Brian Bauer | University of Illinois at Chicago (original) (raw)
Papers by Brian Bauer
Ñawpa Pacha, 2021
This paper assesses the original name of the Inca settlement now known as Machu Picchu. We examin... more This paper assesses the original name of the Inca settlement now known as Machu Picchu. We examine three data sources: the field notes of Hiram Bingham, toponyms on nineteenth century maps, and information recorded in seventeenth century documents. The results uniformly suggest that the Inca city was originally called Picchu, or more likely
Huayna Picchu, and that the name Machu Picchu became associated with the ruins starting in 1911 with Bingham’s publications.
THE SETTLEMENT HISTORY OF THE LUCRE BASIN (CUSCO, PERU), 2022
Bauer, Brian S.; Silva, Miriam Araoz; and Hardy, Thomas John (2022) "The Settlement History of th... more Bauer, Brian S.; Silva, Miriam Araoz; and Hardy, Thomas John (2022) "The Settlement History of the Lucre
Basin (Cusco, Peru)," Andean Past: Vol. 13, Article 11.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/andean_past/vol13/iss1/11
Justicia y Poder: Catálogo del fondo Corregimiento del ARC, siglos XVI-XVIII. (CAUSAS CIVILES) , 1997
Catalogue of the Fondo Corregimiento, Archivo Departamental del Cusco
The climate of the central Andes has varied throughout prehistory. Recent research indicates that... more The climate of the central Andes has varied throughout prehistory. Recent research indicates that there have been substantial fluctuations in rainfall and temperature over the past several millennia that greatly affected the plant and animal resources available to the people occupying various regions and altitudes. Although studies of past climate change in the central Andes are just beginning, there are some data that can be used to assess the broad climatic conditions that have existed in the Cuzco region since the end of the last glaciation.
To understand the subtleties of past climatic change and its effects on societies, we must compare our archaeological data with climatic models developed using a variety of different Holocene records. In this chapter, we provide a summary of our current understanding of climate change in the Cuzco region since the end of the Pleistocene. While changes in climatic conditions should not necessarily be seen as the direct cause for cultural change in the region, they did present limitations and, in a few cases of severe drought, considerable challenges to the existing societies.
Los Andes centrales cuentan con los más grandes depósitos de plata del mundo en Potosí (Bolivia) ... more Los Andes centrales cuentan con los más grandes depósitos
de plata del mundo en Potosí (Bolivia) y uno de los
depósitos más grandes de mercurio en Huancavelica
(Perú). Aunque separados por más de mil kilómetros,
estos dos depósitos minerales fueron los principales
responsables de la dominante posición que España
tuvo en los asuntos mundiales a fines del siglo XVI
y durante los siglos XVII y XVIII. Esto se debió a que,
cuando el mercurio se mezcla con las menas de plata,
se amalgama con (o adhiere a) ella y permite extraer
valiosas cantidades del metal incluso en menas de baja
ley. En consecuencia, para poder producir plata a gran
escala, resulta esencial tener una fuente confiable de
mercurio (Brown 2001; Contreras 1982; Robins 2011;
Whitaker 1941). Como lo comentó el virrey Luis de Velasco
a principios del siglo XVII, “si no hubiese azogue
[mercurio] menos habría plata” (Velasco 1921 [1604]:
111). En este capítulo examinaremos cómo fue que los
españoles lograron transportar miles de toneladas de
mercurio de Huancavelica a Potosí, a lo largo de lo que
llamaremos el Camino del Mercurio.
Journal of Archaeological Science, Apr 2013
To date, most obsidian sourcing studies in the Andes have concentrated on the highlands and Titic... more To date, most obsidian sourcing studies in the Andes have concentrated on the highlands and Titicaca Basin of far southern Peru and northern Bolivia. Toward achieving a more complete understanding of the region, this paper offers new data on the long-term prehistoric obsidian procurement and consumption patterns in the Andahuaylas region of the south-central Peruvian highlands. Obsidian sourcing data from Andahuaylas are particularly interesting since the area is centrally located among several important regional obsidian sources. A total of 94 obsidian samples from a range of sites of different temporal periods were chemically analyzed using portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF), as well as laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The results demonstrate a number of interesting trends, the first of which is the long-term importance of the Potreropampa obsidian source to populations of the Andahuaylas region from at least the early Formative period (∼2500 BCE). Secondly, the results indicate that procurement strategies by local populations in Andahuaylas were primarily reliant on nearby (<150 km) obsidian sources. Finally, the paucity of more distant, yet widely exchanged, high quality obsidian (i.e., Chivay, Alca) confirm that as a region, Andahuaylas was more heavily connected economically (and likely culturally) with local areas to the south (Apurímac) and to the west (Ayacucho).► PXRF and LA-ICP-MS analysis of archaeological obsidian from Andahuaylas, Peru. ► Results reflect a long-term dependence on local (<150 km away) obsidian sources. ► Results indicate the long-term dependence on Potreropampa obsidian. ► Local populations in Andahuaylas procured very little, high quality, distant obsidian.
To date, most obsidian sourcing studies in the Andes have concentrated on the highlands and Titic... more To date, most obsidian sourcing studies in the Andes have concentrated on the highlands and Titicaca Basin of far southern Peru and northern Bolivia. Toward achieving a more complete understanding of the region, this paper offers new data on the long-term prehistoric obsidian procurement and consumption patterns in the Andahuaylas region of the south-central Peruvian highlands. Obsidian sourcing data from Andahuaylas are particularly interesting since the area is centrally located among several important regional obsidian sources. A total of 94 obsidian samples from a range of sites of different temporal periods were chemically analyzed using portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF), as well as laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The results demonstrate a number of interesting trends, the first of which is the long-term importance of the Potreropampa obsidian source to populations of the Andahuaylas region from at least the early Formative period (∼2500 BCE). Secondly, the results indicate that procurement strategies by local populations in Andahuaylas were primarily reliant on nearby (<150 km) obsidian sources. Finally, the paucity of more distant, yet widely exchanged, high quality obsidian (i.e., Chivay, Alca) confirm that as a region, Andahuaylas was more heavily connected economically (and likely culturally) with local areas to the south (Apurímac) and to the west (Ayacucho).► PXRF and LA-ICP-MS analysis of archaeological obsidian from Andahuaylas, Peru. ► Results reflect a long-term dependence on local (<150 km away) obsidian sources. ► Results indicate the long-term dependence on Potreropampa obsidian. ► Local populations in Andahuaylas procured very little, high quality, distant obsidian.
American Anthropologist, 2003
... faces of Killke bowls and the exterior of other Killke vessels are covered with a slip of smo... more ... faces of Killke bowls and the exterior of other Killke vessels are covered with a slip of smoothed body clay. ... Soon after Uhle&amp;amp;amp;#x27;s discovery, Jacinto Jijon y Caamano and Carlos Larrea M. (1918) reproduced Uhle&amp;amp;amp;#x27;s findings in their work Un Ce menterio Incasico en Quito. ...
In Perspectives on the Inca, Monica Barnes, Inés de Castro, Javier Flores Espinoza, Doris Kurella... more In Perspectives on the Inca, Monica Barnes, Inés de Castro, Javier Flores Espinoza, Doris Kurella, and Karoline Noack (eds.), pp. 208-225. Stuttgart: Linden-Museum, Sonderband/Tribus.
Skip to main content: ...
The archaeological reconstruction of ancient states requires consistent regional measures of stat... more The archaeological reconstruction of ancient states requires consistent regional measures of state-directed power and influence. This paper presents data from a series of systematic archaeological surveys in the Cusco region of highland Peru to evaluate patterns of influence by the Wari state during a period of colonization from ca. AD 600-1000. We discuss interpretive debates over the nature and intensity of Wari social power, suggesting that site-based studies can be contextualized meaningfully using our large-scale dataset, which offers settlement patterns at varying distances (0-70 km) from Pikillacta, a Wari administrative center. We discuss local settlement patterns before and during Wari colonization, as well as the distribution of Wari pottery and local Wari-influenced wares. We then use a geographic information systems analysis of travel time from key sites to evaluate the broad regional distribution patterns of local and Wari ceramic styles. Although the regional survey data do not inform us reliably about all kinds of social power, we conclude that the Wari cultural, economic, and political influence over the Cusco region was limited and discontinuous-an example of colonization that resembles the practices of other early states.
Ñawpa Pacha, 2021
This paper assesses the original name of the Inca settlement now known as Machu Picchu. We examin... more This paper assesses the original name of the Inca settlement now known as Machu Picchu. We examine three data sources: the field notes of Hiram Bingham, toponyms on nineteenth century maps, and information recorded in seventeenth century documents. The results uniformly suggest that the Inca city was originally called Picchu, or more likely
Huayna Picchu, and that the name Machu Picchu became associated with the ruins starting in 1911 with Bingham’s publications.
THE SETTLEMENT HISTORY OF THE LUCRE BASIN (CUSCO, PERU), 2022
Bauer, Brian S.; Silva, Miriam Araoz; and Hardy, Thomas John (2022) "The Settlement History of th... more Bauer, Brian S.; Silva, Miriam Araoz; and Hardy, Thomas John (2022) "The Settlement History of the Lucre
Basin (Cusco, Peru)," Andean Past: Vol. 13, Article 11.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/andean_past/vol13/iss1/11
Justicia y Poder: Catálogo del fondo Corregimiento del ARC, siglos XVI-XVIII. (CAUSAS CIVILES) , 1997
Catalogue of the Fondo Corregimiento, Archivo Departamental del Cusco
The climate of the central Andes has varied throughout prehistory. Recent research indicates that... more The climate of the central Andes has varied throughout prehistory. Recent research indicates that there have been substantial fluctuations in rainfall and temperature over the past several millennia that greatly affected the plant and animal resources available to the people occupying various regions and altitudes. Although studies of past climate change in the central Andes are just beginning, there are some data that can be used to assess the broad climatic conditions that have existed in the Cuzco region since the end of the last glaciation.
To understand the subtleties of past climatic change and its effects on societies, we must compare our archaeological data with climatic models developed using a variety of different Holocene records. In this chapter, we provide a summary of our current understanding of climate change in the Cuzco region since the end of the Pleistocene. While changes in climatic conditions should not necessarily be seen as the direct cause for cultural change in the region, they did present limitations and, in a few cases of severe drought, considerable challenges to the existing societies.
Los Andes centrales cuentan con los más grandes depósitos de plata del mundo en Potosí (Bolivia) ... more Los Andes centrales cuentan con los más grandes depósitos
de plata del mundo en Potosí (Bolivia) y uno de los
depósitos más grandes de mercurio en Huancavelica
(Perú). Aunque separados por más de mil kilómetros,
estos dos depósitos minerales fueron los principales
responsables de la dominante posición que España
tuvo en los asuntos mundiales a fines del siglo XVI
y durante los siglos XVII y XVIII. Esto se debió a que,
cuando el mercurio se mezcla con las menas de plata,
se amalgama con (o adhiere a) ella y permite extraer
valiosas cantidades del metal incluso en menas de baja
ley. En consecuencia, para poder producir plata a gran
escala, resulta esencial tener una fuente confiable de
mercurio (Brown 2001; Contreras 1982; Robins 2011;
Whitaker 1941). Como lo comentó el virrey Luis de Velasco
a principios del siglo XVII, “si no hubiese azogue
[mercurio] menos habría plata” (Velasco 1921 [1604]:
111). En este capítulo examinaremos cómo fue que los
españoles lograron transportar miles de toneladas de
mercurio de Huancavelica a Potosí, a lo largo de lo que
llamaremos el Camino del Mercurio.
Journal of Archaeological Science, Apr 2013
To date, most obsidian sourcing studies in the Andes have concentrated on the highlands and Titic... more To date, most obsidian sourcing studies in the Andes have concentrated on the highlands and Titicaca Basin of far southern Peru and northern Bolivia. Toward achieving a more complete understanding of the region, this paper offers new data on the long-term prehistoric obsidian procurement and consumption patterns in the Andahuaylas region of the south-central Peruvian highlands. Obsidian sourcing data from Andahuaylas are particularly interesting since the area is centrally located among several important regional obsidian sources. A total of 94 obsidian samples from a range of sites of different temporal periods were chemically analyzed using portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF), as well as laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The results demonstrate a number of interesting trends, the first of which is the long-term importance of the Potreropampa obsidian source to populations of the Andahuaylas region from at least the early Formative period (∼2500 BCE). Secondly, the results indicate that procurement strategies by local populations in Andahuaylas were primarily reliant on nearby (<150 km) obsidian sources. Finally, the paucity of more distant, yet widely exchanged, high quality obsidian (i.e., Chivay, Alca) confirm that as a region, Andahuaylas was more heavily connected economically (and likely culturally) with local areas to the south (Apurímac) and to the west (Ayacucho).► PXRF and LA-ICP-MS analysis of archaeological obsidian from Andahuaylas, Peru. ► Results reflect a long-term dependence on local (<150 km away) obsidian sources. ► Results indicate the long-term dependence on Potreropampa obsidian. ► Local populations in Andahuaylas procured very little, high quality, distant obsidian.
To date, most obsidian sourcing studies in the Andes have concentrated on the highlands and Titic... more To date, most obsidian sourcing studies in the Andes have concentrated on the highlands and Titicaca Basin of far southern Peru and northern Bolivia. Toward achieving a more complete understanding of the region, this paper offers new data on the long-term prehistoric obsidian procurement and consumption patterns in the Andahuaylas region of the south-central Peruvian highlands. Obsidian sourcing data from Andahuaylas are particularly interesting since the area is centrally located among several important regional obsidian sources. A total of 94 obsidian samples from a range of sites of different temporal periods were chemically analyzed using portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF), as well as laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The results demonstrate a number of interesting trends, the first of which is the long-term importance of the Potreropampa obsidian source to populations of the Andahuaylas region from at least the early Formative period (∼2500 BCE). Secondly, the results indicate that procurement strategies by local populations in Andahuaylas were primarily reliant on nearby (<150 km) obsidian sources. Finally, the paucity of more distant, yet widely exchanged, high quality obsidian (i.e., Chivay, Alca) confirm that as a region, Andahuaylas was more heavily connected economically (and likely culturally) with local areas to the south (Apurímac) and to the west (Ayacucho).► PXRF and LA-ICP-MS analysis of archaeological obsidian from Andahuaylas, Peru. ► Results reflect a long-term dependence on local (<150 km away) obsidian sources. ► Results indicate the long-term dependence on Potreropampa obsidian. ► Local populations in Andahuaylas procured very little, high quality, distant obsidian.
American Anthropologist, 2003
... faces of Killke bowls and the exterior of other Killke vessels are covered with a slip of smo... more ... faces of Killke bowls and the exterior of other Killke vessels are covered with a slip of smoothed body clay. ... Soon after Uhle&amp;amp;amp;#x27;s discovery, Jacinto Jijon y Caamano and Carlos Larrea M. (1918) reproduced Uhle&amp;amp;amp;#x27;s findings in their work Un Ce menterio Incasico en Quito. ...
In Perspectives on the Inca, Monica Barnes, Inés de Castro, Javier Flores Espinoza, Doris Kurella... more In Perspectives on the Inca, Monica Barnes, Inés de Castro, Javier Flores Espinoza, Doris Kurella, and Karoline Noack (eds.), pp. 208-225. Stuttgart: Linden-Museum, Sonderband/Tribus.
Skip to main content: ...
The archaeological reconstruction of ancient states requires consistent regional measures of stat... more The archaeological reconstruction of ancient states requires consistent regional measures of state-directed power and influence. This paper presents data from a series of systematic archaeological surveys in the Cusco region of highland Peru to evaluate patterns of influence by the Wari state during a period of colonization from ca. AD 600-1000. We discuss interpretive debates over the nature and intensity of Wari social power, suggesting that site-based studies can be contextualized meaningfully using our large-scale dataset, which offers settlement patterns at varying distances (0-70 km) from Pikillacta, a Wari administrative center. We discuss local settlement patterns before and during Wari colonization, as well as the distribution of Wari pottery and local Wari-influenced wares. We then use a geographic information systems analysis of travel time from key sites to evaluate the broad regional distribution patterns of local and Wari ceramic styles. Although the regional survey data do not inform us reliably about all kinds of social power, we conclude that the Wari cultural, economic, and political influence over the Cusco region was limited and discontinuous-an example of colonization that resembles the practices of other early states.
Fieldiana, 2007
The fate of the mummies of the Inca kings following the Spanish conquest of Peru has been the foc... more The fate of the mummies of the Inca kings following the Spanish conquest of Peru has been the focus of more than a century of historical and archaeological research. Several lines of evidence indicate that five of the royal mummies were deposited in the Hospital of San Andre´s
in Lima in 1560. In this work, we summarize what is currently known concerning the fate of the royal Inca mummies as well as the results of a recent ground-penetrating radar survey and an archaeological testing program that we conducted on the hospital grounds. The
excavations revealed the location of the hospital’s first cemetery, the remains of a nineteenth-century fountain, an early colonial trash pit, and, most intriguingly, a vaulted structure. While we did not find the royal mummies, the historical research and archaeological fieldwork yielded new information on the history of the San Andre´s compound and life in
Lima during early colonial times.
by Monica Barnes, Ines de Castro, Doris Kurella, Donato Amado Gonzales, Javier Flores Espinoza, Brian Bauer, Kerstin Nowack, David Ernesto Oshige Adams, Kylie Quave, Donato Amado, Steven A Wernke, and Karoline Noack
This book includes the following papers: "Buscando un Inca de aqui y de alla. Los incas de nue... more This book includes the following papers: "Buscando un Inca de aqui y de alla. Los incas de nuestro tiempo, Alemania y Lima, Peru" by Karoline Noack; "Collecting Inca Antiquities: Antiquarianism and the Inca Past in 19th Century Cusco" by Stefanie Gaenger; "The Inca Collection at the Ethnologisches Museum Berlin, Genesis and Contexts" by Manuela Fisher; "Visions of the Inca Dynasty. Narrative Syyles, Emblematic Dress and the Power of Ancestors" by Ann H. Peters; "How did Huanuco Pampa Become a Ruin? From Thriving Settlement to Disappearing Walls" by Monica Barnes; "The Material Remains of Inca Power among Imperial Heartland Communities" by Kylie E. Quave and R. Alan Covey; "The Inca Takeover of the Ancient Centers in the Highlands of Piura" by Cesar W. Astuhuaman Gonzales; "Las motivaciones economicas y religiosas de la expansion incaica hacia la cuenca del lago Titicaca" by David Oshige Adams; "Inca Offerings Associated with the Frozen Mummies from Mount Llullaillaco" by Constanza Ceruti; "Tracing the Inca Past. Ritual Movement and Social Memory in the Inca Imperial Capital" by Steve Kosiba; "The Situa Ritual of the Inca. Metaphor and Performance of the State" by Brian S. Bauer and David A. Reid; "Building Tension, Dilemmas of the Built Environment through Inca and Spanish Rule" by Steven A. Wernke; "Sistema de tenencia de tierras de ayllus y panacas incas en el valle del Cusco, siglos XVI–XVII” by Donato Amado Gonzales; “What Would Have Happened After the Inca Civil War” by Kerstin Nowack.
Bauer, Brian S. 1992 Avances en Arqueología Andina. Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos, “Bart... more Bauer, Brian S.
1992 Avances en Arqueología Andina. Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos, “Bartolomé de Las Casas” Cuzco, Peru (pp. 151, 80 figures, 4 tables).
