of the prepared sample are tested in the Anton par rheometer. Hereafter, tribological characteristics are measured and have attained the diminished wear as 13.51% and a low coefficient score of 0.02 for the proposed model. Also, the standard variation gained by the developed model is 4.3, which is less compared to other methods such as Anteromedial injection of HA, and in situ HA viscosupplement.

International Journal of Power and Energy Systems, 2020

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2017

Surgical grade martensitic stainless steel SAE 420A is one of the main materials being used in th... more Surgical grade martensitic stainless steel SAE 420A is one of the main materials being used in the production of surgical instruments. Majority of the surgical instruments have high reflectance. Since these instruments are used for many hours in surgery rooms which involves conditions of bright lighting the user experiences heavy eye strain and lack of precision due to the high reflective nature of the material. Therefore surgical instruments with lower reflectance will be able to reduce the above undesired effects. An effective black oxide coating is seen to improve the efficacy of the surgeon and surgical instruments by providing a glare free environment at the point of surgery. This paper reviews procedures for providing a non reflective corrosion resistant and non toxic black oxide coating on metals and explores possibility to adapt it to 420A stainless steel.

Procedia Technology, 2016

Movement of the knee joint requires an effective lubrication mechanism. Synovial fluid is reporte... more Movement of the knee joint requires an effective lubrication mechanism. Synovial fluid is reported to serve this function. Synovial fluid is an extra cellular biofluid present in the synovial joint of living beings. Numerous studies have been conducted on the characteristics of synovial fluid. Total Knee Replacement is seen as a permanent cure to acute arthritic condition. Synovial fluid supplementation is seen to enhance the life of Total Knee Replacement Joints. Development of an effective synovial fluid for this purpose is being researched worldwide. This paper reviews the properties of synovial fluid as reported under various studies and can form the basis for development of a good artificial synovial fluid.

Procedia Technology, 2016

Differential drive mobile robots are widely used due to their simplicity, easiness of control and... more Differential drive mobile robots are widely used due to their simplicity, easiness of control and flexibility. This paper discuss a detailed modeling of a differential drive robot taking into account the kinematics, actuator dynamics and rolling resistances of the wheels. Controllers have been designed for smooth trajectory tracking. Different trajectories similar to real life scenarios have been created and the model and control algorithm are seen to give accurate trajectory tracking.

Perspectives in Science, 2016

Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 2021

A thin layer of hydroxyapatite (HAp) coating has been developed on Ti6Al4V substrates using a dip... more A thin layer of hydroxyapatite (HAp) coating has been developed on Ti6Al4V substrates using a dip-coating process. An intermediate layer of shellac (natural resin) was applied in between the substrate and the coating film to improve the adhesion strength without the need for any secondary annealing process. The adhesion strength was measured as 7.14 MPa. The surface of the developed coating was characterized using a scanning electron microscope. The total coating thickness was found to be 30 microns, and the surface roughness parameters were measured as 0.93 μm (Ra), 1.17 μm (Rq), and 6.67 μm (Rz). The dip-coated samples were also subjected to dissolution behavior study and in vitro study. The measured parameters of the coating suggest the use of this method as an alternative to other expensive and temperature-dependent coating methods for producing HAp coating with better adhesion strength.

Division of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Cochin University of Science and Techn... more Division of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Cochin University of Science and Technology

Wood and Fiber Science, 2017

Coir fiber is a natural fiber extracted from the husk of coconut and medium-density panel boards ... more Coir fiber is a natural fiber extracted from the husk of coconut and medium-density panel boards made from coir are being investigated worldwide for their ability to substitute wood. Fire-retardant properties of the panel boards made from coir fiber need to be enhanced for its wider acceptance. In the present study, panel boards have been subjected to chemical treatment with an aqueous solution containing preservative boron compounds and the samples after treatment showed very significant improvement in resistance to flammability, flame penetration, and reduced rate of burning. The test for limiting oxygen index showed reduced values of ignitability, suggesting the use of the earlier methods to enhance the fire-retardant properties of coir fiber–based panel boards and use of the panels as substitute for wood-based applications.

International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems

Numerical simulation for calculation of losses of a new cascaded multilevel inverter (MLI) topolo... more Numerical simulation for calculation of losses of a new cascaded multilevel inverter (MLI) topology depending upon a bi-directional-blocking-bidirectional–conducting-switch is summarized in this paper. The numerical circuit simulation is performed in PSIM software by utilizing thermal models of power electronic switches. Calculation of conduction and switching losses of a 73 W inverter by relying on data sheet values has also been made. A comparison of efficiency of 73 W inverter using numerical simulation as well as analytical calculation has also been made. The new proposed inverter is a compound of both unidirectional as well as bidirectional power electronic switches challenging the attempt to reduce device count of the cascaded MLI.

SN Applied Sciences

Most common treatments for knee pain due to osteoarthritis are viscosupplementation and total kne... more Most common treatments for knee pain due to osteoarthritis are viscosupplementation and total knee replacement. Injecting hyaluronic acid in the knee can increase the viscosity of the synovial fluid (SF) considerably. Thereby, the lubrication properties of synovial fluid can improve and reduce the wear in cartilage. But certain studies reject the role of hyaluronic acid (HA) in alleviating knee pain. This experiment revealed the effectiveness of viscosupplementation. Wear test is carried out in a pin on disc apparatus, and the wear rate is calculated. Viscosupplement (VS) is added at different proportions in inflammated synovial fluid collected from osteoarthritis patients. Bovine femur plugs are used for wear test in 1/4th, 1/2nd, 3/4th concentrations of viscosupplement and in inflammated SF. Test is also carried out in pure HA. Tribological properties are tested in pin on disc wear testing machine. The rheological properties are also examined in these concentrations. The result shows that viscosity can be increased by adding viscosupplement. Shear stress is also increasing with the addition of viscosupplementation. VS can reduce the wear and the effect of viscosupplementation can be increased by aspirating the inflammated synovial fluid completely from the patient and injecting the viscosupplement in the knee.

Titanium and its alloys are being widely used as orthopaedic implants based on their desirable pr... more Titanium and its alloys are being widely used as orthopaedic implants based on their desirable properties of relatively low modulus, good fatigue strength, formability, machinability, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. However, titanium and its alloys cannot meet all of the clinical requirements due to lack of level of osseointegration required for implant longevity. Porous tantalum metal is currently used in orthopaedics for manufacturing of structural components for primary and revision total hip revision surgery. Tantalum has shown a higher biocompatibility compared to titanium in various in vivo tests. RGD sequence has been identified in mediating the attachment of cells through specific ligand-receptor interactions. The biocompatibility of implant surfaces are directly related to the ease with which the RGD sequence interacts with the implant surface. A molecular level RGD adhesion characteristics have been compared for studying the biocompatibility of titanium and tan...

Autonomous navigation of mobile robots is an area that has witnessed a lot of research activity i... more Autonomous navigation of mobile robots is an area that has witnessed a lot of research activity in the recent years due to its increasing applications. Several approaches have been proposed for the navigation of mobile robots. This review paper describes the various developments and techniques that have been applied for navigation of robots in dynamic environments with special focus on the soft computing approaches.

High reflectance of surgical instruments under bright<br> light hinders the visual clarity ... more High reflectance of surgical instruments under bright<br> light hinders the visual clarity during laparoscopic surgical<br> procedures leading to loss of precision and device control and creates<br> strain and undesired difficulties to surgeons. Majority of the surgical<br> instruments are made of surgical grade steel. Instruments with a non<br> reflective surface can enhance the visual clarity during precision<br> surgeries. A conversion coating of black oxide has been successfully<br> developed 410 grade surgical stainless steel .The characteristics of<br> the developed coating suggests the application of this technique for<br> developing 410 grade surgical instruments with minimal reflectance.

International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 2021

Calcium fluoride (CaF2) is widely used for different bio applications ranging from biomedical ima... more Calcium fluoride (CaF2) is widely used for different bio applications ranging from biomedical imaging to cell labeling. The biocompatible properties of CaF2 combined with superior mechanical properties of titanium alloy makes it a perfect choice for orthopedic and dental implants. A dip-coating process was employed to develop a thin film of CaF2 coating on Ti6Al4V material with an intermediate thin layer of shellac (natural resin). The developed coating was subjected to X-ray powder diffraction method (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the surface characteristics. The dip-coated implant material was also subjected to mechanical property evaluation, dissolution behavior study, and corrosion behavior study. In vitro study of the developed implant material was also carried out to assess the biocompatibility. The obtained results suggest use of CaF2 coating developed by this method for producing biocompatible orthopedic implants.

2018 International Conference on Emerging Trends and Innovations In Engineering And Technological Research (ICETIETR), 2018

In order to diagnose any disease accurately, medical practitioners require a complete set of data... more In order to diagnose any disease accurately, medical practitioners require a complete set of data regarding anatomical and physiological information of the area of interest. Different medical imaging modalities are available, which gives either structural or functional information only. Image fusion is a suitable method to combine various multimodality medical images to form a single fused image with all relevant data. This paper gives a review and presents theoretical comparison on various image fusion techniques available for fusing the desirable multimodality medical images.

The effectiveness of viscosupplementation in the knee joint is not consistent and this cannot sto... more The effectiveness of viscosupplementation in the knee joint is not consistent and this cannot stop the wear rate of cartilage. The study carried out by the author revealed the effectiveness of viscosupplementation. This work is focused on the improvement of the efficacy of tribological behavior in viscosupplementation and reduces the wear rate of cartilage by adding albumin in hyaluronic acid (HA). The methodology is unique by using a bovine plug as the pin and the synovial fluid is prepared by ultrasonically mixed with HA and Albumin. The albumin injection and HA injection fluids added in different ratios like maximum, minimum and an average. HA and 20% albumin injection mixed by ultrasonic mixing in 1:3.5, 2.5:0.2, 4:0.35 by ml. Bovine femur plug specimen specially prepared for wear test on a pin on disc apparatus is used for the study. Rheological tests are carried out for the specific mixtures in the Anton Par tribometer. It is observed that the addition of a particular amount o...

Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion, 2021

To treat the knee joint disorder problem with less cost, viscosupplementation was introduced. How... more To treat the knee joint disorder problem with less cost, viscosupplementation was introduced. However, the presence of poor adsorption properties in viscosupplementation might affect the pain relief percentage. Also, the key drawback of viscosupplementation is its inconsistency and fluctuating result in healing knee joint problem that tends to action disability. To address these issues, a novel Albumin blended Hyaluronic Acid (AbHA)-based viscosupplementation experimental work was prepared for treating knee joint problems. Here, the combination of Albumin and Hydraulic Acid is prepared and mixed thoroughly in an ultrasonic mixer. Here, the maximum possible content of albumin is equipped in the first sample, average content is equipped in the second sample, the minimum possible amount of albumin is prepared as the third sample, and the substance HA is utilized as general synovial fluid; the obtained proportions of HA and albumin ratios are 6:2.100, 6:0.480, and 6:0.075, respectively. Subsequently, a bovine plug is a stainless steel that is applied in the knee joint, and the pin-on-the-disk apparatus is utilized to test the wear rate and High-Frequency Reciprocating Test Rig. Finally, the rheological properties of the prepared sample are tested in the Anton par rheometer. Hereafter, tribological characteristics are measured and have attained the diminished wear as 13.51% and a low coefficient score of 0.02 for the proposed model. Also, the standard variation gained by the developed model is 4.3, which is less compared to other methods such as Anteromedial injection of HA, and in situ HA viscosupplement.

International Journal of Power and Energy Systems, 2020

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2017

Surgical grade martensitic stainless steel SAE 420A is one of the main materials being used in th... more Surgical grade martensitic stainless steel SAE 420A is one of the main materials being used in the production of surgical instruments. Majority of the surgical instruments have high reflectance. Since these instruments are used for many hours in surgery rooms which involves conditions of bright lighting the user experiences heavy eye strain and lack of precision due to the high reflective nature of the material. Therefore surgical instruments with lower reflectance will be able to reduce the above undesired effects. An effective black oxide coating is seen to improve the efficacy of the surgeon and surgical instruments by providing a glare free environment at the point of surgery. This paper reviews procedures for providing a non reflective corrosion resistant and non toxic black oxide coating on metals and explores possibility to adapt it to 420A stainless steel.

Procedia Technology, 2016

Movement of the knee joint requires an effective lubrication mechanism. Synovial fluid is reporte... more Movement of the knee joint requires an effective lubrication mechanism. Synovial fluid is reported to serve this function. Synovial fluid is an extra cellular biofluid present in the synovial joint of living beings. Numerous studies have been conducted on the characteristics of synovial fluid. Total Knee Replacement is seen as a permanent cure to acute arthritic condition. Synovial fluid supplementation is seen to enhance the life of Total Knee Replacement Joints. Development of an effective synovial fluid for this purpose is being researched worldwide. This paper reviews the properties of synovial fluid as reported under various studies and can form the basis for development of a good artificial synovial fluid.

Procedia Technology, 2016

Differential drive mobile robots are widely used due to their simplicity, easiness of control and... more Differential drive mobile robots are widely used due to their simplicity, easiness of control and flexibility. This paper discuss a detailed modeling of a differential drive robot taking into account the kinematics, actuator dynamics and rolling resistances of the wheels. Controllers have been designed for smooth trajectory tracking. Different trajectories similar to real life scenarios have been created and the model and control algorithm are seen to give accurate trajectory tracking.

Perspectives in Science, 2016

Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 2021

A thin layer of hydroxyapatite (HAp) coating has been developed on Ti6Al4V substrates using a dip... more A thin layer of hydroxyapatite (HAp) coating has been developed on Ti6Al4V substrates using a dip-coating process. An intermediate layer of shellac (natural resin) was applied in between the substrate and the coating film to improve the adhesion strength without the need for any secondary annealing process. The adhesion strength was measured as 7.14 MPa. The surface of the developed coating was characterized using a scanning electron microscope. The total coating thickness was found to be 30 microns, and the surface roughness parameters were measured as 0.93 μm (Ra), 1.17 μm (Rq), and 6.67 μm (Rz). The dip-coated samples were also subjected to dissolution behavior study and in vitro study. The measured parameters of the coating suggest the use of this method as an alternative to other expensive and temperature-dependent coating methods for producing HAp coating with better adhesion strength.

Division of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Cochin University of Science and Techn... more Division of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Cochin University of Science and Technology

Wood and Fiber Science, 2017

Coir fiber is a natural fiber extracted from the husk of coconut and medium-density panel boards ... more Coir fiber is a natural fiber extracted from the husk of coconut and medium-density panel boards made from coir are being investigated worldwide for their ability to substitute wood. Fire-retardant properties of the panel boards made from coir fiber need to be enhanced for its wider acceptance. In the present study, panel boards have been subjected to chemical treatment with an aqueous solution containing preservative boron compounds and the samples after treatment showed very significant improvement in resistance to flammability, flame penetration, and reduced rate of burning. The test for limiting oxygen index showed reduced values of ignitability, suggesting the use of the earlier methods to enhance the fire-retardant properties of coir fiber–based panel boards and use of the panels as substitute for wood-based applications.

International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems

Numerical simulation for calculation of losses of a new cascaded multilevel inverter (MLI) topolo... more Numerical simulation for calculation of losses of a new cascaded multilevel inverter (MLI) topology depending upon a bi-directional-blocking-bidirectional–conducting-switch is summarized in this paper. The numerical circuit simulation is performed in PSIM software by utilizing thermal models of power electronic switches. Calculation of conduction and switching losses of a 73 W inverter by relying on data sheet values has also been made. A comparison of efficiency of 73 W inverter using numerical simulation as well as analytical calculation has also been made. The new proposed inverter is a compound of both unidirectional as well as bidirectional power electronic switches challenging the attempt to reduce device count of the cascaded MLI.

SN Applied Sciences

Most common treatments for knee pain due to osteoarthritis are viscosupplementation and total kne... more Most common treatments for knee pain due to osteoarthritis are viscosupplementation and total knee replacement. Injecting hyaluronic acid in the knee can increase the viscosity of the synovial fluid (SF) considerably. Thereby, the lubrication properties of synovial fluid can improve and reduce the wear in cartilage. But certain studies reject the role of hyaluronic acid (HA) in alleviating knee pain. This experiment revealed the effectiveness of viscosupplementation. Wear test is carried out in a pin on disc apparatus, and the wear rate is calculated. Viscosupplement (VS) is added at different proportions in inflammated synovial fluid collected from osteoarthritis patients. Bovine femur plugs are used for wear test in 1/4th, 1/2nd, 3/4th concentrations of viscosupplement and in inflammated SF. Test is also carried out in pure HA. Tribological properties are tested in pin on disc wear testing machine. The rheological properties are also examined in these concentrations. The result shows that viscosity can be increased by adding viscosupplement. Shear stress is also increasing with the addition of viscosupplementation. VS can reduce the wear and the effect of viscosupplementation can be increased by aspirating the inflammated synovial fluid completely from the patient and injecting the viscosupplement in the knee.