CD44v6: a target for antibody-based cancer therapy (original) (raw)

References

1. Aruffo A, Stamenkovic I, Melnick M, Underhill CB, Seed B (1990) CD44 is the principal cell surface receptor for hyaluronate. Cell 61:1303
   PubMed Google Scholar
2. Aruffo A (1996) CD44 one ligand, two functions. J Clin Invest 98:2191
   CAS PubMed Google Scholar
3. Ayhan A, Baykal C, Al A, Ayhan A (2001) Altered CD44 variant 6 expression in FIGO stage IB cervical carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 83:569
   Google Scholar
4. Ayhan A, Tok EC, Bildirici I, Ayhan A (2001) Overexpression of CD44 variant 6 in human endometrial cancer and is prognostic significance. Gynecol Oncol 80:355
   Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
5. Beham-Schmid C, Heider KH, Hoefler G, Zatloukal K (1998) Expression of CD44 splice variant v10 in Hodgkin’s disease is associated with aggressive behaviour and high risk of relapse. J Pathol 186:383
   Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
6. Bendall LJ, Bradstock KF, Gottlieb DJ (2000) Expression of CD44 variant exons in acute myeloid leukemia is more common and more complex than that observed in normal blood, bone marrow or CD34+ cells. Leukemia 14:1239
   Article Google Scholar
7. Bennett KL, Jackson DG, Simon JC, Tanczos E, Peach R, Modrell B, Stamenkovic I, Plowman G, Aruffo A (1995) CD44 isoforms containing exon V3 are responsible for the presentation of heparin-binding growth factor. J Cell Biol 128:687
   PubMed Google Scholar
8. Boettger TC, Youssef V, Dutkowski P, Maschek H, Brenner W, Junginger T (1998) Expression of CD44 variant proteins in adenocarcinoma of Barrett’s esophagus and its relation to prognosis. Cancer 83:1074
   Google Scholar
9. Börjesson P, Postema E, Roos J, Colnot R, Marres H, van Schie M, Stehle G, de Bree R, Snow G, Oyen W, van Dongen M (2003) Phase I therapy study with186Re-labeled humanized monoclonal antibody BIWA4 (bivatuzumab) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 9:3961 s
   Google Scholar
10. Borland G, Ross JA, Guy K (1998) Forms and functions of CD44. Immunology 93:139
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
11. Bourguignon LYW (2001) CD44-mediated oncogenic signaling and cytoskeleton activation during mammary tumor progression. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 6:287
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
12. Bourguignon LYW, Zhu D, Zhu H (1998) CD44 Isoform-cytoskeleton interaction in oncogenic signaling and tumor progression. Frontiers in Bioscience, 3:637
    Google Scholar
13. Brakenhoff RH, van Gog FB, Looney JE, van Walsum M, Snow GB, van Dongen GA (1995) Construction and characterization of the chimeric monoclonal antibody E48 for therapy of head and neck cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 40:191
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
14. Callagy G, O’Grady A, Butler D, Leader M, Path FRC, Kay E, Path MRC (2000) Expression of CD44 in uterine cervical squamous neoplasia: a predictor of microinvasion? Gynec Oncol 76:73
    Article CAS Google Scholar
15. Carbognani P, Spaggiari L, Romani A, Solli P, Corradi A, Cantoni AM, Petronini PG, Borghetti AF, Rusca M, Bobbio P (1998) Expression of human CD44v6 in non-small-cell lung cancer. Eur Surg Res. 30:403
    Google Scholar
16. Castella EM, Ariza A, Ojanguren I, Mate JL, Roca X, Fernandez-Vasalo A, Navas-Palacios JJ (1996) Differential expression of CD44v6 in adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: an immunohistochemical study. Virchows Arch 429:191
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
17. Clarke G, Ryan E, O’Keane JC, Crowe J, Mathuna PM (2000) Mortality association of enhanced CD44v6 expression is not mediated through lymphatic spread in stage II colorectal cancer. J Gastrenterol Hepatol 15:1028
    Article CAS Google Scholar
18. Colnot DR, Quak JJ, Roos JC, van Lingen A, Wilhelm AJ, van Kamp GJ, Huijgens PC, Snow GB, van Dongen GA (2000) Phase I therapy study of186Re-labeled chimeric monoclonal antibody U36 in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Nucl Med 41:1999
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
19. Colnot DR, Quak JJ, Roos JC, de Bree R, Wilhelm AJ, Snow GB, van Dongen GA (2001) Radioimmunotherapy in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: initial experience. Head Neck 23:559
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
20. Colnot DR, Wilhelm AJ, Cloos J, Roos JC, de Bree R, Quak JJ, Snow GB, van Dongen GA (2001) Evaluation of limited blood sampling in a preceding99mTc labeled diagnostic study to predict the pharmacokinetics and myelotoxicity of 186Re-cMAb U36 radioimmunotherapy. J Nucl Med 2001 42:1364
    Google Scholar
21. Colnot DR, Ossenkoppele GJ, Roos JC, Quak JJ, de Bree R, Borjesson PK, Huijgens PC, Snow GB, van Dongen AG (2002) Reinfusion of unprocessed, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-stimulated whole blood allows dose escalation of186Re-labeled chimeric monoclonal antibody U36 radioimmunotherapy in a phase I escalation study. Clin Cancer Res 8:3401
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
22. Colnot D, Roos J, de Bree R, Wilhelm A, Kummer J, Hanft G, Heider KH, Stehle G, Snow G, van Dongen G (2003) Safety, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity of99mTc-labeled humanized monoclonal antibody BIWA 4 (bivatuzumab) in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Immunol Immunother 52:576
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
23. Coppola D, Hyacinthe M, Fu L, Cantor AB, Karl R, Marcet J, Cooper DL, Nicosia SV, Cooper HS (1998) CD44v6 expression in human colorectal carcinoma. Hum Pathol 29:627
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
24. Dalchau R, Kirkley J, Fabre JW(1980) Monoclonal antibody to a human leukocyte-specific membrane glycoprotein probably homologous to the leukocyte-common (L-C) antigen of the rat. Eur J Immunol 10:737
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
25. Dall P, Heider KH, Hekele A, von Minckwitz G, Kaufmann M, Ponta H, Herrlich P (1994) Surface protein expression and messenger RNA-splicing analysis of CD44 in uterine cervical cancer and normal cervical epithelium. Cancer Res 54:3337
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
26. Dall P, Heider KH, Sinn HP, Skroch-Angel P, Adolf G, Kaufmann M, Herrlich P, Ponta H (1995) Comparison of immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR for detection of CD44v-expression, a new prognostic factor in human breast cancer. Int J Cancer 60:471
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
27. de Bree R, Roos JC, Quak JJ, den Hollander W, Snow GB, van Dongen GA (1995). Radioimmunoscintigraphy and biodistribution of technetium-99m-labeled monoclonal antibody U36 in patients with neck and neck cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1:591
    PubMed Google Scholar
28. de Bree R, Roos JC, Plaizier MA, Quak JJ, van Kamp GJ, den Hollander W, Snow GB, van Dongen G (1997) Selection of monoclonal antibody E48 IgG or U36 IgG for adjuvant radioimmunotherapy in head and neck cancer patients. Br J Cancer 75:1049
    PubMed Google Scholar
29. Drillenburg P, Wielenga VJM, Kramer MH, van Krieken JH, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Hermans J, Heisterkamp S, Noordijk EM, Kluin PM, Pals ST (1999) CD44 expression predicts disease outcome in localized large B cell lymphoma. Leukemia 13:1448
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
30. Fabricius EM, Langford A, Bier J, Hell B, Wildner GP, Blümcke S (1997) Immunohistochemical characterization of E48 and CD44v6 expression in head and neck carcinomas. Cancer J 10:325
    Google Scholar
31. Figge J, del Rosario AD, Gerasimov G, Dedov I, Bronstein M, Troshina K, Alexandrova G, Kallakury BV, Bui HX, Brataslavsky G (1994) Preferential expression of the cell adhesion molecule CD44 in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Exp Mol Pathol 61:203
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
32. Finke LH, Terpe H-J, Zoerb C, Haensch W, Schlag PM (1995) Colorectal cancer prognosis and expression of exon-v6-containing CD44 proteins. Lancet 345:583
    Article CAS Google Scholar
33. Foekens JA, Dall P, Klijn JGM, Skroch-Angel P, Claassen CJ, Look MP, Ponta H, van Putten WL, Herrlich P, Henzen-Logmans SC (1999) Prognostic value of CD44 variant expression on primary breast cancer. Int J Cancer 84:209
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
34. Fonseca I, Pereira T, Rosa-Santos J, Soares J (2001) Expression of CD44 isoforms in squamous cell carcinoma of the border of the tongue: a correlation with histological grade, pattern of stromal invasion, and cell differentiation. J Surg Oncol 76:115
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
35. Fosano M, Sabatini M, Wieczorek R, Sidhu G, Goswami S, Jagirdar J (1997) CD44 and its v6 spliced variant in lung tumours. Cancer 80:34
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
36. Fox SB, Fawecett J, Jackson DG, Collins I, Gatter KC, Harris AL, Gearing A, Simmons DL (1994) Normal human tissues, in addition to some tumours, express multiple different CD44 isoforms. Cancer Res 54:4539
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
37. Fukuse T, Hirata T, Naika H, Hitomi S, Wada H (1999) Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and CD44 variant isoforms in the primary and metastatic sites of nonsmall cell lung carcinoma with intrapulmonary metastases. Cancer 86:1174
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
38. Gansauge F, Gansauge S, Zybowalski A, Scharnweber C, Link KH, Nusler AK, Beger HG (1995) Differential expression of CD44 splice variants in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma and in normal pancreas. Cancer Res 55:5499
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
39. Gotoda T, Matsumura Y, Kondo H, Saitoh D, Shimada Y, Kosuge T, Kanai Y, Kakizoe T (1998) Expression of CD44 variants and its association with survival in pancreatic cancer. Jpn J Cancer Res 89:1033
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
40. Gotoda T, Matsumura Y, Kondo H, Ono H, Kanamoto A, Kato H, Watanabe H, Tachimori Y, Nakanishi Y, Kakizoe T (2000) Expression of CD44 variants and prognosis in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Gut 46:14
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
41. Griffioen AW, Horst E, Heider KH, Wielenga VJM, Adolf GR, Herrlich P, Pals ST (1994) Expression of CD44 splice variants during lymphocyte activation and tumor progression. Cell Adhesion Commun 2:195
    CAS Google Scholar
42. Gross N, Beck D, Beretta C, Jackson D, Perruisseau G (1995) CD44 expression and modulation on human neuroblastoma tumors and cell lines. Eur J Cancer 31A:471
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
43. Gu J, Daa T, Kashima K, Yokoyama S, Nakayama I, Noguchi S (1998) Expression of splice variants of CD44 in thyroid neoplasms derived from follicular cells. Pathol Int 48:184
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
44. Gunthert U, Hofmann M, Rudy W, Reber S, Zoller M, Haussmann I, Matzku S, Wenzel A, Ponta H, Herrlich P (1991) A new variant of glycoprotein CD44 confers metastatic potential to rat carcinoma cells. Cell 65:13
    PubMed Google Scholar
45. Hamada J, Sawamura Y, van Meir EG (1998) CD44 Expression and growth factors. Frontiers in Bioscience 3:657
    Google Scholar
46. Harn HJ, Ho LI, Chang JY, Wu CW, Jiang SY, Lee HS, Lee WH (1995) Differential expression of the human metastasis adhesion molecule CD44v in normal and carcinomatous stomach mucosa of Chinese subjects. Cancer 5:1065
    Google Scholar
47. Heider KH, Dammrich J, Skroch-Angel P, Mueller-Hermelink HK, Vollmers HP, Herrlich P, Ponta H (1993) Differential expression of CD44 splice variants in intestinal- and diffuse-type human gastric carcinomas and normal gastric mucosa. Cancer Res 53:4197
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
48. Heider KH, Mulder JW, Ostermann E, Susani S, Patzelt P, Pals ST, Adolf GR (1995) Splice variants of the cell surface glycoprotein CD44 associated with metastatic tumour cells are expressed in normal tissues of humans and Cynomolgus monkeys. Eur J Cancer 31A:2385
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
49. Heider KH, Ratschek M, Zatloukal K, Adolf GR (1996) Expression of CD44 isoforms in human renal cell carcinomas. Virchows Arch 428:267
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
50. Heider KH, Sproll M, Susani S, Patzelt E, Beaumier P, Ostermann E, Ahorn H, Adolf GR (1996) Characterisation of a high affinity monoclonal antibody specific for CD44v6 as a candidate for immunotherapy of squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer Immunol Immunother 43:245
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
51. Herold-Mende C, Seiter S, Born AI, Patzelt E, Schupp M, Zoeller J, Bosch FX, Zoller M (1996) Expression of CD44 splice variants in squamous epithelia and squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. J Pathol 179:66
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
52. Herrlich P, Morrison H, Sleeman J, Orian-Rousseau V, Konig H, Weg-Remers S, Ponta H (2000) CD 44 acts both as a growth and invasiveness-promoting molecule and as a tumor-suppressing cofactor. Ann N Y Acad Sci 910:106
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
53. Hirata T, Fukuse T, Naiki H, Hitomi S, Wada H (1998) Expression of CD44 variant exon 6 in stage I non-small cell lung carcinoma as a prognostic factor. Cancer Res 58:1108
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
54. Iczkowski KA, Shanks JH, Allsbrook WC, Lopez-Beltran A, Pantazis CG, Collins TR, Wetherington RW, Bostwick DG (1999) Small cell carcinoma of urinary bladder is differentiated from urothelial carcinoma by chromogranin expression, absence of CD44 variant 6 expression, a unique pattern of cytokeratin expression, and more intense γ-enolase expression. Histopathology 35:150
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
55. Inagaki H, Banno S, Wakita A, Ueda R, Eimoto T (1999) Prognostic significance of CD44v6 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Mod Pathol 12:546
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
56. Ishida T (2000) Immunohistochemical expression of the CD44 variant 6 in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Jpn J Surg 30:28
    CAS Google Scholar
57. Jackson DG, Bell JI, Dickinson R, Timans J, Shields J, Whittle N (1995) Proteoglycan forms of the lymphocyte homing receptor CD44 are alternatively spliced variants containing the v3 exon. J Cell Biol 128:673
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
58. Jansen RHL, Joosten-Achjanie SR, Arends JW, Volovics A, Hupperets PS, Schouten HC, Hillen HF (1998) CD44v6 is not a prognostic factor in primary breast cancer. Ann Oncol 9:109
    Google Scholar
59. Kaaijk P, Troost D, Morsink F, Keehnen RM, Leenstra S, Bosch DA, Pals ST (1995) Expression of CD44 splice variants in human primary brain tumors. J Neuro-Oncol 26:185
    Google Scholar
60. Kainz C, Kohlberger P, Tempfer C, Sliutz G, Gitsch G, Reinthaller A, Breitenecker G (1995) Prognostic value of CD44 splice variants in human stage III cervical cancer. Eur J Cancer 31A:1706
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
61. Kainz C, Kohlberger P, Sliutz G, Tempfer C, Heinzl H, Reinthaller A, Breitenecker G, Koelbl H (1995) Splice variants of CD44 in human cervical cancer stage IB to IIB. Gynecol Oncol 57:383
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
62. Kainz C, Tempfer C, Kohlberger P, Janisch S, Koelbl H, Gitsch G, Breitenecker G (1996) Immunohistochemical detection of adhesion molecule CD44 splice variants in lymphnode metastasis of cervical cancer. Int J Cancer 69:170
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
63. Kanke M, Fujii M, Kameyama K, Kanzaki J, Tokumaru Y, Imanishi Y, Tomita T, Matsumura Y (2000) Clinicopathological significance of expression of CD44 variants in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Jpn J Cancer Res 91:410
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
64. Kasper M, Gunthert U, Dall P, Kayser K, Schuh D, Haroske G, Muller M (1995) Distinct expression patterns of CD44 isoforms during human lung development and in pulmonary fibrosis. Amer J Resp Cell Mol Biol 13:648
    CAS Google Scholar
65. Katsura M, Furumoto H, Nishmura M, Kamada M, Aono T (1998) Overexpression of CD44 variants 6 and 7 in human endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 71:185
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
66. Khaldoyanidi S, Achtnich M, Hehlmann R, Zöller M (1996) Expression of CD44 variant isoforms in peripheral blood leukocytes in malignant lymphoma and leukemia: inverse correlation between expression and tumour progression. Leukemia Res 20:839
    Article CAS Google Scholar
67. Koopman G, Heider KH, Horst E, Adolf GR, van de Berg F, Ponta H, Herrlich P, Pals ST (1993) Activated human lymphocytes and aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas express a homologue of the rat metastasis-associated variant of CD44. J Exp Med 177:897
    CAS Google Scholar
68. Koretz K, Moeller P, Lehnert T, Hinz U, Otto HF, Herfarth C (1995) Effect of CD44v6 on survival in colorectal carcinoma. Lancet 345:327
    CAS Google Scholar
69. Kunishi M, Kayada Y, Yoshiga K (1997) Down-regulated expression of CD44 variant 6 in oral squamous cell carcinomas and its relationship to regional lymph node metastasis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 26:280
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
70. Lagorce-Pages C, Paraf F, Dubois S, Belghiti J, Flejou JF (1998) Expression of CD44 in premalignant and malignant Barrett’s oesophagus. Histopathology 32:7
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
71. Laurent TC, Laurent UB, Fraser JR (1996) The structure and function of hyaluronan: an overview. Immunol Cell Biol 74:A1
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
72. Leblanc M, Poncelet C, Soriano D, Walker-Combrouze F, Madelenat P, Scoazec JY, Darai E (2001) Alteration of CD44 and cadherins expression: possible association with augmented aggressiveness and invasiveness of endometrial carcinoma. Virchows Arch 438:78
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
73. Legras S, Gunthert U, Stauder R, Curt F, Oliferenko S, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Marie JP, Proctor S, Jasmin C, Smadja-Joffe F (1998) A strong expression of CD44–6v correlates with shorter survival of patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 91:3401
    CAS Google Scholar
74. Lesley J, Hyman R (1998) CD44 Structure and function. Frontiers Biosci 3:616
    Google Scholar
75. Lesley J, Hyman R, Kincade PW (1993) CD44 and its interaction with extracellular matrix. Adv Immunol 54:271
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
76. Lesley J, Hascall VC, Tammi M, Hyman R (2000) Hyaluronan binding by cell surface CD44. J Biol Chem 275:26967
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
77. Liang X, Smoller BR, Golitz LE (2002) Expression of CD 44 and CD44v6 in primary cutaneous CD30 positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. J Cutan Pathol 29:459
    Article PubMed Google Scholar
78. Lin Z, Cho S, Jeong H (2001) Immunohistochemical analysis of CD44 s and CD44v6 in endometriosis and adenomyosis. J Korean Med Sci 16:317
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
79. Manten-Horst E, Danen EH, Smit L, Snoek M, Le Poole IC, Van Muijen GN, Pals ST, Ruiter DJ (1995) Expression of CD44 splice variants in human cutaneous melanoma and melanoma cell lines is related to tumor progression and metastatic potential. Int J Cancer 64:182
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
80. Mizera-Nyczak E, Dyszkiewicz W, Heider KH (2001) Isoform expression of CD44 adhesion molecules, Bcl-2, p53 and Ki-67 proteins in lung cancer. Tumour Biol 22:45
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
81. Miyoshi T, Kondo K, Hino N, Uyama T, Monden Y (1997) The expression of the CD44 variant exon 6 is associated with lymph node metastases in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 3:1289
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
82. Morris SF, O’Hanlon DM, Laughlin R, McHale T, Connolly GE, Given HF (2001) The prognostic significance of CD44 s and CD44v6 expression in stage two breast carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study. EJSO 27:527
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
83. Morrison H, Sherman LS, Legg J. Banine F, Isacke C, Haipek CA, Gutman DH, Ponta H, Herrlich P (2001) The NF2 tumor suppressor gene product, merlin, mediates contact inhibition of growth through interactions with CD44. Genes Dev 15:968
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
84. Mueller W, Schneiders A, Heider KH, Meier S, Hommel G, Gabbert HE (1997) Expression and prognostic value of the CD44 splicing variants v5 and v6 in gastric cancer. J Pathol 183:222
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
85. Mueller JD, Heider KH, Oberhuber G, Mueller E, Bethke B, Stolte M, Hofler H (1998) Comparison of CD44 expression in early colorectal carcinomas of the de novo and ex adenoma types. Virchows Arch 433:407
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
86. Nanashima A, Yamaguchi H, Sawai T, Yasutake T, Tsuji T, Jibiki M, Yamaguchi E, Nakagoe T, Ayabe H (1999) Expression of adhesion molecules in hepatic metastases of colorectal carcinomas: relationship to primary tumours and prognosis after hepatic resection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 14:1004
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
87. Naor D, Sionov RV, Ish-Sahlom D (1997) CD44: structure, function, and association with the malignant process. Adv Cancer Res 71:241
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
88. Neame SJ, Isacke CM (1992) Phosphorylation of CD44 in vivo requires both Ser323 and Ser325, but does not regulate membrane localization or cytoskeletal interaction in epithelial cells. EMBO J 11:4733
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
89. Neu S, Geiselhart A, Sproll M, Hahn D, Kuci S, Niethammer D, Handgretinger R (1997) Expression of CD44 isoforms by highly enriched CD34-positive cells in cord blood, bone marrow and leukaphereses. Bone Marrow Transplant 20:593
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
90. Nguen VN, Mirejovska T, Melinova L, Mandys V (2000) CD44 and its v6 spliced variant in lung carcinomas: relationship to NCAM, CEA, EMA and UP1 and prognostic significance. Neoplasma 47:400
    PubMed Google Scholar
91. Noordzij MA, Steenbrugge GJ van, Verkaik NS, Schroder FH, Kwast TH van der (1997) The prognostic value of CD44 isoforms in prostate cancer patients treated by radical prostatectomy. Clin Cancer Res 3:805
    PubMed Google Scholar
92. Ohene-Abuakwa Y, Pignatelli M (2000) Adhesion molecules in cancer biology. Adv Exp Med Biol 465:115
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
93. Paradis V, Ferlicot S, Ghannam E, Zeimoura L, Blanchet P, Eschwege P, Jardin A, Benoit G, Bedossa P (1999) CD44 is an independent prognostic factor in conventional renal cell carcinomas. J Urol 161:1984
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
94. Payne G (2003) Progress in immunoconjugate cancer therapeutics. Cancer Cell 3:207
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
95. Pirinen R. Hirvikoski P, Bohm J, Kellokoski J, Moisio K, Moisio K, Viren M, Johansson R, Hollmen S, Kosma VM (2000) Reduced expression of CD44v3 variant isoform is associated with unfavourable outcome in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Hum Pathol 31:1088
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
96. Ponta H, Wainwright D, Herrlich P (1998) The CD44 protein family. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 30:299
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
97. Ponta H, Scherman L, Herrlich P (2003) CD44: from adhesion molecules to signalling regulators. Nature Rev Mol Cel Bio 4:33
    Article CAS Google Scholar
98. Ranuncolo SM, Ladeda V, Specterman S, Varela M, Lastiri J, Morandi A, Matos E, Bal de Kier Joffe E, Puricelli L, Pallotta MG (2002) CD44 expression in human gliomas. J Surg Oncol 79:30
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
99. Regauer S, Ott A, Berghold A, Beham A (1999) CD44 expression in sinonasal melanomas: is loss of isoform expression associated with advanced tumor stage? J Pathol 187:184
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
100. Ristamäki R, Joensuu H, Söderström KO, Jalkanen S (1995) CD44v6 expression in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: an association with low histological grade and poor prognosis. J Pathol 176:259
     PubMed Google Scholar
101. Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, Sancho-Torres I, Leakey P, Gibbin DG, Comerci JT, Ludlow JW, Mesonero C (1998) CD44 splice variant expression in clear cell carcinoma of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol 71:223
     Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
102. Rudy W, Hofmann M, Schwartz-Albiez R, Zoller M, Heider KH, Ponta H, Herrlich P (1993) The two major CD44 proteins expressed on a metastatic rat tumour cell line are derived from different splice variants: each one individually suffices to confer metastatic behavior. Cancer Res 53:1262
     CAS PubMed Google Scholar
103. Salmi K, Gron-Virta K, Sointu P, Grenman R, Kalimo H, Jalkanen S (1993) Regulated expression of exon v6 containing isoforms of CD44 in man: downregulation during malignant transformation of tumours of squamocellular origin. J Cell Biol 122:431
     CAS PubMed Google Scholar
104. Satoh K, Shimosegawa T, Koizumi M, Toyota T (1997) Expression of CD44 in duct cell carcinomas and in intraductal neoplasms of the pancreas. Anticancer Res 17:215
     CAS PubMed Google Scholar
105. Schumacher U, Horny HP, Horst HA, Patzelt E, Herrlich P, Kaiserling E (1996) A CD44 variant exon 6 epitope as a prognostic indicator in breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 22:259
     CAS PubMed Google Scholar
106. Screaton GR, Bell MV, Jackson DG, Cornelis FB, Gerth U, Bell JI (1992) Genomic structure of DNA encoding the lymphocyte homing receptor CD44 reveals at least 12 alternatively spliced exons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89:12160
     CAS PubMed Google Scholar
107. Screaton GR, Bell MV, Bell JI, Jackson DG (1993) The identification of a new alternative exon with highly restricted tissue expression in transcripts encoding the mouse Pgp-1 (CD44) homing receptor. Comparison of all 10 variable exons between mouse, human, and rat. J Biol Chem 268:12235
     CAS PubMed Google Scholar
108. Seiter S, Arch R, Reber S, Komitowski D, Hofmann M, Ponta H, Herrlich P, Matzku S, Zoller M (1993) Prevention of tumour metastasis formation by anti-variant CD44. J Exp Med 177:443
     CAS PubMed Google Scholar
109. Seiter S, Tilgen W, Herrmann K, Schadendorf D, Patzelt E, Moeller P, Zoller M (1996) Expression of CD44 splice variants in human skin and epidermal tumours. Virchows Arch 428:141
     CAS PubMed Google Scholar
110. Sherman L, Skroch-Angel P, Moll J, Schwechheimer K, Ponta H, Herrlich P, Hofmann M (1995) Schwann cell tumors express characteristics patterns of CD44 splice variants. J Neurooncol 26:171
     CAS PubMed Google Scholar
111. Simon JC, Heider KH, Dietrich A, Wutting C, Schoepf E, Adolf GR, Ponta H, Herrlich P (1996) Expression of CD44 isoforms in human skin cancer. Eur J Cancer 32A:1394
     Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
112. Sinn HP, Heider KH, Skroch-Angel P, von Minkwitz G, Kaufmann M, Herrlich P (1995) Human mammary carcinomas express homologues of rat metastasis-associated variants of CD44. Breast Cancer Res Treat 36:307
     CAS PubMed Google Scholar
113. Soukka T, Salmi M, Joensuu H, Hakkinen L, Sointu P, Koulu L, Kalimo K, Klemi P, Grenman R, Jalkanen S (1997) Regulation of CD44v6-containing isoforms during proliferation of normal and malignant ephithelial cells. Cancer Res 57:2281
     CAS PubMed Google Scholar
114. Speiser P, Kridelka F, Tempfer C, Edwards L, Leodolter S, Kainz C, Hacker NF (1999) CD44v6 expression is an independent prognostic factor in non-negative FIGO stage cervical carcinoma. Int J Gyneol Cancer 9:160
     Article Google Scholar
115. Stroomer JW, Roos JC, Sproll M, Quak JJ, Heider KH, Wilhelm BJ, Castelijns JA, Meyer R, Kwakkelstein MO, Snow GB, Adolf GR, van Dongen GA (2000) Safety and biodistribution of 99mTechnetium-labeled anti-CD44v6 monoclonal antibody BIWA 1 in head and neck cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 6:3046
     CAS PubMed Google Scholar
116. Tempfer C, Loesch A, Heinzl H, Haeusler G, Hanzal E, Koelbl H, Breitenecker G, Kainz C (1996) Prognostic value of immunohistochemically detected CD44 isoforms CD44v5, CD44v6 and CD44v7–8 in human breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 32:2023
     Article Google Scholar
117. Tempfer C, Haeusler G, Kaider A, Hefler L, Hanzal E, Reinthaller A, Breitenecker G, Kainz C (1998) The prognostic value of CD44 isoform expression in endometrial cancer. Br J Cancer 77:1137
     CAS PubMed Google Scholar
118. Tempfer C, Sliutz G, Haeusler G, Speiser P, Reinthaller A, Breitenecker G, Vavra N, Kainz C (1998) CD44v3 and v6 variant isoform expression correlates with poor prognosis in early-stage vulvar cancer. Br J Cancer 78:1091
     CAS PubMed Google Scholar
119. Tokue Y, Matsumura Y, Katsumata N, Watanabe T, Tarin D, Kakizoe T (1998) CD44 variant isoform expression and breast cancer prognosis. Jpn J Cancer Res 89:283
     CAS PubMed Google Scholar
120. Tran TA, Kallakury BVS, Sheehan CE, Ross JS (1997) Expression of CD44 standard form and variant isoforms in non-small cell lung carcinomas. Hum Pathol 28:809
     CAS PubMed Google Scholar
121. Van der Voort R, Taher TE, Wielenga VJ, Spaargaren M, Prevo R, Smit L, David G, Hartmann G, Gherardi E, Pals S (1999) Heparan sulfate-modified CD44 promotes hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor induced signal transduction through the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met. J Biol Chem 274:6499
     Article PubMed Google Scholar
122. Van Hal NL, Van Dongen GA, Rood-Knippels EM, Van Der Valk P, Snow GB, Brakenhoff RH (1996) Monoclonal antibody U36, a suitable candidate for clinical immunotherapy of squamous-cell carcinoma, recognizes a CD44 isoform. Int J Cancer 68:520
     Article PubMed Google Scholar
123. Van Hal NL, van Dongen GA, Stigter-van Walsum M, Snow GB, Brakenhoff RH (1999) Characterization of CD44v6 isoforms in head-and-neck squamous-cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 82:837
     Article PubMed Google Scholar
124. Van Weering DH, Baas PD, Bos JL (1993) A PCR-based method for the analysis of human CD44 splice products. PCR Methods Appl 3:100
     PubMed Google Scholar
125. Varambally S, Dhanasekaran SM, Zhou M, Barrette TR, Kumar-Sinha C, Sanda MG; Gosh D, Pienta KJ, Sewalt RG, Otte AP, Rubin MA, Chinnaiyan AM (2002) The polycomb group protein EZH2 is involved in progression of prostate cancer. Nature 419:624
     Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
126. Verel I, Heider KH, Siegmund M, Ostermann E, Patzelt E, Sproll M, Snow GB, Adolf GR, van Dongen GA (2002) Tumor targeting properties of monoclonal antibodies with different affinity for target antigen CD44v6 in nude mice bearing head-and-neck cancer xenografts. Int J Cancer 99:396
     Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
127. Wagner SN, Wagner C, Reinhold U, Funk R, Zoller M, Goos M (1998) Predominant expression of CD44 splice variant v10 in malignant and reactive human lymphocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1998;111:464
     Google Scholar
128. Wielenga VJ, van der Voort R, Mulder JW, Kruyt PM, Weidama WF, Oosting J, Seldenrij CA, van Krimpen C, Offerhaus GJ, Pals ST (1998) CD44 splice variants as prognostic markers in colorectal cancer. Scand J Gastrenterol 33:82
     Article CAS Google Scholar
129. Wimmel A, Schilli M, Kaiser U, Havemann K, Ramaswamy A, Brandscheid D, Kogan E, Schuermann M (1997) Preferential histiotypic expression of CD 44-isoforms in human lung cancer. Lung Cancer 16:151
     Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
130. Xin Y, Grace A, Gallagher MM, Curran BT, Leader MB, Kay EW (2001) CD44v6 in gastric carcinoma: a marker of tumor progression. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 9:138
     Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
131. Zhang S, Chang MCY, Zylka D, Turley S, Harrison R, Turley EA (1998) The hyaluronan receptor RHAMM regulates extracellular-regulated kinase. JBC 273:11342
     Article CAS Google Scholar
132. Zöller M (1995) CD44: physiological expression of distinct isoforms as evidence for organ-specific metastatsis formation. J Mol Med 73:425
     PubMed Google Scholar

Download references