Geography is a better determinant of human genetic differentiation than ethnicity (original) (raw)
References
Bamshad M, Wooding S (2003) Signatures of natural selection in the human genome. Nat Rev Genet 4:99–111 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bowcock A, Ruiz-Linares A, Tonfohrde J, Minch E, Kidd J, Cavalli-Sforza L (1994) High resolution of human evolutionary trees with polymorphic microsatellites. Nature 386:455–457 Article Google Scholar
Burchard E, Ziv E, Coyle N, Gomez S, Tang H, Karter A, Mountain J, Perez-Stable E, Sheppard D, Risch N (2003) The importance of race and ethnic background in biomedical research and clinical practice. N Engl J Med 348:1170–1175 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Cavalli-Sforza LL, Feldman W (2003) The application of molecular genetic approaches to the study of human evolution. Nat Genet 33(Suppl):266–275 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ellegren H (2000) Microsatellite mutations in the germline: implications for evolutionary inference. Trends Genet 16:551–558 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Goldstein D, Chikhi L (2002) Human migrations and population structure: what we know and why it matters. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 3:129–152 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Goldstein D, Hirschhorn J (2004) In genetic control of disease, does “race” matter? Nat Genet 36:1243–1244 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Goldstein D, Tate S, Sisodiya S (2003) Pharmacogenetics goes genomic. Nat Rev Genet 4:937–947 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hirschhorn J, Lohmueller K, Byrne E, Hirschhorn K (2002) A comprehensive review of genetic association studies. Genet Med 4:45–61 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ioannidis J, Ntzani E, Trikalinos T (2004) “Racial” differences in genetic effects for complex diseases. Nat Genet 36: 1312–1318 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Jorde L, Wooding S (2004) Genetic variation, classification and “race”. Nat Genet 36:S28–S33 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kaessmann H, Zollner S, Gustafsson A, Wiebe V, Laan M, Lundeberg J, Uhlen M, Paabo S (2002) Extensive linkage disequilibrium in small human populations in Eurasia. Am J Hum Genet 70:673–685 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Keita S, Kittles R, Royal C, Bonney G, Furbert-Harris P, Dunston G, Rotimi C (2004) Conceptualizing human variation. Nat Genet 36:S17–S20 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lazarou J, Pomeranz B, Corey P (1998) Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients—a meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA 279:1200–1205 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Legendre P, Legendre L (1998) Numerical ecology, 2nd English edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam Google Scholar
Pritchard J, Cox N (2002) The allelic architecture of human disease genes: common disease—common variant ... or not? Hum Mol Genet 11:2417–2423 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P (2000) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155:945–959 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Prugnolle F, Manica A, Balloux F (2005a) Geography predicts neutral genetic diversity of human populations. Curr Biol 15:R159–R160 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Prugnolle F, Manica A, Charpentier M, Guégan J, Guernier V, Balloux F (2005b) Worldwide HLA diversity: human colonisation history and pathogen-driven selection. Curr Biol 15:1022–1027 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Reich D, Cargill M, Bolk S, Ireland J, Sabeti P, Richter D, Lavery T, Kouyoumjian R, Farhadian S, Ward R, Lander E (2001) Linkage disequilibrium in the human genome. Nature 411:199–204 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Risch N, Burchard E, Ziv E, Tang H (2002) Categorization of humans in biomedical research: genes, race and disease. Genome Biol 3(7):comment 2007
Rosenberg NA, Pritchard JK, Weber JL, Cann HM, Kidd KK, Zhivotovsky LA, Feldman MW (2002) Genetic structure of human populations. Science 298:2381–2385 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rotimi C (2004) Are medical and nonmedical uses of large-scale genomic markers conflating genetics and “race”? Nat Genet 36:S43–S47 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Serre D, Pääbo S (2004) Evidence for gradients of human genetic diversity within and among continents. Genome Res 14:1679–1685 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Stephens J, Reich D, Goldstein D, Shin H, Smith M, Carrington M, Winkler C, Huttley G, Allikmets R, Schriml L, Gerrard B, Malasky M, Ramos M, Morlot S, Tzetis M, Oddoux C, di Giovine F, Nasioulas G, Chandler D, Aseev M, Hanson M, Kalaydjieva L, Glavac D, Gasparini P, Kanavakis E, Claustres M, Kambouris M, Ostrer H, Duff G, Baranov V, Sibul H, Metspalu A, Goldman D, Martin N, Duffy D, Schmidtke J, Estivill X, O’Brien S, Dean M (1998) Dating the origin of the CCR5-Delta 32 AIDS-resistance allele by the coalescence of haplotypes. Am J Hum Genet 62:1507–1515 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tate S, Goldstein D (2004) Will tomorrow’s medicines work for everyone? Nat Genet 36:S34–S42 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
R Core Development Team (2004) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for statistical computing, Vienna, ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL http://www.R-project.org
Tishkoff S, Kidd K (2004) Implications of biogeography of human populations for “race” and medicine. Nat Genet 36:S21–S27 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Tishkoff S, Verreli B (2003) Patterns of human genetic diversity: implications for human evolutionary history and disease. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 4:293–340 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Xie H, Kim R, Wood A, Stein C (2001) Molecular basis of ethnic differences in drug disposition and response. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 41:815–850 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Xu X, Peng M, Fang Z, Xu X (2000) The direction of microsatellite mutations is dependent upon allele length. Nat Genet 24:396–399 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Zhivotovsky L, Rosenberg N, Feldman M (2003) Features of evolution and expansion of modern humans, inferred from genomewide microsatellite markers. Am J Hum Genet 72:1171–1186 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar