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Papers by gashaw mekonnen

Background Clinically, chemotherapy induced neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, thrombocytopenia an... more Background Clinically, chemotherapy induced neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and anemia were the common toxicities among breast cancer patients treated with doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel regimen. Those toxicities may lead to chemotherapy dose modification, delay and discontinuation that may substantially compromise therapeutic outcomes. Objective To assess hematologic toxicities and its determinants among breast cancer patients treated with doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel regimen in cancer centers, Northwest Ethiopia. Method Retrospective cohort study design was used to collect data among 422 breast cancer patients from Felege-Hiwot Comprehesnsive and Specialized Hospital and University Of Gondar Comprehensive and Specialized Hospital using a structured data abstraction format by employing systematic random sampling technique. The collected data were entered into EPI-data version 3.1 and analysed using IBM SPSS version 26. ...

BioMed Research International

Background: Drug therapy in the elderly needs an emphasis on age-related changes in drug pharmaco... more Background: Drug therapy in the elderly needs an emphasis on age-related changes in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics profile. Hospitalized elderly patients are at risk of more than one disease and polypharmacy associated with these; they are at risk of drug-related problems. This study aimed to assess the role of clinical pharmacy on identifying and resolution of drug-related problems among elderly patients admitted to medical ward of Northwest Ethiopia comprehensive specialized hospitals. Methods: A multicenter prospective observational study was conducted. A systematic sampling technique was used. The identified drug-related problem was recorded and classified using Cipolle, and adverse drug reaction was assessed using Naranjo algorithm of adverse drug reaction probability scale, and Medscape was used for drug-drug interaction. Data were analyzed by using STATA software version 14.1. Logistic regression was used, and results were reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% Co...

Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation

Background: Medical students experience significant psychological stress and are therefore at hig... more Background: Medical students experience significant psychological stress and are therefore at higher risk of using sedatives. There are currently no studies describing the prevalence of sedative drug use among medical students in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of self-reported sedative drug use among medical students attending the College of Medicine and Health Science (CMHS) students at the University of Gondar (UoG). Material and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from May to July 2018 in CMHS at UoG. Data were collected using a pre-tested self-administered standard questionnaire. Data were collected, entered into a computer using Epi Info 7 software, and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Frequency, mean, and standard deviation were used to describe descriptive statistics, and binary and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between different variables and sedative drug use; P <0.05 was used to declare association. Results: Of the 422 students who returned questionnaires, 26 (6.2%) participants were reported sedative drug use at some time since enrollment. Of these, 61.54% participants used antihistamine drugs. Smoking status (AOR (95% CI), 0.046 (0.009-0.241) P = 0.0001), stimulant use (AOR (95% CI), 0.220 (0.062-0.780) P = 0.019), sleeping hour (AOR (95% CI), 9.931 (4.155-14.785) P = 0.001) and sleep disorder (AOR (95% CI), 0.149 (0.033-0.680) P = 0.014) were significantly associated with sedative drug use. Conclusion: Self-reported sedative drug use among medical students at the University of Gondar is relatively low, and antihistamines are the most commonly used drugs. Smoking, stimulant use, sleeping hour, and the presence of sleep disorders were associated with sedative drug use.

SAGE Open Medicine

Objective: Drug–drug interactions are of major concern due to links to untoward drug effects, hos... more Objective: Drug–drug interactions are of major concern due to links to untoward drug effects, hospitalizations, and serious health impacts. Elderly patients are more predisposed to drug interactions than younger patients. The present study aimed to find out the prevalence of drug–drug interactions at North West Ethiopian compressive specialized hospitals’ Internal Medicine wards. Methods: From 30 April to 30 July 2021 GC, a multicenter prospective observational study was conducted at north Ethiopian specialized hospitals. Data was collected by using a structured questionnaire adapted from different literature and medical records at the North West Ethiopian Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals’ Internal Medicine wards during the study period. Thereafter checked the completeness of the collected data was checked drug–drug interactions by using Medscape. Epi data version 4.6.2 software was used as data clearance and STATA version 14.1 was used for further data analysis. Result: A total ...

<p>IPs based on individual STOPS/START criteria among older CVPs in 2016/2017 (n = 221).</p

<p>IPs in elderly CVPs presented with different diagnosis at UOGH 2016/17: One way ANOVA te... more <p>IPs in elderly CVPs presented with different diagnosis at UOGH 2016/17: One way ANOVA test.</p

<p>Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of respondents 2016/2017 (n = 239).</p

Health Promotion Counseling Survey Questionnaire. It consists of four main parts on sociodemograp... more Health Promotion Counseling Survey Questionnaire. It consists of four main parts on sociodemographic characterstics, health promotion counseling services in previous clerkships as well as the community pharmacy clerkship and barriers that limit the practice. (DOCX 19Â kb)

Patient Preference and Adherence, 2020

Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1 to April 30, 2018, at ... more Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1 to April 30, 2018, at the ART clinic at UOGCSTH. Data were collected using face-to-face interviews with pretested and standard questionnaires. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between different variables. P<0.05 was used to declare the association. Results: The prevalence of adherence to CPT by self-reporting measurement was 205 (67.8%). Factors such as level of education, taking street drugs (alcohol and khat), spouse knowledge about clients on CPT, knowledge of the benefit of CPT, duration of CPT, missed dose, got proper information on how to take CPT, and counseling done on refill were found to be significantly associated with adherence to CPT. Conclusion and Recommendations: The overall adherence to CPT was fair in our study. To improve the adherence, continuous education and counseling, giving group service support for clients and having a separate counseling room are some of the possible solutions.

BMC Medical Education, 2018

Background: Globally, undergraduate pharmacy education comprises practice programs aimed to addre... more Background: Globally, undergraduate pharmacy education comprises practice programs aimed to address different competencies. This study was intended to investigate pharmacy students' provision of health promotion (HP) counseling services during a community pharmacy clerkship in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on fifty one fifth-year pharmacy students immediately after completion of a 2-week community pharmacy clerkship. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Relationship between variables was examined using Pearson's Chi-square test of independence, Mann-Whitney U test, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Results: The mean number of HP counseling service types delivered during the clerkship was 6.3 ± 2.8 out of 12. It is positively correlated with the number of HP counseling service types delivered in students' previous training (rho =0.437, p = 0.001). Nearly half (n = 25, 49%) of the students were actively-involved (i.e delivered ≥ 7 types of HP counseling service types) in the service and those who were well involved in previous training are more likely to do the same during the clerkship (X 2 = 4.581, p = 0.032). The main barriers perceived to hinder health promotion service were clients' lack of time and interest as well as absence of a guideline for health promotion service. Conclusion: Community pharmacy clerkship is a good opportunity for pharmacy students to develop health promotion counseling skill. Clerkship performance can best be improved through successful exposures to similar activities in previous courses and students shall be encouraged to carry out self-assessments of their health promotion counseling practice against standards set for the clerkship.

BioMed Research International, 2020

Purpose. This study is aimed at assessing pharmacists’ knowledge and practice of issue related to... more Purpose. This study is aimed at assessing pharmacists’ knowledge and practice of issue related to usage of psychotropic medications in elderly people, in Gondar town Northwest, Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among pharmacists working in community, health center, and hospital pharmacies in Gondar town from March 1 to May 30, 2020. A total of 73 medication retail outlets (40 pharmacies and 33 drug stores) were included in this study. Pharmacy personnel’s knowledge and practice were assessed using self-administered validated questionnaires. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between different variables. P<0.05 was used to declare the association. Result. A total of 144 pharmacists were included in the study; the mean age was 30.13 (SD ±5.87), ranging from 20 to 55years. The mean knowledge score was 7.789 (SD ±2.98), and 75 (52.1%) of them had poor knowledge. The mean practice score was 2.32±0.912 (mean±...

Background Hyperglycemic Emergency (HE) denotes critical cases of decompensated diabetes mellitus... more Background Hyperglycemic Emergency (HE) denotes critical cases of decompensated diabetes mellitus (DM). Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) are the extreme cases of HE. This study aims to assess the treatment outcome of HE and predictors. Method: Four-year medical records of DM patients admitted for HE at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital (HFSUH) were reviewed retrospectively. The data abstraction tool was adapted from the preceding studies. Data were entered into and cleaned by Epi-InfoTM7 software. The statistical analysis was executed using the statistical package for social sciences software (SPSS) version 24. Chi-square test and student’s t-test were done to compare categorical and continuous variables. Logistic regression with the level of α set at 0.05 and AOR of 95% CI was done to determine the predictors. Statistical significance was established at AOR ≠ 1 within a 95% CI and P-value < 0.05. The model was verified using the Hos...

BioMed Research International, 2020

Objective. To investigate the level of knowledge, medication adherence, and the relationship amon... more Objective. To investigate the level of knowledge, medication adherence, and the relationship among patients taking chronic oral medication and attending community pharmacies in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among adult chronic disease patients who were taking oral medications and getting service in 19 community pharmacies in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia. Patients’ medication knowledge and adherence were assessed using interviewer-administered validated questionnaires. Results. Of the 402 study participants (mean ± SD age = 44.7 ± 16.9 years, range = 18–86 years), 53.2% were males, 84.8% were aged <65 years, and 60.7% had high school education and above. About 348 (88.6%) respondents have used oral medications for more than one year. Less than half of respondents have good medication knowledge (n = 54, 38.3%) and were adherent to their medication (n = 158, 39.3%). Chronic disease patients with high school and above education are 5.35...

Journal of Investment and Management, 2019

The government of Ethiopia gives special emphasis for small and micro enterprises in recent perio... more The government of Ethiopia gives special emphasis for small and micro enterprises in recent periods for the development of the country and faces various challenges. One of the most critical problems is related to proper recording of accounts and preparation of financial reports. The main objective of this study therefore to examine the accounting practices of Small and Micro enterprises in north shewa zone of Amhara regional state of Ethiopia. 305 Small and micro enterprises were selected as samples from five town administrations of north shewa zone. The researcher used purposive non probability sampling techniques to select towns and disproportionate stratified random sampling techniques which involve dividing the population into homogeneous subgroups in to sector wise (construction, urban agriculture, manufacturing and trade). The study was revealed that more than 50% of the respondents do not keep the accounting records totally due to the reason that lack of accounting knowledge, required more cost, waste of time, more labor intensive. Even for those respondents who prepare accounting records the main constraint faced with them for proper accounting record is lack of accounting knowledge. Therefore, the researcher recommended that the concerned governmental institutions Debre Berhan University, North Shewa zone small and micro enterprises office and north shewa zone TVET colleges arrange training `sessions for those enterprises.

Globalization and Health, 2018

Background: Health care professionals have been striving to maintain their competence to deliver ... more Background: Health care professionals have been striving to maintain their competence to deliver the best quality of service. This study intended to determine involvement in continuing professional development of community pharmacists in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: About 46 community pharmacists, each from a different setting, were interviewed using structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson's Chi-square test of independence and Mann-Whitney U test with p < 0.05 taken as statistically significant. Results: The majority (n = 26, 56.5%) reported of being unaware of the CPD concept. The mean hour spent per week on CPD is 4.1 ± 4.0. Most (n = 34, 73.9%) were engaged in self directed learning and expressed an interest to be more involved in CPD activities (N = 39, 84.8%). Interactive workshops were the most preferred modality. However they seek further support in the process of identifying learning needs (N = 34, 73.9%). The main barriers for CPD engagement include lack of (N = 36, 78.3%) and inaccessibility (N = 34, 73.9%) of CPD opportunities as well as time shortage (N = 33, 71.7%). Conclusions: The community pharmacists in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia lack awareness of CPD concept but engaged in various types of CPD activities. They demonstrated good attitude and seek more support. The main barrier was lack of opportunities related to CPD.

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017

Background. Herbal medicine use is increasing and the global market is estimated to be US$107 bil... more Background. Herbal medicine use is increasing and the global market is estimated to be US$107 billion by the year 2017. Objectives. This study aimed at assessing community pharmacists’ personal use, knowledge, attitude, dispensing practice, and the barriers regarding herbal medicines. Methods. Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among 47 community pharmacists in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia, using a structured interviewing questionnaire. Results. Nearly half of the respondents (n=22, 46.8%) sometimes use herbal medicines. Although knowledge related to such preparations was self-rated as poor/acceptable (n=34, 72.4%), majority (n=44, 93.7%) of community pharmacists agree/strongly agree that herbal medicines have beneficial effects. Only 6 (12.7%) of them are sometimes/often engaged in dispensing herbal medicines and most of them (n=34, 72.3%) rarely/never counseled clients regarding these preparations. Limited knowledge on and access to information regarding herbal me...

Background Clinically, chemotherapy induced neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, thrombocytopenia an... more Background Clinically, chemotherapy induced neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and anemia were the common toxicities among breast cancer patients treated with doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel regimen. Those toxicities may lead to chemotherapy dose modification, delay and discontinuation that may substantially compromise therapeutic outcomes. Objective To assess hematologic toxicities and its determinants among breast cancer patients treated with doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel regimen in cancer centers, Northwest Ethiopia. Method Retrospective cohort study design was used to collect data among 422 breast cancer patients from Felege-Hiwot Comprehesnsive and Specialized Hospital and University Of Gondar Comprehensive and Specialized Hospital using a structured data abstraction format by employing systematic random sampling technique. The collected data were entered into EPI-data version 3.1 and analysed using IBM SPSS version 26. ...

BioMed Research International

Background: Drug therapy in the elderly needs an emphasis on age-related changes in drug pharmaco... more Background: Drug therapy in the elderly needs an emphasis on age-related changes in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics profile. Hospitalized elderly patients are at risk of more than one disease and polypharmacy associated with these; they are at risk of drug-related problems. This study aimed to assess the role of clinical pharmacy on identifying and resolution of drug-related problems among elderly patients admitted to medical ward of Northwest Ethiopia comprehensive specialized hospitals. Methods: A multicenter prospective observational study was conducted. A systematic sampling technique was used. The identified drug-related problem was recorded and classified using Cipolle, and adverse drug reaction was assessed using Naranjo algorithm of adverse drug reaction probability scale, and Medscape was used for drug-drug interaction. Data were analyzed by using STATA software version 14.1. Logistic regression was used, and results were reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% Co...

Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation

Background: Medical students experience significant psychological stress and are therefore at hig... more Background: Medical students experience significant psychological stress and are therefore at higher risk of using sedatives. There are currently no studies describing the prevalence of sedative drug use among medical students in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of self-reported sedative drug use among medical students attending the College of Medicine and Health Science (CMHS) students at the University of Gondar (UoG). Material and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from May to July 2018 in CMHS at UoG. Data were collected using a pre-tested self-administered standard questionnaire. Data were collected, entered into a computer using Epi Info 7 software, and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Frequency, mean, and standard deviation were used to describe descriptive statistics, and binary and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between different variables and sedative drug use; P <0.05 was used to declare association. Results: Of the 422 students who returned questionnaires, 26 (6.2%) participants were reported sedative drug use at some time since enrollment. Of these, 61.54% participants used antihistamine drugs. Smoking status (AOR (95% CI), 0.046 (0.009-0.241) P = 0.0001), stimulant use (AOR (95% CI), 0.220 (0.062-0.780) P = 0.019), sleeping hour (AOR (95% CI), 9.931 (4.155-14.785) P = 0.001) and sleep disorder (AOR (95% CI), 0.149 (0.033-0.680) P = 0.014) were significantly associated with sedative drug use. Conclusion: Self-reported sedative drug use among medical students at the University of Gondar is relatively low, and antihistamines are the most commonly used drugs. Smoking, stimulant use, sleeping hour, and the presence of sleep disorders were associated with sedative drug use.

SAGE Open Medicine

Objective: Drug–drug interactions are of major concern due to links to untoward drug effects, hos... more Objective: Drug–drug interactions are of major concern due to links to untoward drug effects, hospitalizations, and serious health impacts. Elderly patients are more predisposed to drug interactions than younger patients. The present study aimed to find out the prevalence of drug–drug interactions at North West Ethiopian compressive specialized hospitals’ Internal Medicine wards. Methods: From 30 April to 30 July 2021 GC, a multicenter prospective observational study was conducted at north Ethiopian specialized hospitals. Data was collected by using a structured questionnaire adapted from different literature and medical records at the North West Ethiopian Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals’ Internal Medicine wards during the study period. Thereafter checked the completeness of the collected data was checked drug–drug interactions by using Medscape. Epi data version 4.6.2 software was used as data clearance and STATA version 14.1 was used for further data analysis. Result: A total ...

<p>IPs based on individual STOPS/START criteria among older CVPs in 2016/2017 (n = 221).</p

<p>IPs in elderly CVPs presented with different diagnosis at UOGH 2016/17: One way ANOVA te... more <p>IPs in elderly CVPs presented with different diagnosis at UOGH 2016/17: One way ANOVA test.</p

<p>Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of respondents 2016/2017 (n = 239).</p

Health Promotion Counseling Survey Questionnaire. It consists of four main parts on sociodemograp... more Health Promotion Counseling Survey Questionnaire. It consists of four main parts on sociodemographic characterstics, health promotion counseling services in previous clerkships as well as the community pharmacy clerkship and barriers that limit the practice. (DOCX 19Â kb)

Patient Preference and Adherence, 2020

Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1 to April 30, 2018, at ... more Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1 to April 30, 2018, at the ART clinic at UOGCSTH. Data were collected using face-to-face interviews with pretested and standard questionnaires. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between different variables. P<0.05 was used to declare the association. Results: The prevalence of adherence to CPT by self-reporting measurement was 205 (67.8%). Factors such as level of education, taking street drugs (alcohol and khat), spouse knowledge about clients on CPT, knowledge of the benefit of CPT, duration of CPT, missed dose, got proper information on how to take CPT, and counseling done on refill were found to be significantly associated with adherence to CPT. Conclusion and Recommendations: The overall adherence to CPT was fair in our study. To improve the adherence, continuous education and counseling, giving group service support for clients and having a separate counseling room are some of the possible solutions.

BMC Medical Education, 2018

Background: Globally, undergraduate pharmacy education comprises practice programs aimed to addre... more Background: Globally, undergraduate pharmacy education comprises practice programs aimed to address different competencies. This study was intended to investigate pharmacy students' provision of health promotion (HP) counseling services during a community pharmacy clerkship in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on fifty one fifth-year pharmacy students immediately after completion of a 2-week community pharmacy clerkship. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Relationship between variables was examined using Pearson's Chi-square test of independence, Mann-Whitney U test, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Results: The mean number of HP counseling service types delivered during the clerkship was 6.3 ± 2.8 out of 12. It is positively correlated with the number of HP counseling service types delivered in students' previous training (rho =0.437, p = 0.001). Nearly half (n = 25, 49%) of the students were actively-involved (i.e delivered ≥ 7 types of HP counseling service types) in the service and those who were well involved in previous training are more likely to do the same during the clerkship (X 2 = 4.581, p = 0.032). The main barriers perceived to hinder health promotion service were clients' lack of time and interest as well as absence of a guideline for health promotion service. Conclusion: Community pharmacy clerkship is a good opportunity for pharmacy students to develop health promotion counseling skill. Clerkship performance can best be improved through successful exposures to similar activities in previous courses and students shall be encouraged to carry out self-assessments of their health promotion counseling practice against standards set for the clerkship.

BioMed Research International, 2020

Purpose. This study is aimed at assessing pharmacists’ knowledge and practice of issue related to... more Purpose. This study is aimed at assessing pharmacists’ knowledge and practice of issue related to usage of psychotropic medications in elderly people, in Gondar town Northwest, Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among pharmacists working in community, health center, and hospital pharmacies in Gondar town from March 1 to May 30, 2020. A total of 73 medication retail outlets (40 pharmacies and 33 drug stores) were included in this study. Pharmacy personnel’s knowledge and practice were assessed using self-administered validated questionnaires. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between different variables. P<0.05 was used to declare the association. Result. A total of 144 pharmacists were included in the study; the mean age was 30.13 (SD ±5.87), ranging from 20 to 55years. The mean knowledge score was 7.789 (SD ±2.98), and 75 (52.1%) of them had poor knowledge. The mean practice score was 2.32±0.912 (mean±...

Background Hyperglycemic Emergency (HE) denotes critical cases of decompensated diabetes mellitus... more Background Hyperglycemic Emergency (HE) denotes critical cases of decompensated diabetes mellitus (DM). Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) are the extreme cases of HE. This study aims to assess the treatment outcome of HE and predictors. Method: Four-year medical records of DM patients admitted for HE at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital (HFSUH) were reviewed retrospectively. The data abstraction tool was adapted from the preceding studies. Data were entered into and cleaned by Epi-InfoTM7 software. The statistical analysis was executed using the statistical package for social sciences software (SPSS) version 24. Chi-square test and student’s t-test were done to compare categorical and continuous variables. Logistic regression with the level of α set at 0.05 and AOR of 95% CI was done to determine the predictors. Statistical significance was established at AOR ≠ 1 within a 95% CI and P-value < 0.05. The model was verified using the Hos...

BioMed Research International, 2020

Objective. To investigate the level of knowledge, medication adherence, and the relationship amon... more Objective. To investigate the level of knowledge, medication adherence, and the relationship among patients taking chronic oral medication and attending community pharmacies in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among adult chronic disease patients who were taking oral medications and getting service in 19 community pharmacies in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia. Patients’ medication knowledge and adherence were assessed using interviewer-administered validated questionnaires. Results. Of the 402 study participants (mean ± SD age = 44.7 ± 16.9 years, range = 18–86 years), 53.2% were males, 84.8% were aged <65 years, and 60.7% had high school education and above. About 348 (88.6%) respondents have used oral medications for more than one year. Less than half of respondents have good medication knowledge (n = 54, 38.3%) and were adherent to their medication (n = 158, 39.3%). Chronic disease patients with high school and above education are 5.35...

Journal of Investment and Management, 2019

The government of Ethiopia gives special emphasis for small and micro enterprises in recent perio... more The government of Ethiopia gives special emphasis for small and micro enterprises in recent periods for the development of the country and faces various challenges. One of the most critical problems is related to proper recording of accounts and preparation of financial reports. The main objective of this study therefore to examine the accounting practices of Small and Micro enterprises in north shewa zone of Amhara regional state of Ethiopia. 305 Small and micro enterprises were selected as samples from five town administrations of north shewa zone. The researcher used purposive non probability sampling techniques to select towns and disproportionate stratified random sampling techniques which involve dividing the population into homogeneous subgroups in to sector wise (construction, urban agriculture, manufacturing and trade). The study was revealed that more than 50% of the respondents do not keep the accounting records totally due to the reason that lack of accounting knowledge, required more cost, waste of time, more labor intensive. Even for those respondents who prepare accounting records the main constraint faced with them for proper accounting record is lack of accounting knowledge. Therefore, the researcher recommended that the concerned governmental institutions Debre Berhan University, North Shewa zone small and micro enterprises office and north shewa zone TVET colleges arrange training `sessions for those enterprises.

Globalization and Health, 2018

Background: Health care professionals have been striving to maintain their competence to deliver ... more Background: Health care professionals have been striving to maintain their competence to deliver the best quality of service. This study intended to determine involvement in continuing professional development of community pharmacists in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: About 46 community pharmacists, each from a different setting, were interviewed using structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson's Chi-square test of independence and Mann-Whitney U test with p < 0.05 taken as statistically significant. Results: The majority (n = 26, 56.5%) reported of being unaware of the CPD concept. The mean hour spent per week on CPD is 4.1 ± 4.0. Most (n = 34, 73.9%) were engaged in self directed learning and expressed an interest to be more involved in CPD activities (N = 39, 84.8%). Interactive workshops were the most preferred modality. However they seek further support in the process of identifying learning needs (N = 34, 73.9%). The main barriers for CPD engagement include lack of (N = 36, 78.3%) and inaccessibility (N = 34, 73.9%) of CPD opportunities as well as time shortage (N = 33, 71.7%). Conclusions: The community pharmacists in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia lack awareness of CPD concept but engaged in various types of CPD activities. They demonstrated good attitude and seek more support. The main barrier was lack of opportunities related to CPD.

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017

Background. Herbal medicine use is increasing and the global market is estimated to be US$107 bil... more Background. Herbal medicine use is increasing and the global market is estimated to be US$107 billion by the year 2017. Objectives. This study aimed at assessing community pharmacists’ personal use, knowledge, attitude, dispensing practice, and the barriers regarding herbal medicines. Methods. Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among 47 community pharmacists in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia, using a structured interviewing questionnaire. Results. Nearly half of the respondents (n=22, 46.8%) sometimes use herbal medicines. Although knowledge related to such preparations was self-rated as poor/acceptable (n=34, 72.4%), majority (n=44, 93.7%) of community pharmacists agree/strongly agree that herbal medicines have beneficial effects. Only 6 (12.7%) of them are sometimes/often engaged in dispensing herbal medicines and most of them (n=34, 72.3%) rarely/never counseled clients regarding these preparations. Limited knowledge on and access to information regarding herbal me...