Plant Secondary Metabolites on Efflux-Mediated Antibiotic Resistant Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia: Potential of Herbal-Derived Efflux Pump Inhibitors (original) (raw)
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The problem of antibiotic resistance, which has limited the use of cheap and old antibiotics, has necessitated the need for a continued search for new antimicrobial compounds. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance is important in the development of strategies to solving the problem. Active efflux of drugs, alteration of target sites and enzymatic degradations are the strategies by which pathogenic bacteria acquire or develop intrinsic resistance to antibiotics. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) pumps, capable of recognizing and expelling a variety of structurally unrelated compounds from the bacterial cell and conferring resistance to a wide range of antibiotics have since been characterized in many gram positive and gram negative pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Escherichia coli and, more recently, in mycobacteria. The ability of some chemical compounds (called MDR inhibitors or resistance modifying agents) to modify the resistance phenotype in bacteri...
Modern Phytomedicine, 2006
The use of the medicinal plants in the treatment of human diseases is an age-old practise in traditional systems of medicine throughout the world. Medicinal plants are an important source of diverse bioactive and therapeutic compounds, and the recent increase in the numbers of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has triggered immense interest in new drugs or preparations from natural sources, including plants. Particularly problematic groups of MDR bacteria include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), â-lactamase-producing enteric bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Shigella spp.) and other MDR Pseudomonas spp., Campylobacter spp., and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Excessive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to the development of such drug-resistant bacteria both in hospitals and communities all over the world.
Differential Resistance of Soil Borne Microbes to Commonly Used Antibiotics
Three antibiotic resistance bacteria were isolated from Belur Sramajibi Hospital, Howrah district, on the outskirts of Kolkata. The microscopic, biochemical and pathogenicity tests suggested them to be Pseudomonas sp (isolate 1), Salmonella sp (isolate 2) and Enterococcus sp (isolate 3). The major aim was to check the effect of several aqueous plant extract on these multiple drug resistant strains and also study the change in antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates, after UV irradiation using disc diffusion method. It was found that clove, neem and tulsi were the most effective agents in inhibiting growth of these pathogens. UV exposure (180-200 nm) of 10-20 minutes changed the susceptibility pattern of isolate 3 from resistance to sensitive towards all common and a few advance antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin and Imipenem).
2016
Antibiotic resistance has limited the use of cheap and old antibiotics, has necessitated to used higher class antibiotics. The need of higher class antibiotics need a continued search for new antimicrobial compounds. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance is important in the development of strategies to solving the problem. Active efflux of drugs, alteration of target sites and enzymatic degradations are the strategies by which pathogenic bacteria acquire or develop intrinsic resistance to antibiotics. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) pumps, capable of recognizing and expelling a variety of structurally unrelated compounds from the bacterial cell and conferring resistance to a wide range of antibiotics have since been characterized in many Gram positive and Gram negative pathogens like Staphylococcus au reus, Pseudomonas ae ruginosa, Escherichia coli and, more recently, in mycobacteria. The ability of some chemical compounds (called MDR inhibitors or resistance modifying agents) to m...
Antibiotics
The unprecedented use of antibiotics that led to development of resistance affect human health worldwide. Prescription of antibiotics imprudently and irrationally in different diseases progressed with the acquisition and as such development of antibiotic resistant microbes that led to the resurgence of pathogenic strains harboring enhanced armors against existing therapeutics. Compromised the treatment regime of a broad range of antibiotics, rise in resistance has threatened human health and increased the treatment cost of diseases. Diverse on metabolic, genetic and physiological fronts, rapid progression of resistant microbes and the lack of a strategic management plan have led researchers to consider plant-derived substances (PDS) as alternative or in complementing antibiotics against the diseases. Considering the quantitative characteristics of plant constituents that attribute health beneficial effects, analytical procedures for their isolation, characterization and phytochemica...
Plants (Basel, Switzerland), 2017
Indiscriminate and irrational use of antibiotics has created an unprecedented challenge for human civilization due to microbe's development of antimicrobial resistance. It is difficult to treat bacterial infection due to bacteria's ability to develop resistance against antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial agents are categorized according to their mechanism of action, i.e., interference with cell wall synthesis, DNA and RNA synthesis, lysis of the bacterial membrane, inhibition of protein synthesis, inhibition of metabolic pathways, etc. Bacteria may become resistant by antibiotic inactivation, target modification, efflux pump and plasmidic efflux. Currently, the clinically available treatment is not effective against the antibiotic resistance developed by some bacterial species. However, plant-based antimicrobials have immense potential to combat bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral diseases without any known side effects. Such plant metabolites include quinines, alkaloids,...
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014
Background: The continuous spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, partially due to efflux pumps drastically reduced the efficacy of the antibiotic armory, increasing the frequency of therapeutic failure. The search for new compounds to potentiate the efficacy of commonly used antibiotics is therefore important. The present study was designed to evaluate the ability of the methanol extracts of four Cameroonian dietary plants (Capsicum frutescens L. var. facilulatum, Brassica oleacera L. var. italica, Brassica oleacera L. var. butyris and Basilicum polystachyon (L.) Moench.) to improve the activity of commonly used antibiotics against MDR Gram-negative bacteria expressing active efflux pumps. Methods: The qualitative phytochemical screening of the plant extracts was performed using standard methods whilst the antibacterial activity was performed by broth micro-dilution method. Results: All the studied plant extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, triterpenes and sterols. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the studied extracts ranged from 256-1024 μg/mL. Capsicum frutescens var. facilulatum extract displayed the largest spectrum of activity (73%) against the tested bacterial strains whilst the lower MIC value (256 μg/mL) was recorded with Basilicum polystachyon against E. aerogenes ATCC 13048 and P. stuartii ATCC 29916. In the presence of PAβN, the spectrum of activity of Brassica oleacera var. italica extract against bacteria strains increased (75%). The extracts from Brassica oleacera var. butyris, Brassica oleacera var. italica, Capsicum frutescens var. facilulatum and Basilicum polystachyon showed synergistic effects (FIC ≤ 0.5) against the studied bacteria, with an average of 75.3% of the tested antibiotics. Conclusion: These results provide promising information for the potential use of the tested plants alone or in combination with some commonly used antibiotics in the fight against MDR Gram-negative bacteria.
Review on Plant-Based Management in Combating Antimicrobial Resistance - Mechanistic Perspective
Frontiers in Pharmacology
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microbes no longer respond to any pharmacological agents, rendering the conventional antimicrobial agents ineffective. AMR has been classified as one of the top 10 life-threatening global health problems needed multilevel attention and global cooperation to attain the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) according to the World Health Organization (WHO), making the discovery of a new and effective antimicrobial agent a priority. The recommended treatments for drug-resistant microbes are available but limited. Furthermore, the transformation of microbes over time increases the risk of developing drug resistance. Hence, plant metabolites such as terpenes, phenolic compounds and alkaloids are widely studied due to their antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic effects. Plant-derived antimicrobials are preferred due to their desirable efficacy and safety profile. Plant metabolites work by targeting microbial cell membranes, interfe...
Plants as sources of new antimicrobials and resistance-modifying agents
Natural Product Reports, 2012
Infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria are an increasing problem due to the emergence and propagation of microbial drug resistance and the lack of development of new antimicrobials. Traditional methods of antibiotic discovery have failed to keep pace with the evolution of resistance. Therefore, new strategies to control bacterial infections are highly desirable. Plant secondary metabolites (phytochemicals) have already demonstrated their potential as antibacterials when used alone and as synergists or potentiators of other antibacterial agents. The use of phytochemical products and plant extracts as resistance-modifying agents (RMAs) represents an increasingly active research topic. Phytochemicals frequently act through different mechanisms than conventional antibiotics and could, therefore be of use in the treatment of resistant bacteria. The therapeutic utility of these products, however, remains to be clinically proven. The aim of this article is to review the advances in in vitro and in vivo studies on the potential chemotherapeutic value of phytochemical products and plant extracts as RMAs to restore the efficacy of antibiotics against resistant pathogenic bacteria. The mode of action of RMAs on the potentiation of antibiotics is also described. 7
Tannic Acid as Phytochemical Potentiator for Antibiotic Resistance Adaptation
APCBEE Procedia, 2013
The effect of phytochemical tannic acid on Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) three clinical strains was studied individually and in combination with western antibiotic fusidic acid. The two drugs were synergistic to each other and the combined effect of the two drugs could delay or prevent the occurrence of adaptive mutations in MRSA. The possible mechanism might be the phytochemical tannic acid could potentiate the effect of fusidic acid and/or acts alternative target that results in lysis of bacteria. In this study, it was found that the mutants result from the continuous exposure of sub-minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fusidic acid revealed over active efflux pump as measured by ethidium bromide (EtBr) accumulation assay. However, the parent strains have no efflux pump activity. Therefore, it can be concluded efflux pump if they are being exposed by sub-MIC concentrations of western antibiotic (fusidic acid). Efflux modulating activity of tannic acid was tested against the strains with over active efflux pump activity. It was noticed that EtBr accumulation was increased with over time when the adapted strains were being exposed by sub-MIC concentrations (0.3 and 0.6 MIC) of tannic acid, meaning that phytochemical tannic acid has efflux modulating activity against MRSA strains that results in decreased in MIC of partner drug and thus, preventing its adaptive mutation.