Microbial quality of utility water at universities in Nigeria (original) (raw)
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Sokoto Journal of Medical Laboratory Science, 2021
The use of unsafe water supplies and microbial contaminated water may pose serious health challenge to users. The aim of the study was to determine the level of bacterial contamination of the various water sources and the suitability for human use and consumption in University of Calabar Community, Nigeria. A total of 30 water samples were obtained from the University storage tanks and analysed for the presence of bacteria. The level of feacal coliform count, total coliform count and heterotrophic bacterial count was analysed using membrane filtration method and standard culture method on a differential and selective media. The samples were cultured on MacConkey and Nutrient agar. The isolates obtained from the above media were subcultured into slants of nutrient agar. Isolates were subjected to Gram staining and biochemical tests. The feacal coliform, Escherichia coli was isolated from all the water samples. Total coliform counts ranged from 1cfu/ml - 92cfu/ml while total heterotro...
Journal of Advances in Microbiology, 2019
This study evaluated the physico-chemical and the bacteriological quality of five different sources of drinking water in Calabar metropolis, Nigeria, to give a fair geographical representative of the town and to contribute to our understanding of the quality of drinking water in the metropolis. The physicochemical characteristics such as pH, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, colour, Iron, dissolved oxygen, Calcium, Magnesium, alkalinity, total hardness, Manganese, Sulphate, Chloride, Phosphate, Sodium, Zinc, Copper, total dissolved solid, Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonia, Ammonium and Potassium were determined following the procedures prescribed by American Public Health Association Standard Method. The bacteriological analysis was carried out using the standard microbiological standard for analysis of water for total and faecal coliform count. The mean temperature of the evaluated waters ranged from 23.03°C-29.3°C, mean pH ranged from 4.37-6.76, while turbidity had a mean range of 0.16 NTU-4.13 NTU. Conductivity ranged between 39.29 μs/cm - 120.7 μs/cm, dissolved oxygen with 13.30 mg/L - 4.19 mg/L, total dissolved solids ranged from 72.4 mg/L -23.5 mg/L, while the mean for iron concentration ranged from 0.12 mg/L - 0.99 mg/L. Similarly, the mean for total hardness was 34.2 mg/L - 17.1 mg/L and 7.93 mg/L - 6.71 mg/L for total alkalinity. Others includes Manganese (0.88 mg/L - 0.02 mg/L), Magnesium (16.5 mg/L - 9.9 mg/L), Calcium (9.77 mg/L - 7.20 mg/L, Nitrate (14.6 mg/L - 3.66 mg/L), Nitrite (0.076 mg/L -0.009 mg/L), Ammonia (0.89 mg/L - 0.25 mg/L), Ammonium (0.52 mg/L - 0.013 mg/L), Zinc (1.01 mg/L - 0.34 mg/L), Chloride (5.73 mg/L - 0.364 mg/L), Fluoride (0.76 mg/L - 0.277 mg/L), Copper (0.61 mg/L - 0.18 mg/L), Sodium (2.73 mg/L - 0.180 mg/L), potassium (5.73 mg/L - 2.0 mg/L), Sulphate (14.8 mg/L - 3.69 mg/L and Phosphate with 4.8 mg/L - 3.69 mg/L. The total coliform count for bottled water ranged between 2.00 cfu/100 mL – 19.00 cfu/100 mL, the total coliform range for sachet water were 6.00 cfu/100 mL and 15.00 cfu/100 mL and no faecal coliform was detected. Public water had no growth at all, the stream and borehole bacteriological analysis ranged from 27x101 cfu/ mL - 55x101 cfu/mL and 12 cfu/100 mL - 33 cfu/100 mL for total coliform respectively. Faecal coliform ranged from 15x101 cfu/ mL - 52x101 cfu/ mL for stream and 9.00 cfu100/ mL – 16.00 cfu/100 mL for borehole. A total of seven (7) different bacteria species were isolated from the sampled drinking water sources. These included Proteus spp., Streptococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp., E.coli, Chromobacter spp., Salmonella spp. and Enterococcus spp. This study reveals a high level of poor quality sources of water in the metropolis and makes need for urgent health intervention.
Studies on microbial quality of filtered water in households of a university community in Nigeria
The Journal of hygiene, 1986
Water samples from home filters in nine residential areas of a Nigerian university community were studied. The membrane filter technique was used to determine the total coliform and faecal coliform counts/100 ml of water. Most of the 100 samples studied were grossly contaminated with total coliform counts/100 ml ranging from 0-442, faecal coliform counts/100 ml, 0-216 and the total aerobic plate count per millilitre ranged from 3.0 X 10(3) to 1.9 X 10(9) c.f.u. The source (dams) of water, fitness of filter candles, frequency of cleaning candles and pH of water did not significantly (P greater than 0.05; chi2) affect the microbial quality of either filtered boiled or unboiled tap water. Escherichia coli type I was isolated from 17.9% of the faecal coliforms tested but from only 2.3% of total coliforms. Enterobacter aerogenes was most predominant (38.5%) amongst faecal coliforms isolated while Enterobacter cloacae was the most frequent (37.2%) of the total coliform isolates. The gross...
Bacteriological quality of drinking water from source to household in Ibadan, Nigeria
African journal of medicine and medical sciences, 2007
The bacteriological quality of drinking water from well, spring, borehole, and tap sources and that stored in containers by urban households in Ibadan was assessed during wet and dry seasons. The MPN technique was used to detect and enumerate the number of coliforms in water samples. Results showed that majority of households relied on wells, which were found to be the most contaminated of all the sources. At the household level, water quality significantly deteriorated after collection and storage as a result of poor handling. Furthermore, there was significant seasonal variation in E. coli count at source (P=0.013) and household (P=0.001). The study concludes that there is a need to improve the microbial quality of drinking water at source and the household level through hygiene education, and provision of simple, acceptable, low-cost treatment methods.
The study examined the consistency in quality of water supply within the student halls of residence in a Nigerian University. The water samples were collected at four different points along the supply chain for three months and both physico-chemical and bacteriological tests were conducted on the samples based on World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigeria Standard for Drinking Water (NSDW) standards concurrently. The results of the physico-chemical test showed that all the samples were within the WHO and NSDW specified permissible range except their pH (4.57-6.00). However, the bacteriological results revealed that the Escherichia Coli (E. coli) of all samples (2, 2, 4 and 28cfu/100ml) were not acceptable. In addition, the fecal coliform results of two samples (0cfu/100ml) were within WHO and NSDW permissible limit values while other samples (1,2 cfu/100ml) were contaminated by some measure of fecal element. Nevertheless, the results of Total Coliform samples of two points were 0&3cfu/100ml therefore within the acceptable limit range but, the remaining two samples points (TNTC) were not acceptable. One of the influences on the result of the bacteriological is the closeness of the water supply pipes to the sewage pipes. In conclusion, bacteriological standard required by both WHO and NSDW was not satisfied in the water supply to the halls of residents. Therefore there is urgent need for the treatment of water supply against the presence of fecal elements to forestall liable diseases for sustainable health.
Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2018
Diseases caused by contaminated water consumption and poor hygiene are among the leading causes of death in children, the elderly and people with compromised immune system. The present study aims to assess the drinking water quality of some selected drinking water sources in the chosen study area using water quality index (WQI). Samples of drinking waters were collected from four different sources-river, sachet (packaged), borehole and well in Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria for physicochemical and bacteriological analyses using standard methods. With the exception of pH, river water had the highest content of all the physicochemical parameters examined. Excluding dissolved oxygen in river sample, the physicochemical parameters of the water sources were generally within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The bacteriological analyses revealed that the highest total coliform counts of 1.03 (0.08) x 10 2 cfu/ml were in the river sample while the least counts of 0.03 (0.00) x 10 2 cfu/ml were in the sachet water. All the bacteriological values did not meet
2022
The aim of this study is to comparatively analyze the bacterial load and physiochemical parameters of water samples from various sources used by the students of Federal University, Dutsinma Katsina State. Samples from tap, well, dam, rain, sachet and boreholes were collected at different locations where students reside. There were 6 sources of water, namely; tap water, dam water, well water, borehole water, sachet water and rain water from which 10 samples were obtained each, making a total of 60 samples for analysis. The physicochemical parameters of each water samples were detected. According the technique adopted by Chessbrough. (2000), the samples were serially diluted, 3 test tubes were sterilized and distilled water of 9ml were Pipette into these test tubes, 1ml of the water sample was pipette into the first test tube and was shaken vigorously to have a homogeneous mixture (stock). Bacterial count of each water sample was carried out and presence of Escherichia coli, P.aeruginosa, S.aureus, S.typhi, K.pneumoniae, B.subtilis, Proteus sp, Shigella sp, and E.aerogenes were identified. Biochemical tests were carried out for accurate characterization of the isolates. The pattern of occurrence the studied physico-chemical parameters (except pH) of borehole water, sachet water, Dam, Rain, well, tap water were within the permissible limit set by World Health Organization. The pH of all samples of sachet water were within the permissible limit set by World Health Organization However, the pH of 7 out of 10 samples of borehole water and 8 out of 10 samples of tap water were within the permissible limit set by World Health Organization. The prevalence of indicator organisms in water samples are as follows; Klebsiella pneumoniae (Dam water=100%, Sachet water=0, Tap water=80%, Borehole=70%, Rain=20%, Well=100%), Escherichia coli(Dam water=100%, Sachet water=0, Tap water=20%, Borehole=10%, Rain=0, Well=100%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Dam water=100%, Sachet All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.
Samples of tap, well, stream, and wastewaters were collected from Abeokuta and Ojota (both in Nigeria) state and analyzed microbiologically and physico-chemically using standard methods. Total viable count was by pour plate technique while most probable number (MPN) counts were by the multiple tube fermentation technique. The pH (at 25 O C) ranged from 3.10 to 8.33 for the untreated raw water samples while temperature ranged from 28 to 30 O C while the turbidity of the water and waste water samples ranges from 0.08 to 1.00. All the water samples were found to harbor coliforms organisms in numbers greater than the required WHO/FAO standards for water. The total viable counts for all the water samples were generally high exceeding the limit of 1.0 x 10 2 cfu/ml for water. The MPN count ranges from 9.3 to 44 MPN/100 ml. The fecal coliform counts on EMB agar plate ranged between 5 and 48 cells, also exceeding the standard limit for water. The Isolated organisms were identified to be Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella species, Escherchia coli, Pseudomonas aerugionosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, Bacillus species, Proteus species, Klebsiella species, Flavobacterium species and Acinetobacter species.
Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water in Zamfara North Senatorial District, Nigeria
Microbiology research journal international, 2019
Provision of portable drinking water is of public health concern especially in developing countries where this is unavailable. Microbes are ubiquitous and are known to contaminate materials including food and water. Microbial contamination cannot be detected by sight, smell or taste. A basic laboratory test is the best way to tell if coliform organisms are present as they can be there with no appearance or taste difference. The microbiological quality of drinking water (DW) in Zamfara North Senatorial Zone was examined. A total of 16, two each from each of eight brands of sachet water were bought from water vendors, and were examined for total bacteria load, total coliform and presence of bacteria species using standard microbiological techniques. The result showed that the total viable count of bacteria in all the samples ranged from 6.0×10 2 CFU/ml to 4.0×10 8 CFU/ml. Total coliform was 1.8×10 7 MPN/100 ml for all the four tested samples (D, G, I, J). The organisms isolated were Pseudomonas maltophila, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Pseudomonas pseudomollia, Salmonella typhi, Shigella species, and Pseudomonas dimineta. Prevalence of
J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage., 2019
In drinking water systems, a large number of microorganisms live in complex communities in a self-produced extracellular polymeric matrix associated with inner surfaces of pipes, walls and floors of storage tanks, joints and faucets. This study was aimed at analyzing the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of bacterial isolates of drinking water distribution systems in some higher institutions in Edo State. The physicochemical parameters were determined by using standard protocol and microbiological water quality was conducted using the standard microbiological methods. The results of the physicochemical analysis showed that, the pH values ranged between 4.17 and 5.89. The highest (5.89) was recorded with samples from OK-R and the least (4.17) was obtained from UB-T. The electrical conductivity (EC) values for SA-R (104.8µS/cm), AA-R (105.5 µS/cm) and OKR (114.8 µS/cm) exceeded the permissible threshold value of 100µS/cm. Concentrations of lead for AA-R (0.02 mg/L) and OK-R (0.03 mg/L) were significantly higher than the acceptable level of 0.01mg/L. The mean total heterotrophic bacterial counts ranged from 3.3 ± 0.3 x 10 2 cfu/mL to 9.3 ± 0.3 x 10 2 cfu/mL, with the least and highest counts recorded for UB-R and AA-R. Phenotypically identified bacteria were the Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Proteus and Providencia species. The study revealed that drinking water system of biofilms is a reservoir for microorganisms that could cause public health concerns which is impacted by the presence of available nutrient, environmental conditions and heavy metals.