Mohsin Hassan Alvi | Iqra University IU (original) (raw)

Papers by Mohsin Hassan Alvi

A manual is designed to support and help the basic concepts of statistics and its implications in... more A manual is designed to support and help the basic concepts of statistics and its implications in econometric, beside this, interpretation of further statistical techniques have been shown as well by illustrations and graphical methods. It is comprised on several instances of test, obtained from statistical software like SPSS, E-views, Stata and R-language with the understanding of their research models and essentials for the running the test. A basic of manual is included on two elements, first is Distributions of data and second is techniques involve in data analysis. The first part considered the thoughtful meaning of data nature in statistical aspects whereas the other important part explained tactics incorporate with different sets of data and also concept of assimilation of tests in a form of flow chart. The factors have been identified through tests are associations, causes, effects, impacts, relations and integrations that belong to time series sets of observations. On the other hand, a review has been performed of non-time series statistics by introducing techniques in the form of list of tests. The most of the theme of manual is designed in bullets form in order to provide better understanding to reader for the purpose of analyses. Beside these, supported studies of famous authors have been reviewed; hence, technical terminologies of synonyms have been demonstrated in glossary section.

A biggest task for strategy maker, to perform market insights and its research by designing, coll... more A biggest task for strategy maker, to perform market insights and its research by designing, collection of data with analyzing and reporting data (relevant) for specific purpose and market situation (problem) facing the company. However it requires spending a lot of time over it so several companies hire many professional experts having a knowledge regarding with technical operation of research like (syndicated-service research firms, custom-marketing research firms and specialty-line marketing research firms).

The present paper updates the question: the study revolves to analyze the exchange rates of CNY w... more The present paper updates the question: the study revolves to analyze the exchange rates of CNY with its major trading partners including USD, JPY, EUR, and GBP. It was assumed that CNY have a major relation with USD and in order to find out such impact, a set of observations of 2060 have been taken for consideration in a form of five different currencies rate. Augmented Dickey Fuller Unit root test has been applied in order to find out the trend and checked nonstationary at several levels (at level, at Log & at 1st difference of Log). After that Multiple Regression had been applied on stationer observations and then for finding better impact some non-impacting variables were eliminated. Result revealed that USD and JPY have a significantly impact on CNY whereas EUR and GBP do not have it. It was also found that CNY currency regime let itself change its exchange rate due to some internal factors. Other currencies as variables could be taken for further research in recent study in order to analyze other currency regime, represents the scope of research.

Attitude makes perception about anything, yes it cannot be neglected that in order to make some a... more Attitude makes perception about anything, yes it cannot be neglected that in order to make some attitude towards specific brand; previous performance, good word of mouth or suggestion from other, attractive advertising and highly spend on promotional tools are play a vital role. Positive attitude and negative attitude influence a consumer in brand selection but a problem arises, some people

Mpra Paper, Apr 25, 2013

This study is designed to study the relationship between the performance evaluation system and it... more This study is designed to study the relationship between the performance evaluation system and its impact on job satisfaction of employees. A questionnaire is designed for this purpose and the study is conducted to the employees of Pakistan International Airline Corporation. For this purpose the employees of Admin, Sales, HR, Flight crew, Engineering and other departments filled up 34 questionnaires. Literature survey described in the report served as the conceptual framework. Analysis of data includes comparison of results through graphs, co-relation The Effect of Performance Evaluation on Job Satisfaction (2013) 2 techniques. Findings of the data indicate that there is no relationship between the performance evaluation and its impact on job satisfaction on employees. Additionally, in view of the limitations of the study (small sample, low response) limited conclusions can be drawn from the study. And this study disapproves the null hypothesis.

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Pakistan is a country where more than 57 languages are being spoken, belong to different cultural... more Pakistan is a country where more than 57 languages are being spoken, belong to different cultural background. Karachi, being the biggest city and the major economic arena of the country, is a place where many communities reside together. To name the major communities, there are Urdu speaking, Memon The aim of the present research is to investigate if there a difference exists in the choice of occupation in the major linguistic communities in Karachi. The occupations were categorized into three domains: business, government jobs, and private jobs. A forth category was made for the people who were jobless. The sample of 479 participants consisted of 331 men and 48 women out of whom 83 belonged to Bangali, 99 Memon, 53 Punjabi, 17 Pushto, 125 Sindhi, and 102 to Urdu community. Participants were asked two simple questions: which linguistic community they belong to, and what occupation they belong to. Results demonstrated difference in the choice of occupation among different linguistic communities. Memon and Bangali prefer to be a businessman while a bigger proportion of private jobs is occupied by Urdu speakers while the government sector is predominantly a place of job for Sindhi speakers. INTRODUCTION We live in a world where hundreds of languages are spoken. No word is of any value to us unless we understand its meaning. Knowing a language does not only help us understanding Information and communication but also provides us information about its speakers. Language does not exist in space rather it is bound up with social and cultural norms and values. Social norms provide the basis of how and what to say, in what circumstances and to whom. Language shape our way of thinking about and looking towards the world. Researches in the past have demonstrated that different linguistic communities differ in their perception and cognition in a number of ways. It affects on how people interpret events, reason about causality, keep track

Historically, psychological researches on emotion were focused more on negative emotions. Recentl... more Historically, psychological researches on emotion were focused more on negative emotions. Recently, researchers have directed their attention towards positive emotion because of positive emotions is in crises throughout the globe (Fredrickson et al, 2003). So, it is an emerging field of study, many areas of which are under developed. The present research is aimed at exploring two of such areas: gender and age differences in positive emotions. Because of the suggested importance of studying discrete units of positive emotion, only one emotion i.e. joy was selected for the study. Dispositional Positive Emotion Scale-Joy sub scale was administered on 479 participants (331 men, 148 women), age ranging between 20 and 49. Following two hypotheses were generated: first, women feel lesser joy than men; and second, intensity of joy feeling varies with age. The results were consistent with the first hypothesis. For the second hypothesis, no significant differences are found in the feeling of joy among people belonging to different age groups.

There are so many reasons of competition among products; the purpose of this study was to find di... more There are so many reasons of competition among products; the purpose of this study was to find different factors on which competition was dependent. Hypotheses were generated to find the impact of factors on competition. A cross-sectional design research study was conducts through a survey form where a total of 260 respondents participated. Result was derived with the help of statistical tool i.e. one sample T-test and mean value was assigned 4. The end result concluded that competition is dependent on all the factors (availability of goods, delivery on time, discounted pricing by suppliers, cost of products, quality of products, promotional activities and number of variations) except one factor (product support services). This study to some extend gave a view that product services created no difference for customers to buy but other factors related to cost and quality mattered.

An attempt was made to know the about the smoking tenure, patterns and quantity of smoking consum... more An attempt was made to know the about the smoking tenure, patterns and quantity of smoking consumption. Smoking is a common behavior among youngsters and it has been increasing day by day due to quick availability of the product. In order to assess smoking patterns the data was collected from different areas of Karachi including educational and non-educational with minimum qualification FA and age from 18 to onward. The self made scale was used to achieve the objective of the study. The sample size was 288, male=260 and female=22 were approached randomly by convenient sampling method. Results indicated that there are on smoking tenure the scores were male (x=2.94, sd=.885) and female (x=1.68, sd=.64) and significant difference was found (t(280)= 6.50, p= .123, F=2.39) but there was no significant difference on number of packets consumed (t(280)= 64.47 , p= .801, F=.064). The following results indicate that there is difference in smoking tenures of the sample group but number of packets consumption is much more equal among the identified population.

The objective of the study is to get an idea about people's perception on the choice of petrol pu... more The objective of the study is to get an idea about people's perception on the choice of petrol pumps in Karachi. To accomplish the purpose, it was hypothesized that (1) Location has a significant impact on the choice of Petrol Service Stations (2) Quality has a significant impact on the choice of Petrol Service Stations (3) Rewards has a significant impact on the choice of Petrol Service Stations. A sample of 200 respondents was randomly selected who filled a self reporting questionnaire. One sample t-test was applied on gathered data to assess the observations. It was revealed that neither quality nor location and reward have an influence on the consumer choice over selection of petrol pump.

A question arise, is there any impact of different packet sizes on consumer buying pattern. The s... more A question arise, is there any impact of different packet sizes on consumer buying pattern. The study is focus
on retailers and wholesaler perspective in Pakistan context. There are 75 respondents were include in
research and handed over them a questionnaire that having questions regarding with selling pattern of four
different packet sizes (i.e. sachet, quarter pack, half pack and full pack) that formulated data of 300
observations (75*4) and asked them about to buy stock on monthly basis. Data converted from monthly basis
to yearly basis in order to compose it into inventory turnover. Simple linier regression (OLS-Model) has been
used in analyzing data. It was assumed that there is negative impact of packet size on inventory turnover.
Several test has been applied on data include (Test of Sufficiency, Test for Significance and Test for
Specification). Result matched with hypothesis and negative impact has been shown that represent that with
reducing packet size, inventory turnover increases. Beside this it also shows that mostly people in recent
context prefer to buy more sachet or quarter pack as compare to half pack and full pack.

This study is designed to study the relationship between the performance evaluation system and it... more This study is designed to study the relationship between the performance evaluation system and its
impact on job satisfaction of employees. A questionnaire is designed for this purpose and the study is
conducted to the employees of Pakistan International Airline Corporation. For this purpose the
employees of Admin, Sales, HR, Flight crew, Engineering and other departments filled up 34
questionnaires. Literature survey described in the report served as the conceptual framework. Analysis of
data includes comparison of results through graphs, co-relation techniques. Findings of the data indicate
that there is no relationship between the performance evaluation and its impact on job satisfaction on
employees. Additionally, in view of the limitations of the study (small sample, low response) limited
conclusions can be drawn from the study. And this study disapproves the null hypothesis.

The current study updates the question about the relation of Chinese currency with its major trad... more The current study updates the question about the relation of Chinese currency with its major trading
partner currencies. The study revolves to analyze the Chinese exchange rates. It is assumed that Chinese
Yuan have a major relation with US Dollar and in order to find out such impact, around 2060
observations have been used and Dickey Fuller Unit root test has been applied in order to find out the
trend and checked non-stationary at several levels. After that Multiple Regression had been applied on
stationary observations. Finally result revealed that US Dollar and Japanese Yen have a significantly
relation with Chinese Yuan whereas Euro and Great Britain Pound are not having significantly relation. It
was also found that Chinese Yuan let itself change due to some internal factors.

Brand Symbols are important for any brand in helping consumers to remember one’s brand at the poi... more Brand Symbols are important for any brand in helping consumers to remember one’s brand at the point of
purchase. In advertising different ways are used to grab attention in consumers’ mind and majorly it’s
through brand recall and recognition. This research captivates the Brand Symbol concept and determines
whether symbols play an important role in creating a differential impact with other brands. Secondly, it also
answers that whether brand symbol is the cause of creating positive association and familiarity with the
brand. Brand power has prevailed in Pakistan for years now and brand competition is extremely strong in
here. As one talks about brands then one has to create a mark able difference in wanting consumers’
attention to purchase. This research is an intriguing answer to brand managers/marketers about the use of
brand symbols in their new or existing brands. Questionnaire (18 International brands questions were asked
to recall and recognize) was used gather the data from an un-restricted random sampling of 250 consumers
using different brands every now and then in Karachi. Gender, age and education are the prime factors in
judging the remembrance (recall) and identification (recognition) of the brand symbols. Recall and
Recognitions of brand symbols in selection of a brand was tested by applying multiple linear regressions
(OLS model). It was found that gender does not play a significant role in the association of recall of brand
symbols but gender has an association with brand symbol recognition. For the recall of brand symbols, age
plays an important and positive role whereas; education has a negative relation with the recall of brand
symbols. Recognition of brand symbols is quite weak as no association has been found with education and
age.

Recall and Recognition, two important aspects when one talks about advertising and consumers awar... more Recall and Recognition, two important aspects when one talks about advertising and consumers awareness
towards the brands. This study has mainly been focused on the brand symbols and its importance in the
mind of the consumers. Does a brand symbol really play a role of differentiating a brand from another and
how well it gets associated with the consumer? Questions like these are well-answered in this research. 250
respondents from the largest city of Pakistan i.e. Karachi were handed over a questionnaire on 18 brand
symbols on an un-restricted non-probability sampling criteria. Education, age and gender are the focus of
this study predicting the recall and recognition of the brand symbols. Consumer behavior entails variations
towards selection of brand and the change in behavior is mostly due to brand recall and not recognition,
which was found by testing the variables through multiple linear regressions (OLS-Model). It was of
interest to find that except of gender, there is no association found between recognition of brand symbols
and the said variables. Age has positive impact on recall of brand symbols and education has negative
impact on recall of brand symbols. Furthermore, gender plays no role in predicting the recall and but
somehow associated with recognition of brand symbols.

An attempt was done in order to reveal the bounding of snap shot and financial period of a firm w... more An attempt was done in order to reveal the bounding of snap shot and financial period of a firm with gaining value from the stock market. A study was conducted
in the Pakistan context where rate of economy is at developing phase. It was assumed that the change in return of equity is a cause of Net income and entire
assets of a firm. 11 years of data was taken from 50 small medium enterprises that was the reason of gathering 550 observations as a sample size and were put
into analysis purpose to justify the hypotheses. Regression was put as a statistical tool with analysis of variance in order to test the research model that was a
reason to confirm the impact of total assets and net income on return on equity. It was recommended to augment the size of sample for strong building the
relationship among variables. A suggestions were not only restricted at number of observations but further study can be extended to find out the relationship and
association with other factor by using same methodology in different context.

Mpra Paper, Apr 25, 2013

This study is designed to study the relationship between the performance evaluation system and it... more This study is designed to study the relationship between the performance evaluation system and its
impact on job satisfaction of employees. A questionnaire is designed for this purpose and the study is
conducted to the employees of Pakistan International Airline Corporation. For this purpose the
employees of Admin, Sales, HR, Flight crew, Engineering and other departments filled up 34
questionnaires. Literature survey described in the report served as the conceptual framework. Analysis of
data includes comparison of results through graphs, co-relation techniques. Findings of the data indicate
that there is no relationship between the performance evaluation and its impact on job satisfaction on
employees. Additionally, in view of the limitations of the study (small sample, low response) limited
conclusions can be drawn from the study. And this study disapproves the null hypothesis.

Referencing has become an integral part of all sorts of academic writing, the major purposes of w... more Referencing has become an integral part of all sorts of academic writing, the major purposes of which are to discourage plagiarism and give credit to the scholars, researchers etc. for their efforts in the growth of knowledge.
There are a number of referencing styles used throughout the world, some of which are more common than the others. These styles differ from each other in a lot of ways. I have tried to include the names of all the common and well-known styles with a detailed description of a few more common and widely used styles (Harvard, APA, Vancouver, MLA, Chicago); and brief description of some less commons (ACS, AMA, AGLC, CSE, IEEE).
Although, automatic reference generators are now available, nevertheless there is no parallel to manual creation of references for it makes you far more familiar with the format of the style. In your hunt of knowledge you come across with a number of sources that are referenced in quite distinct ways, so it is very important to know which way your source is referenced and how you have to convert it into your desired style. Unless you know about the differences in various styles you cannot perform the task. The present manual has been designed in a way to elaborate the major differences that exist among various types of referencing styles so the conversion from one style to the other becomes easier.
The manual begins with the introduction of referencing, defining it, its purposes and various types of styles.
Afterwards the manual breaks up into various styles. Each section of the respective style can broadly be broken into four parts: first part carries an introduction of the style describing the origin and usage of style; the second part is about the general principals of the citation style; the third part carries the information on how to deal with varying situations and in the last part
general format of referencing for various types of sources is provided.
The above division is for the five more common referencing styles, while the five less common styles described in this manual are divided into only two parts: the introduction, and the general principals.

The Manual for Sampling Techniques used in Social Sciences is an effort to describe various types... more The Manual for Sampling Techniques used in Social Sciences is an effort to describe various types of sampling methodologies that are used in researches of social sciences in an easy and understandable way. Characteristics, benefits, crucial issues/ draw backs, and examples of each sampling type are provided separately.

An argumentative article explained the facts and specifies from United States region and gave gen... more An argumentative article explained the facts and specifies from United States region and gave generalized affirmative overview globally by maintaining the liaison with supplier through technology. Beside this, the verity of considering the cost incurred in outsourcing was also highlighted and risks minimizing and maximizing involve in outsourcing was also discussed briefly. The comprehensive worldwide evidences were used in article with draw attention to United States perspective as well.

24th Annual Population Research Conference, 2023

Background: Pakistan is a resource-scarce country, grappling with numerous socioeconomic challeng... more Background: Pakistan is a resource-scarce country, grappling with numerous socioeconomic challenges. 22% of population lives below the national poverty line, making access to quality healthcare is difficult for many. The public healthcare sector is overburdened, leading to a situation where 65% of the population has to pay for medical expenses Out-of-Pocket (OPP). The increasing population exacerbates this financial burden, where quantity leads to compromises in the quality of life, affecting both rural and urban households. Larger household sizes bring more healthcare costs for families. Family planning proves challenging due to stigma and religious issues, which hinder open discussions, education on reproductive health, and preventing in making choices about family size and spacing.

Objectives: The aim is to highlight the importance of household size for healthcare spending in rural and urban settings.

Methods: A desk-based health economics modeling study, utilized published sources to collect household health expenditure and income data for 2016 and projected to 2022 to argument the recent findings. We calculated average values due to the disparity found in data. Household health expenditure was computed by multiplying the monthly health expenditure per capita by the household size, allowing for a comparison of urban and rural health spending in 2016 and an extrapolation to 2022. Additionally, the Health Expenditure to Income ratio was calculated to measure the proportion of healthcare expenses allocated to household income in both urban and rural regions. Costs were reported in US$ and converted to PKR.

Results: In 2016, the average household size in urban areas was 7.2, slightly higher than the 6.5 in rural areas. Annual health expenditure per capita was 37,equivalentto3.1US37, equivalent to 3.1 US37,equivalentto3.1US monthly or converted to 857 PKR per capita. Multiplying this per capita cost by household size resulted in average household health expenditure of 6,172 PKR in urban areas and 5,572 PKR in rural areas. Extrapolating to 2022, it reached 9,257 PKR in urban areas and 8,357 PKR in rural areas. Average monthly earnings were 35,662 PKR in 2016, rising to 41,545 PKR in 2019, and projected to reach 47,428 PKR in 2022. This enabled computation of the OOP Health Expenditure to Income ratio, which stood at 19.5% in urban areas and 17.6% in rural regions.

Conclusions/Policy Implications: The findings advocate the need for cost-effective healthcare and family planning interventions, as well as economic improvement measures, particularly in rural areas, to address the proportion of healthcare spending in household income.

SILVER JUBILEE CONFERENCE OF PSYCHIATRY, 2023

Objective: Burn injury is one of the top ten causes of trauma worldwide and a leading contributor... more Objective: Burn injury is one of the top ten causes of trauma worldwide and a leading contributor to the premature mortality and years lived with disability. This study aims to estimate the burden of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) from reported burn cases in Sindh province to develop prevention strategies for this under-researched issue.

Design: A desk-based retrospective study using secondary data from IHME GBD Tool for reported burn cases.

Place & Duration of Study: Time series annual data were collected for 30 years (1990-2019) of Province Sindh.

Methods: This study reported the changes in DALYs over time due to fire, heat, and hot substances and summarized them in gender and age-specific groups per 100,000 population.

Results: During the 1990s, the average change in DALYs increased, while in the subsequent decades (2000-2009 and 2010-2019), it slightly decreased in both the gender and age groups. Males aged 20 and older are vulnerable to disability from burn injury.

Conclusion: Burden of Burn injury is high due to non-significant improvement in DALYs found in Sindh Province. The cost-effective interventions of burn rehabilitation are needed.

Funding: We acknowledge the funding support by the National Institute for Healthcare Research (NIHR) – RIGHT4.

22ND SHAUKAT KHANUM CANCER SYMPOSIUM, 2023

Objectives: Depression and anxiety in breast cancer patients and survivors imposes huge costs to ... more Objectives: Depression and anxiety in breast cancer patients and survivors imposes huge costs to patients, survivors, families and healthcare system. Pakistan has the highest rates of breast cancer in Asia, with high prevalence of comorbid depression and anxiety. Reducing symptoms of psychological comorbidity has the potential to reduce cost by improving health-related quality of life of survivors. This is the secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial to assess cost –effectiveness of an integrated psychological intervention to reduce depression and/or anxiety among breast cancer survivor.

Methods: Eligible consented participants, recruited from participating hospitals and community centres in Pakistan, were assessed at baseline, 4 and 6- month post-randomization. Participants in the intervention arm received 12 sessions over 4 months. Client Service Receipt Inventory was used to record health service utilization and EQ-5D-3L to measure health related quality adjusted life years (QALYs).

Results: Participants (n=354) were randomized (1:1) into Moving on ABC Plus or Treatment as Usual (TAU) arm. Total QALY gained in the intervention arm was 0.47 compared to 0.34 in TAU arm at 4-month post-randomization. Country specific unit cost was multiplied with resource used to get per person cost. The difference in costs per participant between intervention and TAU arms was 31873PKR (US$113). The Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) was calculated based on between-arm differences in estimated cost and QALYs gains in the sampled population. The ICER for the intervention versus TAU was 243138PKR (US$859)/QALY gain. The intervention proved to be cost-effective with significantly lower ICER compared to threshold recommended by the WHO (i.e. 4515 = 3 x GDP Per Capita).

Conclusion: Results highlighted that the Moving on ABC plus intervention is cost-effective compared to TAU. These findings suggest that implementing culturally relevant and management intervention for comorbid mental health problems may lead to significant societal cost savings.

22ND SHAUKAT KHANUM CANCER SYMPOSIUM, 2023

Objective: Among all cancer related diseases, breast cancer is most frequently diagnosed among fe... more Objective: Among all cancer related diseases, breast cancer is most frequently diagnosed among female in the world. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Pakistani women (45.4%). Despite high prevalence of breast cancer related psychological distress, the impact of this comorbidity on lifetime costs and burden remains under explored. Aim of this study is to assess the economic burden and lifetime costs among breast cancer survivors and to assess the variation in burden along with presence of mental health difficulties.

Methods: A desk-based modelling study conducted with the help of using existing literature regarding treatment cost, productivity loss, Years Lived with Disability (YLD), Years of Life Lost (YLL) and probability of incremental cost due to psychological comorbidity. We used disability adjusted life years (DALYs) as an indicator of burden.

Results: Significant costs were associated with breast cancer. The mean age of breast cancer morbidity starting point is 50 years. Breast cancer survivors are estimated to live on average 5 years with disability (YLD). It resulted in 11 years of YLL as the life expectancy of women is Pakistan is 66 years. The lifetime cost of breast cancer based on 5 years is (1,728,815 PKR) comprised of treatment cost (189,763 PKR) and productivity loss (13000 PKR/month) while total YLL burden accounts for 1,716,000 PKR, based on estimation of 11 years of productivity loss. The total cost of DALYs is 3,444,815 PKR by summing up costs of YLD and YLL. With estimated 83,000 new cases reported in Pakistan, a revised health budget of 420 billion PKR may be required to cover economic burden in Pakistan.

Conclusion: The financial impact of breast cancer and mental health comorbidity in Pakistan is substantial and is projected to rise due to the increasing incidence rate. It is imperative to prioritize measures aimed at preventing and promptly identifying breast cancer within the framework of the national cancer control program.