Jacques de Maillard | Université Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines (original) (raw)

Books (authored and edited) by Jacques de Maillard

Research paper thumbnail of Police et société en France

Presses de Sciences Po, 2023

Sous la direction de S l di t cti ion n d de de So So So Sous us us us l l l la a a a di di di di... more Sous la direction de S l di t cti ion n d de de So So So Sous us us us l l l la a a a di di di dire re rect ct ct tio io io ion n n n de de de

Research paper thumbnail of Comparative policing

Comparative policing, 2022

This book is a systematic and comparative analysis of police systems in the Western world, lookin... more This book is a systematic and comparative analysis of police systems in the Western world, looking at their structure and how they tackle contemporary social problems, such as economic austerity, multi-level governance, transnational change, relations with minorities and transformation of delinquency. Core content includes:
• Comparative histories of the formation of national police systems;
• A discussion of centralised and decentralised police systems;
• International differences in community policing;
• A review of different police strategies in fighting delinquency and reducing urban disorder;
• A comparative analysis of different ways of controlling police misconduct;
• An exploration of different models of plural policing.
While other books focus on policing in relation to measures effective in decreasing delinquency and augmenting security, this book considers the political, professional, administrative and political economic parameters which frame and shape the course of police reforms. It also explores how operational policing is shaped by the cultural and institutional contexts in which it is located. It is essential reading for students engaged in international police studies and comparative criminal justice.

Research paper thumbnail of Introduction: Challenges and promises of comparative policing research

Compared to the burgeoning literature on the determinants of penal policies in various Western co... more Compared to the burgeoning literature on the determinants of penal policies in various Western countries, and compared to criminology in general, the comparative study of policing is an underdeveloped area of research. We acknowledge the practical and theoretical difficulties of such an approach, but we defend its main benefits. Studying policing comparatively allows for a better knowledge of national systems, an understanding of basic concepts such as centralisation, and a stronger recognition of the diverging and converging trends in policing policies at a global level. Traditional comparisons of national models considered policing systems in broad categories (Anglo-Saxon versus continental European, for example). Here, we suggest that models should be broken down into their elementary components and main organisational features (degree of centralisation, mechanisms of oversight and others). The manner in which the features of the national or more local contexts relate to policing deserves more attention.

Research paper thumbnail of Policing in France-Preprint (Table of contents+Introduction)

Policing in France, 2020

In most international comparisons France typifies the "Napoleonic" model for policing, one featur... more In most international comparisons France typifies the "Napoleonic" model for policing, one featuring administrative and political centralization, a strong hierarchical structure, distance from local communities, and a high priority on political policing. The eminent contributors to a new collection Policing in France provide an updated and more accurate picture of how the French police system really works in the 21st Century. France has undergone a process of pluralization in the last 30 years. French administrative and political decentralization has reemphasized the role of local authorities in public security policies; the private security industry has grown significantly; and new kinds of governing models (based on arrangements such as "contracts" for service provision) have emerged. In addition, during this period, police organizations have been driven toward central government control through the imposition of performance indicators, and a top-down decision was made to integrate the national gendarmerie into the ministry of interior.

Research paper thumbnail of Polices comparées - extraits.pdf

Cet ouvrage s’attache à un sujet encore trop peu travaillé : la comparaison des polices, ou plus ... more Cet ouvrage s’attache à un sujet encore trop peu travaillé : la comparaison des polices, ou plus précisément des systèmes de police. Or, comparer permet mieux comprendre les activités policières, en examinant précisément le mélange d’unité et de diversité des types d’organisations, doctrines et stratégies de réformes, relations police-population, modes de contrôle ou encore de la part prise par les forces de sécurité privée.
Une telle analyse demande d’être attentif aux logiques de convergence : comment certains slogans, certaines innovations, certains dispositifs s’exportent, circulent entre différents pays. Elle exige en retour de ne pas négliger les réappropriations et réinventions locales et nationales : la police de proximité a-t-elle le même sens dans les différents pays occidentaux ? Les pratiques de contrôle d’identité ont-ils la même ampleur ?
Cette démarche permet également de mieux comprendre les singularités de l’organisation policière française. Il s’adresse aux étudiants en droit, science politique, sociologie et histoire intéressés par les questions policières, ainsi qu’aux professionnels du domaine.

Research paper thumbnail of Sociologie de la police

Research paper thumbnail of Analyser les politiques publiques-Introduction

Research paper thumbnail of Analyser les politiques publiques-Table des matières

Research paper thumbnail of Politiques publiques sous Sarkozy-Introduction

Research paper thumbnail of Politiques publiques sous Sarkozy-TdM

Articles in English by Jacques de Maillard

Research paper thumbnail of Police Racism in France and Germany: Occupational Socialisation and Institutional Guidelines 1

Policing race, ethnicity and culture, 2023

Our article aims to contribute to the topic of police racism by showing how the dynamics of racia... more Our article aims to contribute to the topic of police racism by showing how the dynamics of racialization and racism are rooted both in the occupational experiences of French and German police officers and in their ways of describing reality. Based on data collected through several observational and/or interview-based studies conducted among police forces in France and Germany, our chapter follows the footsteps of a body of research that considers police occupational socialisation as the main variable explaining how police officers may embrace and pass on racialized patterns of perception. We make a distinction between racialization, whose underlying logic is the production of racial hierarchies and the attribution of social and behavioural features to certain categories of the population (in the present case ethnic/racial minorities), and racism, defined as one specific instance of racialization characterised by the hostile stereotyping of said categories, what we call the “temptation of racism”. Despite these shared patterns, the practices of police forces differ, as German police officers tend to be less prone to discrimination than their French counterparts. To explain this discrepancy, we shall see that institutional authorities differ significantly in terms of how they address the question of racism, both in their discourse and in their management methods, or even in the prioritisation of police tasks.

Research paper thumbnail of Trajectories of reform in European police systems: Centralization, decentralization, and coordination

Revue française de science politique, 2021

Whether it is a matter of incentivizing partnerships, implementing performance indicators, develo... more Whether it is a matter of incentivizing partnerships, implementing performance indicators, developing regional police forces, or, on the contrary, nationalizing police organizations, the contemporary transformations of European police systems have rarely been analyzed from a comparative perspective. Looking at the reform trajectories of three different countries (one country with a Napoleonic tradition [France] and three countries that display moderate pluralism [England/Wales and the Netherlands]), this article shall identify the major trends of reform along two axes: centralization/decentralization and integration/fragmentation. It will highlight the juxtaposition of attempts at centralization with the conflicting implementation of new managerial reforms, as well as the different forms of politicization associated with issues of policing and delinquency.

Research paper thumbnail of Experiencing Police Stops in France. Low-Level Tensions, Trust and Citizenship

European Journal of Policing Studies, 2022

Police stops are teachable moments, as they generate information concerning the status of the par... more Police stops are teachable moments, as they generate information concerning the status of the parties involved and the relationship between them. In France, research has highlighted the concentration of identity checks on young males from ethnic minorities living in urban areas. However, the contents of the interactions during police stops and the consequences of these stops have seldom been explored. On the basis of two research projects (a survey from the French Defender of Rights, and some direct observations of police-public interactions), we analyze here experiences of police stops. Although the behaviour of the police officers is mostly said to be polite, the relaxation of professional standards is, nevertheless, significant, and more accentuated for the young, male and minority populations. We find the roots of a vicious relational circle. The risk of a 'police stops trap' is obvious, as reciprocal hostile attitudes feed one another. We argue that targeted police practices undermine trust in the police and feed a more critical conception of citizenship.

Research paper thumbnail of Performance mechanisms meet professional autonomy: performance management and professional discretion within police investigation departments

Policing and Society, 2021

As with other parts of the public sector, policing has had to confront the principles and process... more As with other parts of the public sector, policing has had to confront the principles and processes attached to new public management. This paper examines the impact of police performance management on the 'occupational professionalism' of British policing actors with a particular focus on organisational units concerned with criminal investigation. Based on qualitative empirical research on two major police forces in England and Wales, the paper arrives at three main conclusions. First, there appears to be a clear impact of police performance management, with its instruments of standardised operational procedures, performance monitoring and strengthened internal accountability, on the professional autonomy given to police actors. This takes the form of what others have seen as a shift from 'occupational professionalism' to 'organisational professionalism'. Second, despite this overall trend, tensions and professional rivalries remain between police frontline officers, supervisors and middle managers around the perceived virtues and practices of performance management. In particular concerns are expressed at various levels over the dangers of 'short-termism' in police decision-making. Third, and building on this finding, varied modes of professional adaptation to the police performance regime have occurred in which some sectors, notably those involved with high profile serious criminal investigations, have worked to win professional space and exploit a hierarchy of prestige in order to actively interpret and shape agendas. We conclude that this situation is akin to the 'managed professionalism' found amongst many other public service professions.

Research paper thumbnail of The enforcement turn in plural policing? A comparative analysis of public police auxiliaries in England & Wales, France and The Netherlands

This paper examines 'auxiliary' police in three European countries and the extent to which they c... more This paper examines 'auxiliary' police in three European countries and the extent to which they continue to present a pluralisation of public sector policing. Examining findings from existing empirical research, we will argue that despite different origins, systems of governance, formal powers and levels of centralisation, the police auxiliaries in England, France and The Netherlands have all experienced an overall trend towards becoming more 'enforcement-orientated'. This unique comparative analysis measures each agency's powers, appearance, organisational dimensions and mandate and the associated drivers towards change, such as the politicisation of law and order, large-scale institutional transformations and professionalisation attempts. This analysis will have implications for pluralised policing scholarship as it questions the extent to which auxiliary officers provide a true alternative to the standard or national public policing mandate, which has historically highlighted the 'law and order' function of the police. It also highlights the lack of research on what 'policing by government' (Loader 2000) looks like in practice and the need for further comparative research with these auxiliary state policing actors.

Research paper thumbnail of Between Organisational and Occupational Professionalism: Contemporary Contradictions in British Police Forces

Research paper thumbnail of Policing the Corona Crisis-A comparison between France and the Netherlands

International journal of police science and management, 2021

The policing of measures to control the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a core aspect of the cu... more The policing of measures to control the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a core aspect of the current corona crisis. This article concentrates on differences in policing the corona crisis in France and the Netherlands. There are huge differences in policing the corona crisis between the two jurisdictions: France with a very strict, repressive approach, and the Netherlands with a more pragmatic, communicative and responsibilizing style. These differences can be understood by looking at the underlying frames about the relationship between state and citizens. The differences in frames about the relationship between police and citizens are more or less similar between the two countries. In France, the dominant frame is of policing as a matter of ‘force’ and ‘war’; the Dutch policing style is framed in terms of responsibilization, communication and persuasion. Despite these important differences, there are also similarities. In both countries there have been fundamental criticisms of the legal basis of the corona measures and of the way that these have been policed. The issues of protest and criticism are often related to the specific dominating frames, in a paradoxical way. The Dutch approach, with its emphasis on proximity, communication and shared responsibilities, may be more effective in realizing compliance with the anti-corona rules than the French one, with its distrust of citizens, use of sanctions and war-like rhetoric. The question is raised of whether the Dutch approach will also be successful if awareness of the dangers of the virus and of the importance of self-control declines.

Research paper thumbnail of COMMUNITY POLICING IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE

Oxford Research Encyclopedias, Criminology and Criminal Justice, 2021

Community (oriented) policing has become one of the worldwide most popular models of policing. Af... more Community (oriented) policing has become one of the worldwide most popular models of policing. After its initial implementation in many Western countries, community policing has also been transferred to transitional societies often without strong democratic traditions. The international diffusion of community policing should not make us forget that community policing comes in all shapes and sizes and is highly varied in its operations. After having defined the concept and analyzed its rise in Anglo-American countries, this diversity is illustrated by scrutinizing its implementation in different national configurations: a continental European country relatively open to Anglo-American influences (the Netherlands), socially homogeneous countries with a high level of trust in the police (the Nordic countries), a centralized country with an administrative Napoleonic tradition (France) and post-conflict societies (South Africa and Northern Ireland).

Research paper thumbnail of Ch13 ID Checks as a professional repertoire

Research paper thumbnail of Chapter 18. Community Policing Initiatives in France

Research paper thumbnail of Police et société en France

Presses de Sciences Po, 2023

Sous la direction de S l di t cti ion n d de de So So So Sous us us us l l l la a a a di di di di... more Sous la direction de S l di t cti ion n d de de So So So Sous us us us l l l la a a a di di di dire re rect ct ct tio io io ion n n n de de de

Research paper thumbnail of Comparative policing

Comparative policing, 2022

This book is a systematic and comparative analysis of police systems in the Western world, lookin... more This book is a systematic and comparative analysis of police systems in the Western world, looking at their structure and how they tackle contemporary social problems, such as economic austerity, multi-level governance, transnational change, relations with minorities and transformation of delinquency. Core content includes:
• Comparative histories of the formation of national police systems;
• A discussion of centralised and decentralised police systems;
• International differences in community policing;
• A review of different police strategies in fighting delinquency and reducing urban disorder;
• A comparative analysis of different ways of controlling police misconduct;
• An exploration of different models of plural policing.
While other books focus on policing in relation to measures effective in decreasing delinquency and augmenting security, this book considers the political, professional, administrative and political economic parameters which frame and shape the course of police reforms. It also explores how operational policing is shaped by the cultural and institutional contexts in which it is located. It is essential reading for students engaged in international police studies and comparative criminal justice.

Research paper thumbnail of Introduction: Challenges and promises of comparative policing research

Compared to the burgeoning literature on the determinants of penal policies in various Western co... more Compared to the burgeoning literature on the determinants of penal policies in various Western countries, and compared to criminology in general, the comparative study of policing is an underdeveloped area of research. We acknowledge the practical and theoretical difficulties of such an approach, but we defend its main benefits. Studying policing comparatively allows for a better knowledge of national systems, an understanding of basic concepts such as centralisation, and a stronger recognition of the diverging and converging trends in policing policies at a global level. Traditional comparisons of national models considered policing systems in broad categories (Anglo-Saxon versus continental European, for example). Here, we suggest that models should be broken down into their elementary components and main organisational features (degree of centralisation, mechanisms of oversight and others). The manner in which the features of the national or more local contexts relate to policing deserves more attention.

Research paper thumbnail of Policing in France-Preprint (Table of contents+Introduction)

Policing in France, 2020

In most international comparisons France typifies the "Napoleonic" model for policing, one featur... more In most international comparisons France typifies the "Napoleonic" model for policing, one featuring administrative and political centralization, a strong hierarchical structure, distance from local communities, and a high priority on political policing. The eminent contributors to a new collection Policing in France provide an updated and more accurate picture of how the French police system really works in the 21st Century. France has undergone a process of pluralization in the last 30 years. French administrative and political decentralization has reemphasized the role of local authorities in public security policies; the private security industry has grown significantly; and new kinds of governing models (based on arrangements such as "contracts" for service provision) have emerged. In addition, during this period, police organizations have been driven toward central government control through the imposition of performance indicators, and a top-down decision was made to integrate the national gendarmerie into the ministry of interior.

Research paper thumbnail of Polices comparées - extraits.pdf

Cet ouvrage s’attache à un sujet encore trop peu travaillé : la comparaison des polices, ou plus ... more Cet ouvrage s’attache à un sujet encore trop peu travaillé : la comparaison des polices, ou plus précisément des systèmes de police. Or, comparer permet mieux comprendre les activités policières, en examinant précisément le mélange d’unité et de diversité des types d’organisations, doctrines et stratégies de réformes, relations police-population, modes de contrôle ou encore de la part prise par les forces de sécurité privée.
Une telle analyse demande d’être attentif aux logiques de convergence : comment certains slogans, certaines innovations, certains dispositifs s’exportent, circulent entre différents pays. Elle exige en retour de ne pas négliger les réappropriations et réinventions locales et nationales : la police de proximité a-t-elle le même sens dans les différents pays occidentaux ? Les pratiques de contrôle d’identité ont-ils la même ampleur ?
Cette démarche permet également de mieux comprendre les singularités de l’organisation policière française. Il s’adresse aux étudiants en droit, science politique, sociologie et histoire intéressés par les questions policières, ainsi qu’aux professionnels du domaine.

Research paper thumbnail of Sociologie de la police

Research paper thumbnail of Analyser les politiques publiques-Introduction

Research paper thumbnail of Analyser les politiques publiques-Table des matières

Research paper thumbnail of Politiques publiques sous Sarkozy-Introduction

Research paper thumbnail of Politiques publiques sous Sarkozy-TdM

Research paper thumbnail of Police Racism in France and Germany: Occupational Socialisation and Institutional Guidelines 1

Policing race, ethnicity and culture, 2023

Our article aims to contribute to the topic of police racism by showing how the dynamics of racia... more Our article aims to contribute to the topic of police racism by showing how the dynamics of racialization and racism are rooted both in the occupational experiences of French and German police officers and in their ways of describing reality. Based on data collected through several observational and/or interview-based studies conducted among police forces in France and Germany, our chapter follows the footsteps of a body of research that considers police occupational socialisation as the main variable explaining how police officers may embrace and pass on racialized patterns of perception. We make a distinction between racialization, whose underlying logic is the production of racial hierarchies and the attribution of social and behavioural features to certain categories of the population (in the present case ethnic/racial minorities), and racism, defined as one specific instance of racialization characterised by the hostile stereotyping of said categories, what we call the “temptation of racism”. Despite these shared patterns, the practices of police forces differ, as German police officers tend to be less prone to discrimination than their French counterparts. To explain this discrepancy, we shall see that institutional authorities differ significantly in terms of how they address the question of racism, both in their discourse and in their management methods, or even in the prioritisation of police tasks.

Research paper thumbnail of Trajectories of reform in European police systems: Centralization, decentralization, and coordination

Revue française de science politique, 2021

Whether it is a matter of incentivizing partnerships, implementing performance indicators, develo... more Whether it is a matter of incentivizing partnerships, implementing performance indicators, developing regional police forces, or, on the contrary, nationalizing police organizations, the contemporary transformations of European police systems have rarely been analyzed from a comparative perspective. Looking at the reform trajectories of three different countries (one country with a Napoleonic tradition [France] and three countries that display moderate pluralism [England/Wales and the Netherlands]), this article shall identify the major trends of reform along two axes: centralization/decentralization and integration/fragmentation. It will highlight the juxtaposition of attempts at centralization with the conflicting implementation of new managerial reforms, as well as the different forms of politicization associated with issues of policing and delinquency.

Research paper thumbnail of Experiencing Police Stops in France. Low-Level Tensions, Trust and Citizenship

European Journal of Policing Studies, 2022

Police stops are teachable moments, as they generate information concerning the status of the par... more Police stops are teachable moments, as they generate information concerning the status of the parties involved and the relationship between them. In France, research has highlighted the concentration of identity checks on young males from ethnic minorities living in urban areas. However, the contents of the interactions during police stops and the consequences of these stops have seldom been explored. On the basis of two research projects (a survey from the French Defender of Rights, and some direct observations of police-public interactions), we analyze here experiences of police stops. Although the behaviour of the police officers is mostly said to be polite, the relaxation of professional standards is, nevertheless, significant, and more accentuated for the young, male and minority populations. We find the roots of a vicious relational circle. The risk of a 'police stops trap' is obvious, as reciprocal hostile attitudes feed one another. We argue that targeted police practices undermine trust in the police and feed a more critical conception of citizenship.

Research paper thumbnail of Performance mechanisms meet professional autonomy: performance management and professional discretion within police investigation departments

Policing and Society, 2021

As with other parts of the public sector, policing has had to confront the principles and process... more As with other parts of the public sector, policing has had to confront the principles and processes attached to new public management. This paper examines the impact of police performance management on the 'occupational professionalism' of British policing actors with a particular focus on organisational units concerned with criminal investigation. Based on qualitative empirical research on two major police forces in England and Wales, the paper arrives at three main conclusions. First, there appears to be a clear impact of police performance management, with its instruments of standardised operational procedures, performance monitoring and strengthened internal accountability, on the professional autonomy given to police actors. This takes the form of what others have seen as a shift from 'occupational professionalism' to 'organisational professionalism'. Second, despite this overall trend, tensions and professional rivalries remain between police frontline officers, supervisors and middle managers around the perceived virtues and practices of performance management. In particular concerns are expressed at various levels over the dangers of 'short-termism' in police decision-making. Third, and building on this finding, varied modes of professional adaptation to the police performance regime have occurred in which some sectors, notably those involved with high profile serious criminal investigations, have worked to win professional space and exploit a hierarchy of prestige in order to actively interpret and shape agendas. We conclude that this situation is akin to the 'managed professionalism' found amongst many other public service professions.

Research paper thumbnail of The enforcement turn in plural policing? A comparative analysis of public police auxiliaries in England & Wales, France and The Netherlands

This paper examines 'auxiliary' police in three European countries and the extent to which they c... more This paper examines 'auxiliary' police in three European countries and the extent to which they continue to present a pluralisation of public sector policing. Examining findings from existing empirical research, we will argue that despite different origins, systems of governance, formal powers and levels of centralisation, the police auxiliaries in England, France and The Netherlands have all experienced an overall trend towards becoming more 'enforcement-orientated'. This unique comparative analysis measures each agency's powers, appearance, organisational dimensions and mandate and the associated drivers towards change, such as the politicisation of law and order, large-scale institutional transformations and professionalisation attempts. This analysis will have implications for pluralised policing scholarship as it questions the extent to which auxiliary officers provide a true alternative to the standard or national public policing mandate, which has historically highlighted the 'law and order' function of the police. It also highlights the lack of research on what 'policing by government' (Loader 2000) looks like in practice and the need for further comparative research with these auxiliary state policing actors.

Research paper thumbnail of Between Organisational and Occupational Professionalism: Contemporary Contradictions in British Police Forces

Research paper thumbnail of Policing the Corona Crisis-A comparison between France and the Netherlands

International journal of police science and management, 2021

The policing of measures to control the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a core aspect of the cu... more The policing of measures to control the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a core aspect of the current corona crisis. This article concentrates on differences in policing the corona crisis in France and the Netherlands. There are huge differences in policing the corona crisis between the two jurisdictions: France with a very strict, repressive approach, and the Netherlands with a more pragmatic, communicative and responsibilizing style. These differences can be understood by looking at the underlying frames about the relationship between state and citizens. The differences in frames about the relationship between police and citizens are more or less similar between the two countries. In France, the dominant frame is of policing as a matter of ‘force’ and ‘war’; the Dutch policing style is framed in terms of responsibilization, communication and persuasion. Despite these important differences, there are also similarities. In both countries there have been fundamental criticisms of the legal basis of the corona measures and of the way that these have been policed. The issues of protest and criticism are often related to the specific dominating frames, in a paradoxical way. The Dutch approach, with its emphasis on proximity, communication and shared responsibilities, may be more effective in realizing compliance with the anti-corona rules than the French one, with its distrust of citizens, use of sanctions and war-like rhetoric. The question is raised of whether the Dutch approach will also be successful if awareness of the dangers of the virus and of the importance of self-control declines.

Research paper thumbnail of COMMUNITY POLICING IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE

Oxford Research Encyclopedias, Criminology and Criminal Justice, 2021

Community (oriented) policing has become one of the worldwide most popular models of policing. Af... more Community (oriented) policing has become one of the worldwide most popular models of policing. After its initial implementation in many Western countries, community policing has also been transferred to transitional societies often without strong democratic traditions. The international diffusion of community policing should not make us forget that community policing comes in all shapes and sizes and is highly varied in its operations. After having defined the concept and analyzed its rise in Anglo-American countries, this diversity is illustrated by scrutinizing its implementation in different national configurations: a continental European country relatively open to Anglo-American influences (the Netherlands), socially homogeneous countries with a high level of trust in the police (the Nordic countries), a centralized country with an administrative Napoleonic tradition (France) and post-conflict societies (South Africa and Northern Ireland).

Research paper thumbnail of Ch13 ID Checks as a professional repertoire

Research paper thumbnail of Chapter 18. Community Policing Initiatives in France

Research paper thumbnail of Why European mayors emphasize urban security: Evidence from a survey in 28 European countries

Urban security has become a pressing political issue in many European cities. This study seeks to... more Urban security has become a pressing political issue in many European cities. This study seeks to understand why some city governments consider urban security to be a policy priority, whereas others do not. Using data from a recent survey of 2674 city mayors in 28 European countries, we test four hypotheses on factors associated with the prioritization of urban security by local politicians. The results show that European mayors' emphasis on urban security as a policy goal varies strongly across countries, as well as across cities within countries. Besides contextual factors related to national political culture, welfare regimes and local autonomy, we find that mayors' preferences on security policy are most strongly associated with political ideology, that is, their self-placement on the left-right spectrum. In addition, crime trends and public opinion about crime play a role. The study demonstrates that there is no convergence of political agendas on urban security issues across European cities.

Research paper thumbnail of Recent Developments Within French Policy Studies Jacques de Maillard and Andy Smith

Since the early 1990s, three issues have progressively become sustained objects of debates within... more Since the early 1990s, three issues have progressively become sustained objects of debates within French policy analysis: the causal role of ideas within public action; the relationship between institutions and actors; and how studying public policies reveals both the state and politics. Indeed, this progression mirrors the way specialists based in France have engaged in international debates over the last three decades. If, in the 1990s, this field of study was essentially autonomous from extra-national developments, by contrast the following decade was marked by wholesale importation of approaches initiated elsewhere. Since the end of the 2000s, however, greater cross-fertilization between endogenous and exogenous perspectives has emerged, alongside a greater willingness to participate assertively and cumulatively in international scientific fora.

Research paper thumbnail of Police performance regimes and police activity: Compstat in Paris and London compared

This paper analyses the implementation of Compstat-like processes in two large European police or... more This paper analyses the implementation of Compstat-like processes in two large European police organizations: the Metropolitan Police Service in London and the Préfecture de police in Paris. Compstat-like processes are characterized by processes framed by performance indicators and targets, performance assessment sessions, units dedicated to the collection and analysis of performance data, and information processing requiring the use of crime data. Such processes raise two broad sets of questions. First, do these innovations lead to tighter or more encompassing crime control strategies? Second, does the old command-and-control organizational model of police departments emerge reinforced, or does innovation foster the emergence of a new, more deliberative, problem-solving style of management? The paper analyses the mix of common features (limited geographical decentralization, increasing internal accountability based on the centrality of quantitative data, the prioritizing of crime reduction, and the influence of new technologies on how data is used) and differences (the range of indicators used, broader in London, and the management styles, more in line with a neo-managerial impetus in London). Interpreting these contrasts requires an analytical framework combining both the administrative, political and cultural traditions in the two police forces and the intentional projects carried out by political and professional actors. The international diffusion of Compstat 1 epitomizes the combined effects of two broad dynamics impinging on contemporary policing: the diffusion of performance measurement tools inspired by neo-managerial thinking, and a strong push from novel

Research paper thumbnail of Policing as a performing art? The contradictory nature of contemporary police performance management

Performance management in criminal justice organizations has become a prominent issue in many cou... more Performance management in criminal justice organizations has become a prominent issue in many countries and has faced increasing criticisms by scholars and practitioners. In this regard it is important to examine empirically how performance frameworks work concretely. We do so through the empirical examination of 'performance regimes', that is, the sets of performance indicators, internal procedures, instruments and processes of internal accountability through which performance is defined, assessed and monitored work in police organizations. By using the categories of traditional (target-based, top–down and short-term) and advanced (processes, more deliberative and creative and long-term) performance regimes, we have charted a process of evolution illustrated by the experience of two police forces in England. We argue that police performance management is a contradictory and hybrid process containing elements of both traditional and advanced regimes and in constant flux between them. Problem-solving and a focus on the quality of processes coexist with cascading pressures, an emphasis on numerical targets and other features of more traditional regimes.

Research paper thumbnail of Studying policing comparatively: obstacles, preliminary results and promises

Compared to the burgeoning literature on the determinants of penal policies in various Western co... more Compared to the burgeoning literature on the determinants of penal policies in various Western countries, and compared to criminology in general, the comparative study of policing is an underdeveloped area of research. We acknowledge the practical and theoretical difficulties of such an approach, but we defend its main benefits. Studying policing comparatively allows for a better knowledge of national systems, an understanding of basic concepts such as centralisation, and a stronger recognition of the diverging and converging trends in policing policies at a global level. Traditional comparisons of national models considered policing systems in broad categories (Anglo-Saxon versus continental European, for example). Here, we suggest rather that models need to be broken down into their elementary components and main organisational features (degree of centralisation, mechanisms of oversight and others).

Research paper thumbnail of Plural policing in Paris: variations and pitfalls of cooperation between national and municipal police forces

The city of Paris, which epitomises the French tendency towards centralisation, has not escaped t... more The city of Paris, which epitomises the French tendency towards centralisation, has not escaped the global trend towards a pluralisation of policing. Parisian streets, parks and gardens and social estates are now being patrolled by a variety of uniformed professionals. This article aims to analyse the issues raised by the process of coordinating multiple actors. First, these non-police officers patrolling the streets are mapped in order to define their identities. Next, cooperative relationships and rivalries between these various actors are analysed, highlighting the differentiated configurations of the Parisian plural policing complex. We stress the differentiated nature of the regulation of plural policing in Paris and the importance of interindividual relations as a driver for cooperation. We also emphasise the pitfalls of coordination, in a context marked by several layers of cooperation and conflicting professional priorities.

Research paper thumbnail of Different styles of policing in France and Germany

By analysing French and German police stop and search on the streets based on embedded observatio... more By analysing French and German police stop and search on the streets based
on embedded observations in police patrols and findings of a large school survey,
this article comparatively questions their determinants. Control practices diverge in
their frequency: the German police officers control less proactively than their French
counterparts. The targets of controls also differ: a concentration on visible minorities
is much more pervasive among the French police officers. These divergences may be
explained by contrasted professional orientations, especially the importance given to
the crime control agenda, and state/society relations.

Research paper thumbnail of Plural policing of public places in France. Between private and local policing

This paper analyzes the changing public/private as well as central/local relationships for the pr... more This paper analyzes the changing public/private as well as central/local relationships for the provision of public security in public places in France. It describes the emergence and development of a now frequent public-private mix in policing, based on the hot issue of regulating social behaviours in public places. The significance of the French model in terms of the nature of privatization and pluralization is then discussed and compared to international trends. The rise of a local level
public-private mix, while not unique in Europe, appears as a major shift in a French environment traditionally characterized by the structural centralization of its public forces.

Research paper thumbnail of Comparing performance: the development of police performance management in France and Britain

Policing and Society, 2012

Research paper thumbnail of Projecting national preferences: police co-operation, organizations and polities

Research paper thumbnail of Chapitre 11. Les contrôles d’identité. Du répertoire professionnel au problème public

Police et société en France, 2023

Chapitre 11 Les contrôles d'identité. Du répertoire professionnel au problème public

Research paper thumbnail of Chapitre 12. Police et population. La difficile quête de proximité

Police et société en France, 2023

Les préoccupations des pays occidentaux quant aux relations entre police et population, plus spéc... more Les préoccupations des pays occidentaux quant aux relations entre police et population, plus spécifiquement dans les espaces urbains, n'échappent pas à la France. Les tensions récurrentes entre jeunes et forces de police dans certains quartiers, dont les émeutes sont emblématiques, l'augmentation de l'insécurité et l'inadaptation des modes de travail policier ont été problématisées dès la fin des années 1970. Durant les années 1980 et 1990, sont apparus les thèmes de la proximité et de la relation entre les forces de police et les quartiers de relégation, qui ont encouragé la mise en place de partenariats associant forces de police et divers acteurs locaux, notamment les municipalités. La réforme de la police de proximité engagée à la fin des années 1990 peut être vue comme un aboutissement de ce processus. Les années 2000, en revanche, n'ont guère été favorables à de telles orientations : les transformations néomanagériales tout comme la politisation de la sécurité ont remis en cause les réformes engagées à la fin des années 1990. La police de proximité s'est vue reléguée, à la fois symboliquement et concrètement. Une réorientation semble s'être amorcée depuis 2017-2018, mais sans que se soient produits des changements massifs, et les quelques éléments disponibles incitent à la prudence, voire au scepticisme. Avant de revenir sur ces différents périodes comme nous allons le faire dans ce chapitre, il convient de procéder à une précision sémantique. Le terme de « police de proximité », qui renvoie à l'anglais community policing, est souvent critiqué pour son caractère vague et indéfini. Néanmoins, les trois caractéristiques qu'il implique, relevées par Wesley Skogan (2006), constituent une bonne définition de départ pour cerner les spécificités des initiatives prises en France. Premièrement, les agents sont assignés à des territoires spécifiques et les responsabilités sont décentralisées. En d'autres termes, plutôt que de circuler en automobile sur de larges zones, ils effectuent des patrouilles pédestres, à vélo ou à cheval sur des territoires plus réduits ; des chefs d'unité territoriale deviennent responsables de la définition des objectifs et de l'allocation des ressources sur leur territoire ; les agents de base ont la capacité d'identifier les problèmes locaux et trouver des solutions avec l'aide de la population. Deuxièmement, la participation du public est accrue. Il peut s'agir d'organiser des réunions avec la population afin de renseigner la police sur les besoins et les problèmes locaux, d'aider cette dernière à mobiliser différents partenaires (associations, bailleurs, etc.), de lui faire connaître les contraintes qu'elle

Research paper thumbnail of Introduction. Police et société en France. Un modèle policier à l'épreuve

Police et société en France, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Des systèmes policiers européens en recomposition

Revue française de science politique

Le 1 er octobre 2017, lors du référendum sur l'indépendance de la Catalogne, les Mossos d'Esquadr... more Le 1 er octobre 2017, lors du référendum sur l'indépendance de la Catalogne, les Mossos d'Esquadra, la police catalane, ont fait barrage à la Guardia Civil alors que celle-ci tentait d'empêcher l'accès aux bureaux de vote, et ce au prix de quelques échanges musclés. Ces scènes ont rendu publique une transformation silencieuse : dans l'Espagne des autonomies, la Catalogne, comme le Pays basque, se sont progressivement dotés de polices régionales avec des effectifs nombreux et équipés. À l'inverse, en Écosse et aux Pays-Bas, les polices régionales ont disparu en 2013 pour être remplacées par des organisations nationales (respectivement Korps Nationale Politie et Police Scotland), transformation qui aurait paru impossible aux observateurs quelques années auparavant. Ces deux exemples attirent l'attention sur un phénomène majeur, mais peu analysé systématiquement, à savoir la diversité des modalités de recomposition contemporaine des échelles de pouvoir au sein des systèmes policiers 2. Cette question est importante parce que les polices doivent concilier des logiques contradictoires : mettre en commun des moyens humains et logistiques dans un contexte de pression budgétaire et, donc, centraliser, mais aussi traiter la singularité des problématiques locales et, donc, décentraliser ; coopérer pour répondre efficacement à la délinquance et au terrorisme mais aussi préserver l'information pour ne pas mettre en danger les sources. 1 Cet article a bénéficié, à différents stades de son écriture, des lectures de Cyril Benoît, Mathilde Darley, Patrick Le Lidec et Sebastian Roché, que je tiens à remercier ici. Une présentation d'une version antérieure s'est déroulée lors du séminaire général du Centre d'études européennes (CEE) de Sciences Po en octobre 2018, qui avait donné lieu à de nombreux et stimulants retours critiques. 2 L'expression « système policier » (ou « système de police ») désigne l'ensemble des relations entre les polices publiques, les acteurs privés ou semi-publics chargés de missions de police, ainsi que les acteurs politiques ou les instances en charge du contrôle des polices (Jacques de Maillard, Polices comparées, Paris, LGDJ-Lextenso, 2017). Dans cet article, nous nous centrons sur les polices publiques, nationales, régionales ou locales et nous intéressons donc à la structure de gouvernement des polices publiques. L'organisation des systèmes policiers est ainsi soumise à des injonctions contradictoires 3. Plus largement, analyser ces transformations, c'est, à partir d'un domaine d'action publique particulier, contribuer aux recherches sur les réformes administratives contemporaines, marquées par des logiques complexes et entremêlées de centralisation accrue (par le recours aux outils néomanagériaux, par la politisation des nominations) et de délégation (par l'effet des décentralisations politiques) 4. Selon certains auteurs, les efforts de rationalisation budgétaire, la recherche d'un contrôle renforcé des organisations policières pour garantir une plus grande effectivité dans la lutte contre la criminalité sous forte pression politique ou encore les crises et scandales affectant les pratiques policières viennent remettre en cause les arrangements institutionnels passés, conduisant à une centralisation accrue des systèmes policiers 5. Cette hypothèse de l'homogénéisation sous contrainte extérieure contredit le constat, tout aussi partagé, de la permanence des structures de commandement des polices. David H. Bayley, dans son analyse comparée des polices, avait rappelé que les conditions de formation initiale des États affectent durablement les principaux traits structuraux des systèmes policiers, en l'occurrence son degré de centralisation 6. L'idée, inscrite dans les postulats de l'institutionnalisme historique, est que « the preferences and choices of actors are pre-structured by institutional corridors established for the long term 7 ». Ce sont par exemple les résistances à la construction de l'État qui expliquent l'impulsion initiale en faveur de la centralisation policière 8 , tandis que les 3 Jean-Claude Monet (Polices et sociétés en Europe, Paris, La Documentation française, 1993, p. 91-93) résume les périls associés aux systèmes centralisés (« constitution de corps policiers massifs, de bureaucraties syndicales puissantes, […] développement de mastodontes aussi difficiles à gérer qu'à réformer […], souci de "se couvrir" […], missions policières à caractère politique ») et décentralisés (« fragmentation extrême (qui) va de pair avec des effectifs et des ressources financières trop faibles pour permettre de développer des politiques cohérentes de recrutement, de formation, d'équipement modernes »).

Research paper thumbnail of Un nouveau regard sur la sécurité intérieure de l'UE

Research paper thumbnail of Diffusion des logiques néo-managériales et organisations policières Les régimes de performance à Paris et Londres

Dans quelle mesure l’usage des instruments quantifiés et le suivi de la performance transforment-... more Dans quelle mesure l’usage des instruments quantifiés et le suivi de la performance transforment-ils les modes de gouvernement des polices ? À partir d’une enquête au sein de la Préfecture de police de Paris et du Metropolitan police service de Londres, l’article questionne les effets des nouveaux dispositifs néo-managériaux sur deux dimensions de l’activité policière : les relations organisationnelles (capacité des dirigeants à contrôler l’activité vs. accroissement de l’autonomie) et la nature du mandat policier (focalisation sur la seule lutte contre la délinquance vs. approche plus large du mandat policier). Au total, ces dispositifs s’inscrivent principalement dans la réactivation, modernisée par les nouvelles technologies et une certaine sophistication managériale, des mécanismes bureaucratiques de contrôle et conduisent à une relative mise sous tension de l’organisation. Cependant, tant le style de management que la nature des indicateurs de performance diffèrent : dans les deux polices, l’acclimatation des techniques néo-managériales se traduit par des réinventions des modèles traditionnels.

Research paper thumbnail of Les détectives dans la cage de fer néo- managériale ? Une analyse de deux polices britanniques Detectives in the Managerial Iron Cage? Evidence from British Police Investigation Units

Cet article questionne les relations entre réformes néo-managériales, organisations policières et... more Cet article questionne les relations entre réformes néo-managériales, organisations policières et dynamiques professionnelles dans les services d’investigation de deux polices britanniques. Prenant pour point de départ les réformes néo-managériales qu’ont connues les polices depuis le début des années 1990, il montre qu’à partir d’un suivi de l’activité plus détaillé et resserré temporellement et d’une accountability chiffrée, on assiste à une plus forte intégration organisa- tionnelle, redéfinissant les conditions d’exercice de l’activité professionnelle. Ces réformes donnent lieu à des jugements contradictoires : certains considèrent les objectifs chiffrés, le suivi plus précis et automatisé comme bénéfiques, là où d’autres y voient des contraintes affectant négativement leur activité professionnelle. Malgré sa rigidité, ce régime de performance autorise tout de même des réappropriations qui peuvent s’opérer selon trois logiques : spécialisation, aménagement de la temporalité et usages différents des indicateurs chiffrés dans la gestion des équipes.

Research paper thumbnail of Représentations et expériences de la police. Une enquête auprès des étudiants

Rejoignant les études anglo-saxonnes sur les attitudes envers la police, les enquêtes françaises ... more Rejoignant les études anglo-saxonnes sur les attitudes envers la police, les enquêtes françaises ont commencé à mieux appréhender les relations complexes qui se nouent entre policiers et gendarmes et les différents segments de la population. Venant en complément de ces travaux, notre enquête permet d’articuler les représentations des étudiants avec leurs expériences concrètes des forces de l’ordre.

Research paper thumbnail of Faire parler les policiers. Retour sur deux enqueˆtes par observations et entretiens

Cet article est consacre ́ aux enjeux analytiques et me ́thodologiques des recherches portant sur... more Cet article est consacre ́ aux enjeux analytiques et me ́thodologiques des recherches portant sur les questions policie`res, plus pre ́cise ́ment sur les polices de se ́curite ́ pub- lique. Pour entrer dans un monde traditionnellement re ́tif au regard exte ́rieur et e ́viter de se trouver devant un discours convenu, il de ́fend la pertinence de la de ́marche eth- nographique et la combinaison, variable en fonction des objets de recherche, des observations et des entretiens. En s’appuyant sur l’expe ́rience de deux projets de recherches ante ́rieurs, l’article revient sur les difficulte ́s pose ́es par l’acce`s au terrain, de l’obtention de l’autorisation a` la conduite de l’enqueˆte. Pour re ́pondre a` ces obstacles, il discute trois dimensions centrales d’un travail de recherche : l’affinement des questions de recherches (ou le processus inductif de rede ́finition des questions tout au long de l’enqueˆte), l’utilisation combine ́e des entretiens et observations, et les liens entre niveaux micro, meso et macro.

Research paper thumbnail of Les contrôles d'identité, entre politiques policières, pratiques professionnelles et effets sociaux. Un état critique des connaissances

Champ pénal, 2019

L’objectif de cet article est de proposer un état critique des connaissances sur les pratiques de... more L’objectif de cet article est de proposer un état critique des connaissances sur les pratiques de contrôles, leurs effets et les politiques auxquelles ils donnent lieu dans les pays occidentaux. Dans un premier temps, nous discutons la question de la disparité et de la disproportionnalité dans les pratiques de contrôle en nous attachant aux profils des personnes les plus fréquemment contrôlées et au déroulement des contrôles. Ensuite, nous en analysons les effets sociaux, en abordant tant leur potentielle efficacité dans la lutte contre la délinquance que leurs conséquences en termes de défiance, et plus largement de production d’une forme de citoyenneté reléguée. Enfin, nous examinons ce qui détermine les contrôles, en questionnant leurs significations professionnelles et les politiques dont ils sont l’objet.

Research paper thumbnail of Styles de police et légitimité policière. La question des contrôles

Les styles de police matérialisent au quotidien le mode d’action, les décisions, les priorités de... more Les styles de police matérialisent au quotidien le mode d’action, les décisions, les priorités des services de police. À travers une étude ethnographique sur le travail des forces de l’ordre dans deux agglomérations françaises, cet article propose de mettre en lumière le style de police pratiqué en France à l’aune de l’utilisation des contrôles d’identité discrétionnaires. S’il existe des nuances en fonction des types d’unités, des lieux et de l’impulsion donnée par la hiérarchie de proximité, la façon de faire de la police est avant tout proactive et conflictuelle, se caractérisant par la multiplicité d’unités dotées d’un mandat « offensif ». Le contrôle d’identité est à la fois un outil de recherche d’infractions, de maîtrise du territoire et d’affirmation de l’autorité policière, notamment quand celle-ci est contestée.

Research paper thumbnail of Le recours au marché comme processus politique. Les réformes du gouvernement de coalition britannique (2010-2015) dans la santé et la police

Cet article porte sur la mise en place d'instruments de mimétisme mar-chands de l'État dans deux ... more Cet article porte sur la mise en place d'instruments de mimétisme mar-chands de l'État dans deux secteurs en Angleterre : la santé et la police. Trois aspects sont mis en avant : le recours à des prestataires privés, la mise en concurrence par l'évaluation de la performance et la création d'un marché interne. Leur mise sur agenda, leur adoption et leur mise en oeuvre sont analysées lors de la séquence du gouverne-ment de coalition (2010-2015) en mettant en avant l'importance des processus politi-ques qui permettent aussi de comprendre les limites du recours aux instruments marchands et les différences inter-sectorielles. Abstract: This article focuses on the introduction and implementation of market instruments in two policy sectors in England: healthcare and security. Three dimensions are highlighted: outsour-cing from the public to the private sector, the introduction of competition based on performance indicators and the creation of an internal market. Agenda-setting, decision-making and implementation behind these dimensions during the Coalition government (2010-2015) are analysed as a political process. This perspective provides a means of understanding the limits of marketisation and key differences between the two policy sectors.

Research paper thumbnail of QP-DCPP-29-5-2017.pdf

Les « délégués à la cohésion police-population » (DCPP ci-après) sont des fonctionnaires de polic... more Les « délégués à la cohésion police-population » (DCPP ci-après) sont des fonctionnaires de police retraités qui exercent une mission de rapprochement police-population dans les quartiers identifiés comme prioritaires en termes de sécurité – quartiers populaires, grands ensembles, cités. Cet article propose une première évaluation du dispositif.

Research paper thumbnail of LES LOGIQUES PROFESSIONNELLES ET POLITIQUES DU CONTRÔLE Des styles de police différents en France et en Allemagne

A partir d’une combinaison d’observations directes, entretiens et questionnaire auprès du public,... more A partir d’une combinaison d’observations directes, entretiens et questionnaire auprès du public, cet article propose de comparer les décisions de contrôle des policiers français et allemands, en rapportant ces pratiques à des styles d’action policière. Si les objectifs sont similaires (lutte contre la criminalité, affirmation de l’autorité, collecte d’information), les modalités diffèrent. Les policiers français contrôlent plus souvent que leurs collègues allemands. Les minorités visibles constituent une cible bien plus récurrente de des initiatives policières de contrôle en France qu’en Allemagne. Les logiques d’action qui sous-tendent ces pratiques reposent sur la formation et de l’ethos professionnel (plus ou moins tournée vers le citoyen), la politique policière nationale (et de la définition de la performance) et l’organisation policière locale.

Research paper thumbnail of Des acteurs en quête de légitimité dans la production locale de l’ordre urbain. L’exemple des inspecteurs de sécurité de la Ville de Paris

Cet article propose une analyse du corps des inspecteurs de sécurité de la Ville de Paris. Malgré... more Cet article propose une analyse du corps des inspecteurs de sécurité de la Ville de Paris. Malgré la singularité parisienne, marquée traditionnellement par une forte emprise du pouvoir central, la mairie n’en dispose pas moins d’agents emblématiques de la pluralisation du policing. Le présent texte s’intéresse à l’identité dont sont porteurs ces acteurs, à la nature de leurs tâches et la façon dont ils les accomplissent, ainsi qu’à leur intégration dans le champ plus large de la production de la sécurité parisienne. Il interroge notamment leur rapport à la verbalisation et aux missions de sécurisation des espaces municipaux. Il fait également apparaître les composantes d’une identité négative qui traverse l’expérience de travail.

Research paper thumbnail of Une centralisation renforcée par le chiffre ? Les effets contradictoires des indicateurs chiffrés dans la police nationale en France

Une centralisation renforcée par le chiffre ? Les effets contradictoires des indicateurs chiffrés... more Une centralisation renforcée par le chiffre ? Les effets contradictoires des indicateurs chiffrés dans la police nationale en France 422 Anne-Cécile Douillet et al.

Research paper thumbnail of Convergence, transferts et traduction. Les apports de la comparaison transnationale

Research paper thumbnail of Le difficile renouvellement des métiers de la sécurité publique. Le cas des correspondants de nuit parisiens

De nouveaux métiers, à la charnière entre accompagnement des personnes, médiation et répression, ... more De nouveaux métiers, à la charnière entre accompagnement des personnes, médiation et répression, ont émergé depuis une vingtaine d'années. Ces nouveaux métiers contribuent à rendre plus fl oue la frontière entre police et contrôle social. La question consiste alors à savoir si ces nouveaux agents contribuent effectivement à réguler les espaces collectifs, c'est-à-dire à prévenir les nuisances, à régler les confl its, voire à favoriser des formes de vivre-ensemble. Sur la base d'une étude du dispositif des correspondants de nuit de la Ville de Paris, cet article s'interroge sur la place qu'occupent ces acteurs à partir des savoirs et savoir-faire qu'ils sont capables de mobiliser, de leur inscription dans les quartiers et de leur insertion dans les partenariats. Il met en question les ambivalences, paradoxes, fragilités de ces nouveaux métiers et le diffi cile renouvellement des métiers de la sécurité publique.

Research paper thumbnail of Le magistrat, le maire et la sécurité publique : action publique partenariale et dynamiques professionnelles

Research paper thumbnail of Les chantiers de réforme de la police dans les états occidentaux

L es polices dites de sécurité publique, c'est-à-dire celles en charge de la petite et moyenne dé... more L es polices dites de sécurité publique, c'est-à-dire celles en charge de la petite et moyenne délinquance et de la surveillance des espaces publics 1 , ont connu depuis une trentaine d'années des réformes d'envergure. À l'échelle internationale, une série de références incontournables s'est constituée, mouvement facilité par la circulation des entrepreneurs de réformes entre plusieurs pays, les échanges entre forces de police réalisés lors de voyages d'études ou la coprésence dans des organisations policières internationales. Les notions de « community policing » (« police communautaire »), « hot spot policing » (« police des points chauds ») « intelligence-led policing » (« police guidée par l'information »), « problem solving policing » (police de résolution des problèmes), « order maintenance policing » (« police de maintien de l'ordre », c'est-à-dire de lutte contre les petits désordres urbains), constituent quelques-unes de ces techniques et doctrines qui désormais circulent dans les différents cercles experts, policiers et gouvernementaux. Faut-il pour autant penser que se diffusent transnationalement de nouvelles méthodes et innovations policières identiques ? Doit-on diagnostiquer une convergence des politiques policières entre les différents pays occidentaux ? Ce sont à ces questions que cet article tente de répondre.

Research paper thumbnail of Renforcer la présence et améliorer le travail de la police du quotidien

Réduire les inégalités, c’est possible ! 30 experts présentent leurs solutions, 2021

Selon leur milieu social, leur lieu de vie ou leur genre notamment, les Français sont inégaux fac... more Selon leur milieu social, leur lieu de vie ou leur genre notamment, les Français sont inégaux face à l'insécurité. La réduction des écarts passe par une police plus proche du terrain et une amélioration de l'accès aux droits.

Research paper thumbnail of Police : de la crise de l'autorité à l'autorité juste

AOC, 2021

Au travers du contrôle Cédric Chouviat, de l'interpellation de Michel Zecler ou des épisodes houl... more Au travers du contrôle Cédric Chouviat, de l'interpellation de Michel Zecler ou des épisodes houleux de maintien de l'ordre, mais aussi des agressions dont sont l'objet les policiers, la question des relations entre Etat, police et société s'est réinvitée au coeur de l'actualité, au point que l'exécutif a lancé fin janvier un « Beauvau de la sécurité ». Son issue et ses apports sont incertains, mais la nécessité de l'ouverture d'un débat politique est notable.

Research paper thumbnail of Police et population : pour des relations de confiance

Ce rapport de Terra Nova, issu d'un groupe de travail présidé par Jacques de Maillard, porte sur ... more Ce rapport de Terra Nova, issu d'un groupe de travail présidé par Jacques de Maillard, porte sur la police du quotidien, la police de tranquillité et de sécurité publique. Il renvoie aux missions essentielles des policiers, celles qui, tous les jours, touchent la majeure partie de la population : assurer la protection des biens et des personnes, prévenir la délinquance et les troubles à l'ordre public, veiller à la tranquillité publique et à l'exécution des lois. Si ce rapport se focalise plus particulièrement sur la police nationale (plus importante numériquement, elle opère dans les territoires urbains où les rapports avec le public sont particulièrement tendus), sa vocation est plus large : il vise à améliorer les relations entre la population et la police, au sens général du terme, incluant dès lors l'ensemble des forces publiques et privées, nationales et locales, qui oeuvrent à la tranquillité et à la sécurité publique. Dans ce sens, ce rapport réaffirme que la légitimité et la confiance que le public accorde aux forces de police constituent une condition centrale de leur action. Avoir confiance, c'est considérer que la police a de bonnes intentions et qu'elle a les compétences pour faire ce qu'elle fait. Le contexte dans lequel ce travail a été produit est particulier. L'état moral des policiers n'est pas très bon. Mal-être au travail, manque de confiance dans la hiérarchie, sentiment de ne pas être compris par le public et de manquer cruellement de moyens sont des expressions récurrentes de leur malaise.

Research paper thumbnail of Pour une approche réflexive de la performance. Une critique et des propositions

Research paper thumbnail of Les dynamiques récentes de la police et de la sécurité privée en Grande Bretagne

Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour Club des Directeurs de Sécurité des Entreprises. © Club... more Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour Club des Directeurs de Sécurité des Entreprises. © Club des Directeurs de Sécurité des Entreprises. Tous droits réservés pour tous pays.

Research paper thumbnail of Crisis in Policing: The French Rioting of 2005

Policing, 2009

The governance of the major riot that rocked France in 2005 is presented: how actors interacted, ... more The governance of the major riot that rocked France in 2005 is presented: how actors interacted, negotiated and got into conflict (governmental and non-governmental). By examining the responses elaborated and implemented during the riots, we try to evaluate the capacity to command, plan and communicate by the French national police and the government. On different aspects (availability of a Richter-like scale related to anticipating rioting, preparations for coordination, fair communication with the media, the population and the victims), the French police scored low. Structural reasons related to excessive centralization of the police system together with a focus of government on forthcoming elections might explain these findings. However, the police managed to avoid causing fatalities after the initial breakout despite a national scale phenomenon and a duration of three weeks.

Research paper thumbnail of Gouverner la sécurité dans les villes

L es municipalités se sont progressivement investies dans le domaine de la sécurité publique, en ... more L es municipalités se sont progressivement investies dans le domaine de la sécurité publique, en mobilisant différents types de moyens aussi bien humains (agents de police municipale, agents locaux de médiation sociale...) que techniques (système de vidéosurveillance) 1 . À tel point qu'aujourd'hui, certains édiles se posent en « patron » de la sécurité dans leur ville. Cette tendance trouve une acuité particulière, dans un contexte où le ministre de l'Intérieur actuel souhaite, au travers d'un projet de loi, faire du maire « le patron de la prévention de la délinquance dans sa ville » 2 .

Research paper thumbnail of Chapitre 6. Les groupes de travail du conseil, nerf de la production des politiques européennes ?

L’intégration européenne, 2004

Research paper thumbnail of Policing as a performing art? The contradictory nature of contemporary police performance management

Criminology & Criminal Justice, 2017

Performance management in criminal justice organizations has become a prominent issue in many cou... more Performance management in criminal justice organizations has become a prominent issue in many countries and has faced increasing criticisms by scholars and practitioners. In this regard it is important to examine empirically how performance frameworks work concretely. We do so through the empirical examination of ‘performance regimes’, that is, the sets of performance indicators, internal procedures, instruments and processes of internal accountability through which performance is defined, assessed and monitored work in police organizations. By using the categories of traditional (target-based, top–down and short-term) and advanced (processes, more deliberative and creative and long-term) performance regimes, we have charted a process of evolution illustrated by the experience of two police forces in England. We argue that police performance management is a contradictory and hybrid process containing elements of both traditional and advanced regimes and in constant flux between them...

Research paper thumbnail of Les détectives dans la cage de fer néo-managériale ? Une analyse de deux polices britanniques

Sociologie du travail, 2017

Detectives in the managerial iron cage? Evidence from English police investigation units Cet arti... more Detectives in the managerial iron cage? Evidence from English police investigation units Cet article questionne les relations entre réformes néo-managériales, organisations policières et dynamiques professionnelles dans les services d'investigation de deux polices anglaises. Prenant pour point de départ les réformes néo-managériales qu'ont connues les polices depuis le début des années 1990, il montre qu'à partir d'un suivi de l'activité plus détaillé et resserré temporellement et d'une accountability chiffrée, on assiste à une plus forte intégration organisationnelle, redéfinissant les conditions d'exercice de l'activité professionnelle. Ces réformes donnent lieu à des jugements contradictoires : certains considèrent les objectifs chiffrés, le suivi plus précis et automatisé comme bénéfiques, là où d'autres y voient des contraintes affectant négativement leur activité professionnelle. Malgré sa rigidité, ce régime de performance autorise tout de même des réappropriations qui peuvent s'opérer selon trois logiques : spécialisation, aménagement de la temporalité et usages différents des indicateurs chiffrés dans la gestion des équipes. This article questions the relationship between neo-managerial reforms, professional police and professional dynamics in investigatory police units of two English forces. Based on the analysis neo-managerial reforms that have impacted upon the English police since the 90's, it shows a stronger organisational integration based on a more detailed and tightened monitoring of activity and an internal accountability focused on numerical targets which redefine the conditions of professional activity. These reforms are the object of contradictory judgments: some officers consider that numerical targets, automatized monitoring and increased control are beneficial to police activity, whilst others see them as unnecessary constraints with perverse effects. Despite its apparent rigidity, this performance regime still allows professional adaptations that can operate within three logics: specialisation, management of temporality and different uses of quantitative indicators in team management.

Research paper thumbnail of Technical or political ?

Research paper thumbnail of Council working groups

Research paper thumbnail of Pratiques institutionnalisées ou politiques publiques?

Research paper thumbnail of Union Européenne et sécurité intérieure

ABSTRACT Revue Politique européenne, n° 23 (Union Européenne et sécurité intérieure : institution... more ABSTRACT Revue Politique européenne, n° 23 (Union Européenne et sécurité intérieure : institutionnalisation et fragmentation) ISBN : 978-2-296-04489-0 http://www.cairn.info/revue-politique-europeenne-2007-3.htm

Research paper thumbnail of Plural Policing of Public Places in France. Between Private and Local Policing

This paper analyzes the changing public/private as well as central/local relationships for the pr... more This paper analyzes the changing public/private as well as central/local relationships for the provision of public security in public places in France. It describes the emergence and development of a now frequent public-private mix in policing, based on the hot issue of regulating social behaviours in public places. The significance of the French model in terms of the nature of privatization and pluralization is then discussed and compared to international trends. The rise of a local level public-private mix, while not unique in Europe, appears as a major shift in a French environment traditionally characterized by the structural centralization of its public forces.

Research paper thumbnail of Le rivolte francesi del novembre 2005. Gestione politico-amministrativa e forme di partecipazione

Rassegna italiana di …, 2007

In November 2005, France was affected by urban riots in a large number of suburbs and towns. Base... more In November 2005, France was affected by urban riots in a large number of suburbs and towns. Based on fieldwork undertaken between April and September 2006, this article aims to analyse the disorders which unfolded in Aulnay-Sous-Bois (a town in the north of ...

Research paper thumbnail of El gobierno local de la seguridad pública en Francia : fragmentaciones y nuevas orientaciones

Prevención, 2009

Francia ha sido afectada por diversos cambios concernientes a las políticas de seguridad durante ... more Francia ha sido afectada por diversos cambios concernientes a las políticas de seguridad durante las dos últimas décadas especialmente en el plano local. Distintas características pueden ser señaladas: la territorialización, el vínculo entre prevención y represión, la contractualización. En este escenario, ha terminado el tradicional monopolio del Estado central —crecientemente fragmentado entre distintas agencias—. Esta mutación debe ser relacionada con la creciente importancia de las autoridades locales en la elaboración e implementación de políticas referidas a la inseguridad, pero también al rol que han comenzado a jugar otras agencias diversas. Este ensayo busca comprender la coordinación interagencial y señala la existencia de un complejo conjunto de redes que gobiernan la seguridad. También intenta examinar críticamente el argumento planteado por algunos investigadores del giro hacia políticas represivas que estaría afectando a las políticas locales.

Research paper thumbnail of Crime and justice in France

... Jacques de Maillard. Research Fellow, Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, CERAT/. Sc... more ... Jacques de Maillard. Research Fellow, Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, CERAT/. Sciences Po Grenoble, France. Sebastian Roch¥e. Research Fellow, CNRS (National Science Research Centre) and Institute. for Political Science, University of Grenoble, France. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Plural Policing of Public Places in France. Between Private and Local Policing

This paper analyzes the changing public/private as well as central/local relationships for the pr... more This paper analyzes the changing public/private as well as central/local relationships for the provision of public security in public places in France. It describes the emergence and development of a now frequent public-private mix in policing, based on the hot issue of regulating social behaviours in public places. The significance of the French model in terms of the nature of privatization and pluralization is then discussed and compared to international trends. The rise of a local level public-private mix, while not unique in Europe, appears as a major shift in a French environment traditionally characterized by the structural centralization of its public forces.

Research paper thumbnail of Crime, violence, justice and social order: monitoring contemporary security issues

Research paper thumbnail of Crime, violence, justice and social order - Monitoring Contemporary Security Issues

Research paper thumbnail of The judiciary and partnership at the local level in France

ABSTRACT Les acteurs judiciaires (juges, procureurs et éducateurs) sont de plus en plus sollicité... more ABSTRACT Les acteurs judiciaires (juges, procureurs et éducateurs) sont de plus en plus sollicités pour participer à des scènes de participation locale. Cette participation pose cependant problème. Elle traduit bien souvent les différences de logiques entre municipalités et magistrats concernant le rapport à la coopération intercommunale, au territoire, au temps, à l'insécurité. Une telle recherche montre que les acteurs judiciaires demeurent éloignés des préoccupations des acteurs politiques locaux. Cependant, une analyse approfondie du discours et des logiques d'implication montre en même temps les flottements mais aussi les clivages au sein même des municipalités et des professionnels judiciaires quant aux relations à entretenir. Cette analyse met en tout cas en cause les rhétoriques enchantées sur les partenariats contemporains.