DrLawan Adamu | UPM - Universiti Putra Malaysia (original) (raw)

Papers by DrLawan Adamu

The use of different dependent doses design offers unique opportunities to advance the study of d... more The use of different dependent doses design offers unique opportunities to advance the study of diseases through the investigation of their respective outcomes at multi-disciplinary level. Such design can increase our understanding of the factors that shape disease establishment, course development and distribution of lesions in space and time. This paper utilizes three different doses of C. pseudotuberculosis, 10 3 , 10 5 and 10 7 colony forming unit (CFU/ml) and illustrates their potential of disease induction at a range of histo-pathological and molecular scales. A mouse model is used to demonstrate the potential aspects of the doses in relation to the outcome of interest. Our approach is based on comparing the observed patterns of clinical features, postmortem and gross finding, as well as histo-pathological and molecular levels.

Despite the sero-positivity of caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) in Malaysian farms, cases with clinica... more Despite the sero-positivity of caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) in Malaysian farms, cases with clinical signs of CLA are rarely encountered. An 8-month-old Saanen breed of goat was reported with a history of a subcutaneous mass beneath the jaw, on the right side. The consistency of the mass was non-movable, solid and hard on deep palpation. A tentative diagnosis of caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) was made based on the characteristic of the lesions presented and its contagious nature. The mass was incised and the purulent aspirate showed growth of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis on culture. Agar gel precipitation test (AGPT) was positive for Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. The mass was lanced and routine wound flushing resulted in recovery.

A one month old male Brangus calf with a history of navel ill was referred to the veterinary hosp... more A one month old male Brangus calf with a history of navel ill was referred to the veterinary hospital at University Putra-Malaysia. The calf was pyrexic, dull and depressed with increased respiratory and heart rates. The calf did not respond to the treatment and died. Grossly, the carcass was emaciated and pale. Post-mortem examination revealed oedematous lungs with frothy tracheal exudates, congested kidneys and cauliflower like lesions on both valves of the heart. Histopathologically, necrosis and haemorrhage were observed in the cardiac valves with infiltrations of bacterial colonies. Degeneration and necrosis of many renal tubular cells with evidence of detachment of these cells into the tubular lumen and septic emboli were also seen. In the brain, there were neuronal degeneration, necrosis and vascular injection of small vessels. All findings confirmed the diagnosis of septicemic and vegetative valvular endocarditis squeal to navel ill caused by E. coli infection.

A 1 week old male Boer cross breed goat weighing 3 kg was managed intensively in a cemented enclo... more A 1 week old male Boer cross breed goat weighing 3 kg was managed intensively in a cemented enclosure. The case was presented to the Ambulatory Unit of the Large Animal Ward, University Veterinary Hospital (UVH), Universiti Putra Malaysia. The kid was fed with colostrum. The patient was presented with swollen knee joint on both forelimbs, series of intermittent seizures, paddling, opisthotonus and torticollis. There was also loss of menace response and pupillary light reflex which indicates loss of sight of both eye s. The kid died and post mortem was conducted with the findings of severe congestion of the brain and spinal cord, mild congestion of the lung, kidney, liver and gastrointestinal tract. There were swelling of the knee joint of both forelimbs and suppurative synovial fluids. Histology revealed there were severe generalised congestion of the lung, brain and spinal cord. There were thickening of the intra-alveolar septa with some inflammatory cells and evidence of spongiosis in the central nervous system.

The study was carried out to investigate the incidence of equine hoof derangements in Malaysian h... more The study was carried out to investigate the incidence of equine hoof derangements in Malaysian horse population. The horses' hooves were examined in five establishments in Selangor, Putrajaya and Kuala Lumpur. The hoof conditions and predisposing factors examined were the thrush, soft sole, seedy toe, hoof crack, hoof ring, chip hoof, displaced coronet, the management and nutritional status. These were recorded via observational and personal communication. 53 horses were selected randomly and categorized into clinically healthy, actively working and shod from different breeds and usage. Factors that were compared with the incidence of hoof derangements were breed, use of the horse, hoof pigmentation, management and nutrition. The incidence rate for chipped hoof was the highest recorded with 52 cases (53.52%). The lowest incidence rate recorded was sand crack where only a single case was recorded (0.96%). Other hoof derangements were grass crack (40 cases/I.R 41.74%), Thrush (41 cases/I.R 40.20%), hoof ring (40cases/I.R 39.00%) and horizontal crack (3 cases/I.R 3.37%). The relationship between hoof pigmentation, breed and use of horse with the incidence of hoof derangements showed no significant difference except for use of horses with the condition of thrush and chipped hoof. This implies that adequate management of the equine hoof can thwart and reduce hoof wall derangements in working and racing horses. Therefore, improved nutrition, regular trimming and shoeing can protect the menace of hoof wall derangements and improve the performance and raise magnificent breeds of horses.

Haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle and buffaloes is an economically important livestock disease i... more Haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle and buffaloes is an economically important livestock disease in Asia including Malaysia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the biochemical and hematological alterations in mice model inoculated with outer membrane protein, lipopolysaccharides and whole cells of Pasteurella multocida type B: 2. Two hundred healthy male mice of eight to ten weeks old were used in this study. The mice were divided into four equal groups of 50 mice each. Mice of group 1 were inoculated intra-peritoneal with 1.0 mL sterile Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) pH7, group 2 were inoculated with 1.0 mL of 10 9 colony forming unit (cfu) of P. multocida B: 2. Mice of groups 3 and 4 were inoculated intraperitoneal with 1.0 mL of LPS and 1.0 mL of OMP, respectively. Blood samples were collected from the moribund animals and the biochemical and hematological parameters were assessed using ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer test. In the hematology, significant decreases were observed in the treatment groups compared to the control group. Increases were only observed in band neutrophils, eosinophils and plasma proteins in the treatment groups compared to the control group. In the serum biochemistry, significant increases were observed in the treatment groups compared to the control group. Decreases were only observed in AP and albumin: globulin ratio. In electrolytes, significant increases were observed in chloride and calcium in the treatment groups compared to the control. In conclusion, all the immunogen group of mice showed changes in complete blood count and biochemistry profiles with some differences between the groups.

Hemorrhagic septicemia is an acute, deadly disease of cattle and buffaloes associated with coloss... more Hemorrhagic septicemia is an acute, deadly disease of cattle and buffaloes associated with colossal economic loss in the livestock industry in the Asian regions particularly Malaysia. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate on the Polymerase chain reaction detection of Pasteurella multocida type B: 2 in mice inoculated through different routes with river water contaminated with infected mice carcasses. Sixty five mice were used for the study; five mice were placed in each tank containing river water for 24, 48 and 72 h. The groups comprise of five mice each made up of the control, intraperitoneal, oral and the aerosol routes. A dose of 1 mL 10 9 CFU of Pasteurella multocida type B: 2 obtained from the infected river water were inoculated into each group intraperitoneally and the aerosol route while, 0.4 mL of 10 9 CFU of Pasteurella multocida type B: 2 was inoculated orally into the group. The control group was inoculated with 1 mL buffer saline pH 7. The PCR results in the present study revealed the presence of P. multocida type B: 2 from the following organs brain, kidney, heart, spleen, lung and liver in the mice inoculated through intraperitoneal, oral and aerosol route. In the river water kept for 24 h P. multocida type B: 2 were detected in the organs through the intraperitoneal, oral and the aerosol routes. The river water kept for 48 and 72 h were positive for the isolation of P. multocida inoculated via the intraperitoneal and oral route, except the aerosol route where no significant P. multocida was detected in the organs using PCR. In conclusion, this model could be used to enhance the understanding of the progression of the disease and control of the natural disease through the various routes of the disease transmission. This study also postulated that the outbreak of HS among buffaloes and cattle could be due to the consumption of river water contaminated with infected HS carcasses.

Animals are predisposed to infections through varieties of ways which activate the innate immune ... more Animals are predisposed to infections through varieties of ways which activate the innate immune systems at the initial phase of acute infections. Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS) is a devastating septicemic disease of cattle and buffaloes caused by a particular serotypes of Pasteurella multocida and serotype B: 2 is the most important cause of the disease in Asia. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate on acute phase protein responses in mice infected with river water contaminated by Pasteurella multocida type B: 2. Five infected mice were placed in each tank containing river water for 24, 48 and 72 h. The groups comprise of five mice each made up of the control, intraperitoneal, oral and the aerosol routes. There were increased concentrations of Haptoglobin (Hp) in the mice inoculated with infected river water kept for 24 h intraperitoneally (p<0.0454) relative to the control, oral and the aerosol routes. There was significant increased concentration of Serum Amyloid A (SAA) in the mice that were inoculated with infected river water kept for 72 h intraperitoneally (p<0.0020) compared to control, orally and the aerosol routes. The intraperitoneal route though most effective in response but practically not feasible for vaccine administration in larger animals and the oral routes was inadequate in eliciting acute phase response in the present study of mice model. Therefore, the aerosol routes could perhaps be a readily available route for effective vaccine administration and heightened immunity in animals considering the progressive responses of APPs through this route.

Brucella melitensis (B. melitensis) are Gram-negative, aerobic, facultative intracellular bacteri... more Brucella melitensis (B. melitensis) are Gram-negative, aerobic, facultative intracellular bacteria that cause brucellosis that usually leads to abortion in sheep and goats. Three groups of equal number of 24 healthy female mice were used as animal models. They were orally inoculated with 0.4 mL of phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS-Control group), 0.4 mL of 10 9 cfu of B. melitensis and 0.4 mL of Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) extracted from 10 9 cfu of B. melitensis (both as treatment groups). Clinical signs exhibited by the mice were observed for 10 days, after which the survived mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation. Following that, post mortem was conducted and histopathological study of the reproductive organs was carried out. B. melitensis group showed mild clinical signs compared to LPS group which showed normal behaviours except for mild ruffled fur, 14 and 34 h post-inoculation, respectively. The control group (PBS) showed normal behaviours. Histopathology results revealed that both B. melitensis and LPS groups showed mild to moderate infiltration of inflammatory cells in the reproductive organs, along with normal to mild findings of necrosis. Mild to moderate haemorrhage were found in the mice of B. melitensis group, while LPS group showed normal to mild haemorrhage and moderate to severe congestion of the ovary. The study proved that mice infected orally with B. melitensis developed mild clinical signs whereas mice orally inoculated by its LPS showed normal behavior except for the mild ruffled fur. Moreover, both groups of mice inoculated with B. melitensis immunogens developed pathological changes in the reproductive organs. The LPS of B. melitensis could be a potential candidate for the development of vaccines.

A 7 month-old, male Katjang cross goat weighing 35kg with body condition score of 3/5 was present... more A 7 month-old, male Katjang cross goat weighing 35kg with body condition score of 3/5 was presented to Large Animal Ward, University Veterinary Hospital (UVH). The goat had pale mucous membrane and diarrhoea. The goat had moderate normocytic, normochromic anaemia with packed cell volume (PCV) of 0.14 (0.22-0.32) and low normal plasma protein, neutrophilia with left shift and monocytosis, including hyponatraemia, hypocalcaemia and hypoalbuminaemia with increased muscle enzyme (CK). Thin blood film stained with Geimsa showed evidence of blood parasites and mycoplasma sp. 0.1 % of RBC was infected and with high strongyle infestation (13900 epg) using modified McMaster technique. Blood transfusion was done as a result of decreased PCV value to 0.13 on the second day of hospitalization. Parasitic gastro-enteritis (PGE) concurrent with eperythrozoonosis infection was diagnosed in the goat.

A 4 year old female Friesian and Jersey cross breed dairy cattle weighing 300 kg was managed semi... more A 4 year old female Friesian and Jersey cross breed dairy cattle weighing 300 kg was managed semi-intensively. The case was presented to the Ambulatory unit of the Large Animal Ward, University Veterinary Hospital (UVH), Universiti Putra Malaysia. There was an epiphora of the affected right eye which had increased corneal opacity with episcleral congestion. There was loss of menace reflex of the left eye which indicates loss of sight of the right eye however; there were presence of palpebral reflex on both lateral and medial aspect of the eye. Swab sample of affected right eye was taken using a sterile swab for bacterial culture, isolation and identification. The culture is a mixed growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Pantoa aglomerans, and Staphylococcus intermedius. However, there were no growth of Moraxella bovis or Mycoplasma bovis as these two organisms are the commonly isolated organism in cases of IBK. The therapy was effective and show significant improvement within 30 days of treatment. There were no epiphora observed with reduced corneal opacity and formation of scar tissue in the center of the eye which indicate healing process. Menace and palpebral reflex tests proves positive results for both of the test.

A wound is the disruption in the continuity of skin. Infected wound leads to collection of pus in... more A wound is the disruption in the continuity of skin. Infected wound leads to collection of pus in a cavity formed by disintegration of tissues within the dermis or deeper skin tissues leading to cutaneous abscess. Cutaneuos abscesses wounds are common in goats and sheep but infection due to Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) is very rare. In this case report, a Shami goat which had a ruptured abscess at the neck and head region was initially suspected for caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C. pseudotuberculosis) however, the isolation and identification of pus and blood swab samples in an aseptic manner revealed the presence of Proteus species. The Proteus species showed resistance to wide range of antibiotic used in the treatment and causes a non healing abscess wound in the Shami goat.

This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of equine lameness and metabolic disorde... more This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of equine lameness and metabolic disorders in endurance horses during an endurance race. Out of 67 horses that participated in the race, 19 horses completed the race successfully without any derangement while 48 horses were eliminated from the race for various disorders. Fifty-three (53.73%) percent of these horses had metabolic disorders and 17.91% were eliminated due to lameness. The study showed that the highest number of endurance horses that were eliminated were due to metabolic disorders followed by lameness. These findings may assist veterinarians in designing laudable measures in the management and conditioning protocols of endurance horses during training and further prevent the morbidity and mortality during endurance races.

Speed, heart rate, lactate and uric acid alterations led to reduced performance and hamper the he... more Speed, heart rate, lactate and uric acid alterations led to reduced performance and hamper the health status of endurance horses. The aim of this study was to investigate on the effects of speed, heart rate, lactate and uric acid on the performance of Arabian horses during a 120 km endurance race. One hundred and eighty four Arabian endurance horses were physically examined and blood samples were collected post-race. After physical examination, the metabolic disordered (MD; n=130) and successfully completed (SC; n = 54) endurance horses were recognized. T-test was used for the analysis. The mean values of speed, heart rate, lactate and uric acid were significantly different (P<0.0001) between the MD and SC endurance horses. In conclusion, alterations in speed, heart rate, blood lactate and uric acid led to poor performance and encumbered the health status of endurance horses. Speed, heart rate, blood lactate and uric acid could be used to appraise performance and health status in endurance horses during training and endurance events.

Problem statement: Endurance horses are generally exposed to severe stress during endurance compe... more Problem statement: Endurance horses are generally exposed to severe stress during endurance competitions. These horses are however conditioned to cover the long distances of the competitions at moderate speeds. Approach: This study was conducted in Malaysia to determine the post-race hematological, blood electrolyte and biochemical and physical parameters of horses of 40, 80 and 120 km endurance race categories and eliminated and horses that completed the races with good performance. Whole blood, plasma and serum samples were collected after each race. Results: After physical examination 7 (9.72%) 120 km-, 48 (66.67%) 80 km-and 17 (23.61%) 40 km-race horses were eliminated. Eight horses, all from the 80 km-race category completed the race with good performance. The mean heart of the good performance horses (74.2±13.9 beats min −1 ) was higher than that of the eliminated 40 km-(68.2±14.7 beats min −1 ), 80 km-race (62.9±9.7 beats min −1 ) horses. The blood lactate concentration of good performance horses was 9.2±2.2 mmol L −1 , which was significantly higher than in the 40 km-(6.0±2.9 mmol L −1 ), 80 km-(6.7±3.2 mmol L −1 ) and the 120 km-race (6.4±1.6 mmol L −1 ) horses. The blood glucose concentration was lower in the good performance horses (1.6±0.9 mmol L −1 ) than the eliminated 40 km-(5.7±1.9 mmol L −1 ), 80 km-(4.3±2.4 mmol L −1 ) and the 120 km-race (5.0±1.4 mmol L −1 ) horses. Conclusion: The study showed that eliminated horses exhibited poorer glucose utilization than good performance horses, which may have resulted in poor lactate production. Thus the blood lactate and glucose concentrations of horses during training may be used to predict their performance in endurance races.

Etiopathogenesis of equine pyometra is poorly understood. Diagnosis can be made via physical exam... more Etiopathogenesis of equine pyometra is poorly understood. Diagnosis can be made via physical examination and ultrasonography findings. The recurrence of cases after treatment is high. In the present study, a case of equine pyometra was presented to the University Veterinary Teaching hospital, Universiti Putra Malaysia. On presentation, physical examination and ultrasound finding revealed 'snowy' appearance of the uterus. Uterine flushing was performed and milky creamy exudate was collected using uterine flushing tube. Bacteria isolation and identification showed mix growth of Streptococcus dysagalatiae ss equisimilis and Serratia spp. The systemic antibiotics administered were trimetoprim and sulphadiazine intravenously at the dose rate of 1ml/16 kg body weight (26ml), SID for 5 day. However, ultrasonography examination after 3 weeks revealed recurrence of the problem.