3D GIS Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Digital geoinformation for the surface and subsurface is virtually never integrated in civil engineering projects. Reasons are that the surface information is gathered by different person’s and that the subsurface information is in... more

Digital geoinformation for the surface and subsurface is virtually never integrated in civil engineering projects. Reasons are that the surface information is gathered by different person’s and that the subsurface information is in different formats from the surface information. Likelihood and uncertainty of subsurface models is not quantifiable. To quantify the likelihood and correctness of the subsurface information the civil engineer would have to have full access to the original data, which is not available due to the none integration of the data. In the last 10 years considerable progress has been made in use of geographic information systems but the progress in the integration of data and the addressing of likelihood of subsurface data is limited.

Nowadays, daily life intensively depends on public services. Increasing population and urbanization take humans away from environment which may lead to chaos in usage of city lands. Consequently, human is in trouble using public services... more

Nowadays, daily life intensively depends on public services. Increasing population and urbanization take humans away from environment which may lead to chaos in usage of city lands. Consequently, human is in trouble using public services and facilities including green spaces. Isfahan, one of the metropolitans, has 18 m2 green spaces per person while City Park of district 8 is of inappropriate distribution with regard to population density. To create a localization map of civil park, Isfahan district 8 has been selected. The selected district delimits to Baharestan in north and to Kaveh street in west and to Shahid Forouqi in south and to Emam Komeini street in west-south. Finally, GIS has been used to create given layers and calculate weights based on AHP. According to overlap between layers, the most appropriate places have been identified.

Gridding methods produce a regularly spaced, rectangular array of Z values from irregularly spaced XYZ data. Gridding generates a Z value at each grid node by interpolating or extrapolating the data values. Different gridding methods... more

Gridding methods produce a regularly spaced, rectangular array of Z values from irregularly spaced XYZ data. Gridding generates a Z value at each grid node by interpolating or extrapolating the data values. Different gridding methods provide different interpretations of data because each method calculates grid node values by using a different algorithm. In this paper, we apply and compare different gridding methods including Inverse Distance Weighting, Kriging, Minimum Curvature, Modified Shepard's Method, Natural Neighbor, Nearest Neighbor, Polynomial Regression, Radial Basis Function, Triangulation with Linear Interpolation, Moving Average and Local Polynomial for various pilot regions with varied elevations. Grid method parameters which are able to set when producing a grid file, control the interpolation procedures. We also change these parameters to evaluate their effects on the resulted precision. We use a set of checkpoints to compare the precision of these methods. To implement these methods, various elevation data with equal precision is used; therefore, the results are affected only by the interpolation method. In other words, the influences of data and other environmental factors on the resulted precision are reduced by using them similarly in all gridding methods. Eventually, RMSE is computed for each method with its special parameters in different regions using checkpoints. The resulted precision acquired from applying these methods as well as their advantages and disadvantages in various topographic regions are represented in this study.

We would like to invite you to join this exciting new project as a chapter contributor. Since this is a textbook, a great deal of this chapter entails a survey on the topic under the paradigm of cyber-physical systems, what can be done... more

We would like to invite you to join this exciting new project as a chapter contributor. Since this is a textbook, a great deal of this chapter entails a survey on the topic under the paradigm of cyber-physical systems, what can be done onboard and remotely, the distributed nature of the system and some exercises on futurology (anticipating trends can shed some light on upcoming designs). IET will bring great visibility to your work. You are welcome to suggest another topic/chapter title if you feel it would be more suitable. Each chapter should be around 20-25 pages each and can be submitted as a Word or Latex File. The IET will send you additional information (formatting, permission form, etc.) with the contributor's agreement once you have agreed to contribute to the book. Visit http:// www.theiet.org/resources/author-hub/books/index.cfm to get all information you need as a contributor to an IET research-level book. Each book is expected to have a total number of 500 printed pages (based on approximately 550 words per page with a 20% allowance for figures and tables). We have included a tentative schedule and list of topics below. If this is something you would consider, please send me the title of your chapter, a short description/abstract of the chapter content, and your full contact details. We will expect original content and new results for this book. You can, of course, reuse published material but the percentage of material reuse for the chapter should be less than 40%. The IET will run a piracy software on the full manuscript to control that you are including original material and will reject chapters who contain a large amount of already-published material so please do take this into consideration.

This keynote paper describes the application of Information Technology to various aspects of Engineering Geology, from data requirements, data handling and processing to numerical and GIS modelling and visualization. It is illustrated... more

This keynote paper describes the application of Information Technology to various aspects of Engineering Geology, from data requirements, data handling and processing to numerical and GIS modelling and visualization. It is illustrated with a number of practical examples developed in The Netherlands.

For many years, the objective of spatial databases created using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology was to provide information about large spaces and areas outside of buildings. Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology... more

For many years, the objective of spatial databases created using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology was to provide information about large spaces and areas outside of buildings. Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology focused mainly on small spaces, indoor and outdoor, targeted at other users and slightly different applications, was developed simultaneously for several dozen years. The significant development of GIS technology and new tools for quick data acquisition (e.g., laser scanning) and growing user needs resulted in the geoinformation modeling of the space inside buildings as well. BIM, on the other hand, began to be used for increasingly larger spaces outside buildings. Technology developers, users, and scientists started to notice that works turned out to be repetitive and that combining two different technologies is necessary; however, it is not simple. The research presented in the article is another attempt at connecting the world of BIM and GIS. The proposed integrated database environment of BIM/GIS spatial data makes it possible to store GIS and BIM data, enabling the use of the same data by both types of systems simultaneously and in a consistent manner. This allows BIM systems to to obtain simultaneous access to BIM and GIS data, which may be needed in, for example, the process of analyzing a building and its immediate surroundings. At the same time, GIS can obtain up-to-date building data necessary for spatial analyses, building management, or route mapping in navigation applications. The concept proposed in this article assumes a pragmatic approach, which is based on sharing Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) and CityGML schemas from a single database for BIM and GIS applications in their practically original form using an additional integrated BIM-GIS schema, called BIGI-S. The research joins some other works in this field, complementing them and adding a new perspective.

The aim of the present work is to introduce an innovative framework for employing 3D-GIS as an exploratory platform to perform visual analysis. Such a methodology is aimed at detecting patterns of visibility to simulate the past human... more

The aim of the present work is to introduce an innovative framework for employing 3D-GIS as an exploratory platform to perform visual analysis. Such a methodology is aimed at detecting patterns of visibility to simulate the past human perception of specific categories of artifacts placed inside a virtually reconstructed three-dimensional space. As a case study, the house of Caecilius Iucundus in Pompeii (regio V, insula 1, entrances 23 and 26) was chosen and two media of visual communication, a painting and a graffito were tested to make an assessment of their visual impact on hypothetical observers. The approach consists of a vector-based line-of-sight (LOS) analysis, now available as an integral component of the 3D-analyst toolkit of the ESRI ArcGIS 10.x software package. This toolkit allowed us to perform the entire process inside a GIS environment, without splitting the tasks among different software platforms.
It was thus possible to detect a significant difference in terms of visibility among the observed objects.

Many countries where the industrial development and production rates are high face many side effects of low air quality and air pollution. There is an evident correlation between the topographic and climatic properties of a location and... more

Many countries where the industrial development and production rates are high face many side effects of low air quality and air pollution. There is an evident correlation between the topographic and climatic properties of a location and the air pollution and air quality on that location. As the variation of air quality is dependent on location, air quality information should be acquired, utilised, stored and presented in form of Geo-Information. On the other hand, as this information is related with the health concerns of public, the information should be available publicly, and needs to be presented through an easily accessible medium and through a commonly used interface. Efficient storage of time-varying air quality information when combined with an efficient mechanism of 3D web-based visualisation would help very much in dissemination of air quality information to public. This research is focused on web-based 3D visualisation of time-varying air quality data. A web based interactive system is developed to visualise pollutant levels that were acquired as hourly intervals from more than 100 stations in Turkey between years 2008 and 2017. The research also concentrated on visualisation of geospatial high volume data. In the system, visualisation can be achieved on-demand by querying an air pollutant information database of 10.330.629 records and a city object database with more than 700.000 records. The paper elaborates on the details of this research. Following a background on air quality, air quality models, and Geo-Information visualisation, the system architecture and functionality is presented. The paper concludes with results of usability tests of the system.

Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) is a new approach for modelling historic buildings which develops full Building Information Models (BIMs) from remotely sensed data. HBIM consists of a novel library of reusable parametric... more

Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) is a new approach for modelling historic buildings which develops full Building Information Models (BIMs) from remotely sensed data. HBIM consists of a novel library of reusable parametric objects, based on historic architectural data and a system for mapping theses library objects to survey data. This chapter describes the development of a library of parametric objects for HBIM that can be used to model classical architectural elements. Steps towards automating the HBIM process are also described in this chapter. Using concepts from procedural modelling, a new set of rules and algorithms have been developed to automatically combine HBIM library objects and generate different building arrangements by altering parameters. This is a semi-automatic process where the required building structure and objects are first automatically generated and then refined to match survey data. The use of procedural modelling techniques with HBIM library objects introduces automation and speeds up the slow process of plotting library objects to survey data.

3-dimensional visualizations are becoming a very useful tool in various archaeological contexts, from representations of individual artifacts to complex sites and architectural reconstructions. Useful as these applications are, what is... more

3-dimensional visualizations are becoming a very useful tool in various archaeological contexts, from representations of individual artifacts to complex sites and architectural reconstructions. Useful as these applications are, what is often missing is the ability to illuminate detailed intra-site patterning. Here, we provide background on a pilot project that uses data derived from excavation records to create a 3D visualization focused on identifying new burial patterns within a single site. This project digitized burial data (location and artifact) from Tumulus 18 in the Speckhau mound group associated with the early Iron Age (700-400 BC) Heuneburg hillfort in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Based on the spatial data obtained from digitized excavation maps, topographic and locational data were entered into Esri’s ArcScene to construct a 3D model of the mound prior to excavation as well as schematic representations of individual burials within the tumulus. Spatial and attribute data for both graves and artifacts were used to identify preliminary patterns of deposition and social relationships. We address the potential of this method of visualization for highlighting spatio-temporal patterns within burial mounds, and for generating research questions that have not been previously recognized using conventional mortuary analysis methods.

In high relief areas, there is seen many different types of variables such as altitude, aspect and slope which strongly influence both human and physical environments. To present the relationship between these two, a 3D data... more

In high relief areas, there is seen many different types of variables such as altitude, aspect and slope which strongly influence both human and physical environments. To present the relationship between these two, a 3D data model is therefore essential because it present a more realistic representation of the real world. Here, ArcGIS is used to present an approach for representing complex 3D objects.

The water needs for Zaria and its environments for human and agricultural consumption is on the rise due to increase in population and human activities. Identification of potential sites for Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) is an important... more

The water needs for Zaria and its environments for human and agricultural consumption is on the rise due to increase in population and human activities. Identification of potential sites for Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) is an important step towards maximizing water availability for farming and other uses in Zaria. However, selection of appropriate sites from different RWH technologies on a large scale presents a great challenge, since the necessary biophysical data and infrastructure are often lacking. In Spite of several thousand years of experience in rainwater harvesting around the world, a significant question remains, on how to identify areas suitable for certain techniques of rainwater harvesting using improved techniques in Geomatics. Thus this project presents a Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) approach, supported in Geographic Information System (GIS) to identify potential sites for RWH in the study area. A Multi-criteria Decision Support System (MDSS) was developed with the aim of providing a more flexible and accurate decisions to the decision makers for identify potential sites for RWH. The criteria factors taken into consideration for the MDSS include; rainfall data, slope map, soil information, drainage map, and land use/cover map from the 'systeme pour l'observation de la terre'(SPOT 5) and LANDSAT satellite imagery respectively. The image processing software 'Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS)' and GIS software ArcGIS 9.3 were used to process the images and to establish a geo-information system comprising digital data sets. The Boolean ranking method was used to calculate the weight for each factor and in the MCE the weighted linear combination (WLC) involving weighted overlay was used in the MDSS operation. The MDSS supported conditions for identifying potential in-situ, ponds, rock catchments and dam sites. The outputs are maps showing potential sites suitable for each rainwater harvesting technique and water storage systems in Zaria.

The International Journal of Digital Innovation in the Built Environment (IJDIBE) provides new techniques and technologies for the optimization of performance, sustainability, and durability of new and existing buildings and... more

The International Journal of Digital Innovation in the Built Environment (IJDIBE) provides new techniques and technologies for the optimization of performance, sustainability, and durability of new and existing buildings and infrastructure within a connected and sustainable built environment. It focuses on research domains ranging from digital design, construction and operations to smart and sustainable buildings, infrastructure, and cities, including building, infrastructure, and city level information modeling, resilient design, machine learning, and digital twins, covering all spatial contexts related to the urban and digital built environment. IJDIBE facilitates the exchange of current scientii c information, as well as shares state-of-the art technological and innovative developments within the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry and urban and digital built environment. The journal provides a forum for information dissemination between academics and professionals associated with building and infrastructure lifecycle management, city planning and management, infrastructure management, all disciplines of geosciences, building and civil engineering, disaster management, logistics, environmental planning and conservation, computer graphics, data management, gaming, and so forth. In addition to academics, the primary audience of the journal also includes engineering, architectural, contracting, consultant, and facility management practitioners. IJDIBE publishes original research articles, case studies, reviews and best practices, and applications, including mathematical models and algorithms.

In the last few years SfM has taken on a more important part in the research and documentation of archaeological sites. The benefits of 3D documentation are manifold: areas and contexts can be recorded quickly, true to scale and... more

In the last few years SfM has taken on a more important part in the research and documentation of archaeological sites. The benefits of 3D documentation are manifold: areas and contexts can be recorded quickly, true to scale and transformed into a 3D model.
In this article a workflow is presented which allows to document archaeological profiles with SfM efficiently and in high resolution so true to scale digital drawings can be created.

Dealing with coloured point cloud acquired from terrestrial laser scanner, this paper identifies remaining challenges for a new data structure: the smart point cloud. This concept arises with the statement that massive and discretized... more

Dealing with coloured point cloud acquired from terrestrial laser scanner, this paper identifies remaining challenges for a new data structure: the smart point cloud. This concept arises with the statement that massive and discretized spatial information from active remote sensing technology is often underused due to data mining limitations. The generalisation of point cloud data associated with the heterogeneity and temporality of such datasets is the main issue regarding structure, segmentation, classification, and interaction for an immediate understanding. We propose to use both point cloud properties and human knowledge through machine learning to rapidly extract pertinent information, using user-centered information (smart data) rather than raw data. A review of feature detection, machine learning frameworks and database systems indexed both for mining queries and data visualisation is studied. Based on existing approaches, we propose a new 3-block flexible framework around device expertise, analytic expertise and domain base reflexion. This contribution serves as the first step for the realisation of a comprehensive smart point cloud data structure.

Digital mapping is an important for showing any location of the world. For this purpose, ArcGIS 10.3 is important software. Any kind of maps like 2D & 3D may be drawn simply by using this software. To draw a map with ArcGIS 10.3, it is... more

Digital mapping is an important for showing any location of the world. For this purpose, ArcGIS 10.3 is important software. Any kind of maps like 2D & 3D may be drawn simply by using this software. To draw a map with ArcGIS 10.3, it is important to install the software properly. So how to install ArcGIS 10.3 in a computer is easily mentioned in several steps.

Nowadays, daily life intensively depends on public services. Increasing population and urbanization take humans away from environment which may lead to chaos in usage of city lands. Consequently, human is in trouble using public services... more

Nowadays, daily life intensively depends on public services. Increasing population and urbanization take humans away from environment which may lead to chaos in usage of city lands. Consequently, human is in trouble using public services and facilities including green spaces. Isfahan, one of the metropolitans, has 18 m2 green spaces per person while city park of district 8 is of inappropriate distribution with regard to population density. The current study is aimed to localize a suitable place for city park which focuses on such criteria as:  To be close to street  To be close to residential centers  To be far away from the existing parks  Tobe close to cultural and educational centers  To be close to parking lot Finally, GIS has been used to create given layers and calculate weights based on AHP. According to overlap between layers, the most appropriate places have been identified: 1. In Marchin district which is of the area of 16 m2 2. In Bariman district which is of the area of 29 m2 3. In Imam Komeini street which is of the area of 17 m2 4. In Jaber Ansari street which is of the area of 23 m2 Keywords: City Park, Geographical Information System (GIS), AHP, Localization, District 8 of Isfahan

Learn how to use ArcGIS Desktop to create, edit, manage, display, analyze, and share geographic data Use common geo-processing tools to select and extract features A guide with example-based recipes to help you get a better... more

Learn how to use ArcGIS Desktop to create, edit, manage, display, analyze, and share geographic data
Use common geo-processing tools to select and extract features
A guide with example-based recipes to help you get a better and clearer understanding of ArcGIS Desktop

The concept of a visualscape was introduced less than a decade ago as a generic term with the aim of unifying and extending within a GIS the ideas and scope of current analyses of ‘human’ visual space, independently of their scale or... more

The concept of a visualscape was introduced less than a decade ago as a generic term with the aim of unifying and extending within a GIS the ideas and scope of current analyses of ‘human’ visual space, independently of their scale or context (Llobera 2003, 30). This chapter firstly starts with acknowledging that generic notions which make explicit the conceptual affinities of current visual analyses have the potential to encourage methodological innovation, and precipitate a fuller understanding of the interplay between humans and their surroundings. It then reviews recent works on three-dimensional visibility analysis found in the fields of geography, urban studies and archaeology, and discusses their conceptual contribution to the study of visual space. Focusing on these new developments it is argued that the visualscape could prove a more powerful and useful operational concept, if it is associated more broadly with the full range of technological possibilities used currently to describe the visual structure of landscapes and built spaces, rather than tied specifically to GIS applications.

In recent years various methods of visibility analysis have been applied to investigate human engagement, experience and socialisation within historic and prehistoric ’natural’ and built environments. On many occasions these approaches... more

In recent years various methods of visibility analysis have been applied to investigate human engagement, experience and socialisation within historic and prehistoric ’natural’ and built environments. On many occasions these approaches appear to be either extremely limited or wholly inadequate for the interpretation of complex built structures and building interiors because they do not fully model the three-dimensional geometry of such spaces. This paper briefly reviews computational approaches to visual analysis that have been previously applied in archaeological research, and then goes on to introduce a new analytical technique that uses fully 3D reconstructions of past environments. This method integrates common functionalities of 3D modelling software and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), essentially permitting viewshed analysis to be performed upon objects of any form and shape modelled in 3D. We argue that the proposed methodology can generate new data and encourage fresh lines of enquiry in the study of extant and partially preserved historic and prehistoric built structures in a variety of contexts, ranging from building interiors and townscapes to landscapes. The potential of the method is illustrated by applying the suggested analysis to explore visual perception issues associated with the urban remains of Late Bronze Age Akrotiri (Thera, Greece).

The introduction of European livestock into the New World resulted in extensive land use changes. Studying the spatiality of these changes as they actually transpired in a three-dimensional landscape can enhance our knowledge of the... more

The introduction of European livestock into the New World resulted in extensive land use changes. Studying the spatiality of these changes as they actually transpired in a three-dimensional landscape can enhance our knowledge of the environmental transformations that accompanied colonization. This article focuses on a case study area in New Spain, roughly equivalent to present-day Mexico, wherein forty-seven sheep ranches were established through viceregal land grants between 1535 and 1610. An integration of fieldwork, textual analysis of land grants, and imagery analysis enables these ranches to be mapped in a threedimensional geographic information system (GIS) environment. Once mapped in a GIS, the spatial statistics of each ranch's elevation, slope, and aspect (slope orientation) can be calculated to identify spatio-temporal patterns of land use change. These spatio-temporal patterns can be interpreted within the highly localized contexts of land granting to amplify our understanding of human-environment interaction in New Spain. This article's key findings are that grantees harbored a persistent preference for south-facing land; ranches clustered most heavily on isolated elevations; viceregal ordinances were effective at keeping livestock away from low-lying, agriculturally productive zones; and, as a consequence of native population decline and forced native resettlements, the midelevations experienced a land use change from semiterraced agriculture to ranching. These results offer a fresh perspective on the local-scale processes of land use change that resulted from the European colonization of the New World.

3 boyutlu şehir modelleri günümüzde şehirlerin etkili yönetimi için artık bir zorunluluk haline gelmiştir ve afet yönetimi, navigasyon, güneş potansiyeli ve planlama simülasyonları gibi farklı amaçlarla kullanılabilmektedir. Bu modeller... more

3 boyutlu şehir modelleri günümüzde şehirlerin etkili yönetimi için artık bir zorunluluk haline gelmiştir ve afet yönetimi, navigasyon, güneş potansiyeli ve planlama simülasyonları gibi farklı amaçlarla kullanılabilmektedir. Bu modeller sadece görsel bir model olmanın dışında, modele eklenebilen semantik bilgiler yardımıyla tematik sorgular ve analizler yapılmasına imkan verebilmektedir. Şehir modelleri üretimi farklı veri kaynaklarından farklı yöntemler kullanılarak yapılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada BÖHYY (Büyük Ölçekli Haritaların Yapım Yönetmeliği) göre Türkiye'de üretilmekte olan fotogrametrik halihazır harita verileri ve stereo hava fotoğrafları kullanılarak bir yarı-otomatik 3 boyutlu şehir modeli üretimi için iş akış şeması geliştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı fotogrametrik yöntemlerle üretilmiş olan verilerle, ek veri alımına ihtiyaç kalmadan şehir modeli üretmektir. Çalışma esnasında olabildiğince açık kaynak kodlu veya eğitim/araştırma lisansı ücretsiz olan yazılımlar tercih edilmiştir. Yöntemin uygulaması için Çeşme / İzmir bölgesine ait geniş formatlı dijital hava kamerası görüntüleri ve bu projeden üretilmiş halihazır harita verileri yardımıyla 3 boyutlu şehir modeli üretimi LoD2 seviyesinde yarı-otomatik olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Üretilen model otomatik olarak fotograflardan giydirilmiş, öznitelik bilgileri ve sayısal arazi modeli ile birlikte web üzerinde görselleştirilmiştir. Web üzerinde görselleştirilen model www.cesme3d.com adresinde Internet üzerinden yayına açılmıştır. Çalışma boyunca karşılaşılan sorunlar not edilerek sonuç bölümünde bu sorunların çözümüne dair yaklaşımlar belirtilmiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: 3 boyutlu şehir modeli, görselleştirme, sayısal yüzey modeli, sayısal arazi modeli ABSTRACT IMPLEMENTATION AND WEB-BASED VISUALIZATION OF 3D CITY MODELS 3D city models have become crucial for a better city management, and can be used for various purposes such as disaster management, navigation, solar potential computation and planning simulations. 3D city models are not only visual models, and thematic queries and analyzes can be performed with the help of semantic data. They can be produced using different data sources and methods. In this study, basemaps and large-format aerial images, which are produced in accordance with the regulations of large-scale map production in Turkey (called BOHYY) have been used to develop a workflow for semiautomatic 3D city model generation. The aim of this study is to generate a 3D city model from existing aerial photogrammetric datasets without any additional data acquisition or costly manual processing. During the prodution, open source software or other tools with free educational/research licences have been preferred. As a result, a 3D city model has been generated with semi-automatic methods at LoD2 of CityGML using the data of study area near Çesme / Izmir. The generated model is automatically textured and visualized on the web along with the attribute information and digital terrain model. The model is published on the web at www.cesme3d.com. The problems encountered throughout the study and approaches to solve them are presented here.

3D documentation of underwater archaeological sites is an indispensable and regular part of the methodological procedure and anyone, who is considered a serious researcher, does not even think to try to reassure the scientific community... more

3D documentation of underwater archaeological sites is an indispensable and regular part of the methodological procedure and anyone, who is considered a serious researcher, does not even think to try to reassure
the scientific community about the site's condition without entirely new methodological standards. However, 15 years ago, that was not possible and feasible. Even though the possibilities of 3D methodology were started to be explored already almost 50 years ago, this was in practice unavailable, primarily because of the enormous time of art needed for preparing stereo photogrammetric results. Moreover, also because of the very expensive equipment, which was not available for the vast majority of underwater archaeologists. That had changed when low-cost, digital, compact cameras with instant housings came on the market. The first experimental studies on the Eastern Adriatic sea in 2001, on a Roman shipwreck near the Silba Island in the Adriatic Sea, were performed.

Advances in digital recording technology make it possible to document three-dimensional data during excavation. Yet this opens up the question: what do we do with this data? Is there an added value to recording 3D data that exceeds... more

Advances in digital recording technology make it possible to document three-dimensional data during excavation. Yet this opens up the question: what do we do with this data? Is there an added value to recording 3D data that exceeds traditional 2D drawing approaches? Various 3D GIS workflows have been introduced over the years, yet little research has been done exploring the analytical possibilities of this approach. This thesis presents an effective workflow for creating a vector-based 3D GIS model that is capable of operating in the four subsystems of GIS: data entry, data storage, analysis, and visualization. Three excavation trenches from the Chalcolithic site of Chlorakas-Palloures, Cyprus are modeled using TS spatial data and 3D photogrammetry models. Moreover, three methods are introduced for modeling the volume of stratigraphic units using the capabilities of Esri ArcScene. This approach presents a significant advantage over 2D plan and section drawings in regards to stratigraphic analysis. The excavation database can be joined within the 3D GIS environment and easily queried, thus creating a complete 3D spatial database of all excavated materials. Using this method, it is possible to find spatial correlations between units in trenches that may have been excavated at different times. Furthermore, unit relations identified in the field can be visualized and verified in an intuitive, user-friendly interface. Along with being able to depict features and materials found within the interior of the trench, models can be cross-sectioned at any angle and in any direction to show the stratigraphic sequence. This is particularly helpful in aiding in the stratigraphic studies of Chalcolithic sites in Cyprus which have characteristically shallow occupation layers and are subject to extensive post-depositional processes. Stratigraphic analysis of the modeled trenches provides evidence of multiple occupation phases at the site, thus supporting the idea of dynamic settlement patterns during the Late Chalcolithic period in Cyprus. However, the ability to create a 3D GIS model is predicated on the quality and type of data recorded in the field. Volumetric modeling methods showed promise for depicting certain types of features, yet these must be improved in order to accurately represent the volume of all excavated units. An ideal documentation method is introduced that addresses these deficiencies and presents a means of capturing the volumetric data needed for creating a true 3D GIS model for stratigraphic analysis.

This paper aims at establishing changes in land use and land cover in Igbokoda municipality using Geographic Information System and remote sensing techniques. Three satellite images for three different epochs 1986, 1999 and 2013 were used... more

This paper aims at establishing changes in land use and land cover in Igbokoda municipality using Geographic Information System and remote sensing techniques. Three satellite images for three different epochs 1986, 1999 and 2013 were used to produce a land use/land cover map classification for Igbokoda. In determining the extent of land use/land cover changes in the township from 1986 through 1999 to 2013, Landsat images of the town were downloaded from the United State Geological Survey online archive. The images were analyzed using change detection technique (NDVI differencing) along with SRTM 90m DEM of the study area to generate the extent of the changes that have occurred. Ground trotting was carried out to ascertain the accuracy of data and the major changes in the land use/land cover. Results show that vegetation has decreased from 75.04% in 1986 to 46.81% in 2013 which was due to increase in population and rapid urbanization. In 1996 the Built-up area covers 19.6321 km2 of the study area but has increased rapidly to 39.1505 km2 in the year 1999 with an average annual increment of 2.025Km2/year. By the year 2013, the built-up area has increased to 64.1520Km2. Also in the same vein, the bare surface area which was 13.28029km2 in 1986 was increased to 39.6053 and 50.240Km2 in 1999 and 2013 respectively. On the contrary, the vegetated area of Igbokoda reduced from 196.3046Km2 in 1999 to 122.4680Km2 in 2013. This study has demonstrated that remotely sensed data and GIS based approach is timely and cost effective than the conventional method of analysis, classification of land use pattern effective for planning and management. It further shows that If the rapid change in land use is not properly manage, the situation poses a serious threat to Igbokoda town by increasing surface runoff and susceptibility to flooding.

Detecting changes in Mangrove Forests along the Bintang Bolong Estuary, Gambia using Google Earth Engine, Sentinel-2 Imagery and random forest classification Lisah Ligono, Chukwuma Okolie Remote sensing approach for aerosol optical... more

Detecting changes in Mangrove Forests along the Bintang Bolong Estuary, Gambia using Google Earth Engine, Sentinel-2 Imagery and random forest classification Lisah Ligono, Chukwuma Okolie Remote sensing approach for aerosol optical thickness (AOT) monitoring in relation to the

Floods are one of the most common and widely distributed natural risks to life and property. Due to such hazards associated with flooding as disruption of services, health impacts, famine and disease, flood protection must be taken into... more

Floods are one of the most common and widely distributed natural risks to life and property. Due to such hazards associated with flooding as disruption of services, health impacts, famine and disease, flood protection must be taken into account in almost all development projects. Feasibility study of flood and evaluating the sensitive places prone to flood is the main step for controlling and managing the flood and utilizing it. Kaleybar Chay basin, that is located in East Azerbaijan province, is one of the areas which has experienced several floods during the last years and because of mismanagement, it has caused several life and property losses to the residents of this area. In this study, the effective factors which impact on flooding, from physical, hydrological and environmental factors were explored through executing the ANP model. Through the present research, the ETM + image of the Landsat satellite and the ANP model were used considering their abilities in analyzing the criteria and coefficient of their results with their real world. The results of the study showed that in ANP method, 20 percent of the area which is in the north areas of the basin has the high risk from flooding aspect; the results of the study were supplied for recognizing the area with high possibility of flooding in Kaleybar Chay basin and the provided maps will be used in executive organizations (such as governorate, natural resources) for logistics planning and controlling the flood.

Τον Οκτώβριο του 2010, 65 εγγεγραμμένοι σύνεδροι παρουσίασαν 50 πρωτότυπες εργασίες στη διάρκεια του 2 ου Συμποσίου ARCH_RNT -Αρχαιολογική Έρευνα και Νέες Τεχνολογίες που διοργανώθηκε και φιλοξενήθηκε από το Εργαστήριο Αρχαιομετρίας του... more

Τον Οκτώβριο του 2010, 65 εγγεγραμμένοι σύνεδροι παρουσίασαν 50 πρωτότυπες εργασίες στη διάρκεια του 2 ου Συμποσίου ARCH_RNT -Αρχαιολογική Έρευνα και Νέες Τεχνολογίες που διοργανώθηκε και φιλοξενήθηκε από το Εργαστήριο Αρχαιομετρίας του Τμήματος Ιστορίας, Αρχαιολογίας και Διαχείρισης Πολιτισμικών Αγαθών του Πανεπιστήμιο Πελοποννήσου, στη Σχολή Ανθρωπιστικών Επιστημών και Πολιτισμικών Σπουδών της Καλαμάτας.. Ο τόμος περιέχει 26 εργασίες οι οποίες υποβλήθηκαν για κρίση και έκδοση στα Πρακτικά του Συμποσίου. Οι εργασίες αναφέρονται στο σύνολο των θεματικών της σύγχρονης αρχαιολογικής έρευνας και συγκεκριμένα στις γεωφυσικές διασκοπήσεις, τις εφαρμογές των ΓΠΣ και υπολογιστικών συστημάτων, τις απόλυτες χρονολογήσεις, τον χαρακτηρισμό και τις αναλύσεις αντικειμένων και υλικών της πολιτιστικής κληρονομιάς, στις σύγχρονες προσεγγίσεις της επιστήμης της συντήρησης, ανάδειξης και προστασίας. Με αυτή την σειρά εμφανίζονται στα περιεχόμενα του τόμου.

In various disciplines, particularly those that utilise techniques developed in the geosciences, the display, analysis and interpretation of three-dimensional (3D) data is very important. This is also the case in archaeology. Irrespective... more

In various disciplines, particularly those that utilise techniques developed in the geosciences, the display, analysis and interpretation of three-dimensional (3D) data is very important. This is also the case in archaeology. Irrespective of a site- or landscape-centred point of focus, archaeology deals with very complex surfaces and always examines traces of past human presence in three geometrical dimensions. Visualising these detailed geometric environments is not that much of an issue anymore; however, interactively interpreting and mapping them is still problematic. Despite the steady increase in technologies to create 3D models, there is still a serious lack of tools that allow for easy interaction with these models in a metrical and coordinate system-aware environment. As a result, most—if not all—interpretation workflows will first downscale 3D data to two-and-a-half-dimensional (2.5D) or 2D data sets, thus effectively discarding up to one geometrical dimension. To enable or enhance the perception of topographic characteristics in these geometrically compromised datasets, various visualisation techniques have been developed to artificially restore and enhance the data that was initially discarded. While these techniques work very well to enhance the remaining pertinent features present in such data sets, data downscaling can nevertheless irrevocably eliminate significant amounts of important archaeological information. Therefore, this paper outlines a new processing and interpretation pipeline for complex archaeological 3D surfaces that do not rely on downscaling of data, while also discussing several 3D-related concepts and issues along the way. More specifically, this article focusses on the generation of intelligently decimated, two-manifold triangular meshes and the subsequent geo-referenced 3D interpretative mapping of these surfaces. Furthermore, all applications can be considered low- and even no-cost, making this a readily implemented processing and interpretation workflow. Additionally, all software packages are easy to learn and flexible enough for implementation in any existing mixed software pipeline.

The rapid technological evolution, which is characterizing all the disciplines involved within the wide concept of smart cities, becomes a key factor to trigger true user-driven innovation. In this context 3D city models will play an... more

The rapid technological evolution, which is characterizing all the disciplines involved within the wide concept of smart cities, becomes a key factor to trigger true user-driven innovation. In this context 3D city models will play an increasingly important role in our daily lives and become an essential part of the modern city information infrastructure (Spatial Data Infrastructure). The goal of this paper is to introduce the i-SCOPE (interoperable Smart City services through an Open Platform for urban Ecosystems) project methodology and implementations together with key technologies and open standards. Based on interoperable 3D CityGML UIMs, the aim of i-Scope is to deliver an open platform on top of which it possible to develop, within different domains, various 'smart city' services. Moreover, in i-SCOPE different issues, transcending the mere technological domain, are being tackled, including aspects dealing with social and environmental issues. Indeed several tasks including citizen awareness, crowd source and voluntary based data collection as well as privacy issue concerning involved people should be considered.

Forest health assessment using hyper spectral image and multi-criteria analysis: A case study: Ramsar Forest, North of Iran Khalil Valizadeh Kamran*, Behnam Khaorrami Geological mapping and mineral exploration based on the application of... more

Forest health assessment using hyper spectral image and multi-criteria analysis: A case study: Ramsar Forest, North of Iran Khalil Valizadeh Kamran*, Behnam Khaorrami Geological mapping and mineral exploration based on the application of remote sensing in North Waziristan, Pakistan Muhammad Yaseen*, Jawerai Mehboob, Adil Nawaz Mapping evapotranspiration with vegetation index-temperature difference method using the products for the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer Ali Levent Yağcı A medium-sized rainfall-induced landslide detection using Land C-band SAR images: A comparative study in agricultural lands

Several digital technologies are now available to record and document archaeological excavations. A large number of studies have been published concerning the use of laser scanning, image based 3D modelling and GIS. By integrating... more

Several digital technologies are now available to record and document archaeological excavations. A large number of studies have been published concerning the use of laser scanning, image based 3D modelling and GIS. By integrating different typologies of 3D data from Uppåkra, an Iron Age central place in southern Sweden, this thesis focuses on the development and evaluation of how 3D Geographic Information Systems (3D GIS) affect archaeological practice. In specific a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) was created for the site and the surrounding landscape. A UAV (drone) was used to document the excavation area in higher resolution, and image based 3D modelling was used to record the ongoing excavation on a single-context level. These different typologies of data were subsequently imported in a 3D GIS system (ArcScene) in order to conduct various types of spatial analysis (e.g. hillshade and slope analysis) as well as to create 3D drawings of the excavated contexts, using the textured 3D models as a geometrical reference. The ability to virtually revisit previous stages of the excavation and the use of tablet PC’s for documentation and discussion at the trowel’s edge increased reflexivity on the excavation and stimulated on-site interpretation by the excavation team. The model based drawing approach furthermore improved the drawing resolution compared to traditional documentation using a total station, especially for complicated contexts. This approach allowed connecting different typologies of data in the same virtual space, 1) increasing the possibility of researchers and scholars to gain a complete overview of all the information available, as well as 2) exponentially increasing the possibilities to perform new analysis. The ability to interact and navigate with all the data in 3D improved the impact of the data and comes closer to simulating the real world. Though some challenges still have to be faced, such as inaccurate georeferencing and unrealistic colour projection, the method was found to significantly improve the documentation quality by creating a multi-scale 3D documentation platform. By further developing this method, it can help us to improve the standards of archaeological excavation documentation.

ABSTRACT Ilorin East Local Government Area of Kwara State has witnessed remarkable land use growth and development, therefore resulted to motor traffic congestion, inadequate parking space, improper refuse dispose, inadequate drainage... more

ABSTRACT
Ilorin East Local Government Area of Kwara State has witnessed remarkable land use growth and development, therefore resulted to motor traffic congestion, inadequate parking space, improper refuse dispose, inadequate drainage system, congestion on walkways, overcrowding and insufficient ventilation for residential building. The research accessed urban growth and its consequences on infrastructural facilities in Ilorin East Local Government Area. Satellite image collection was based on both LandSat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) data of 1995 and 2012, and High resolution imagery (Google Earth) of 2005 and 2012. Data on the perception on consequences of urban growth on infrastructure was sourced through the use of structured questionnaire, Face to face structured interview and Reconnaissance observation to identify the infrastructure facilities (land use pattern, road condition, sewer disposal etc). The Satellite image was analyzed using Maximum Likelihood Classification that gave a broad classification where the land use were identify by a single digit and Calculation of the area in hectares of the resulting land use types for each study was generated. Reliability analysis using Cronbach’s Alpha, descriptive statistics to get frequency and percentage proportions of the variables to examine the state of utilization and challenges for better understanding and chi square was used to obtain the significant differences of available infrastructures in the purposive wards which can be used for general analysis. Built-up area was recorded the highest amount of change from 23.02% in 1995 to 28.7% in 2012. High resolution image obtained from Google Earth was also used to show the trend and rate of urban growth in the study area. 400 questionnaires were administered for this study. Cronbach's Alpha equals 0.725 for the entire questionnaire which indicates an acceptable degree of reliability of the entire questionnaire. The result obtained shows that there is no significant differences in the Address of Residential Area and availability of the infrastructure facilities. Recommendations proffered to address these challenges include; Adequate and Provision of new infrastructural facilities such as water facilities, electricity, good roads, sewage bins e.t.c. Provision of adequate security in urban growth area to control the rate of destruction and vandalization of infrastructural facilities. Provision and enforcement of housing plan by the government can help in reducing urban Growth effects on infrastructures in the study area. Regular and proper refuse disposal by the appropriate Government Parastatals can help improve the quality of sewage disposal site.

The objective of this study was to develop, test and evaluate a specifically defined interdisciplinary approach—the human-centred approach—as applied to a case study, Iron Age Öland. Four themes were selected to highlight different... more

The objective of this study was to develop, test and evaluate a specifically defined interdisciplinary approach—the human-centred approach—as applied to a case study, Iron Age Öland. Four themes were selected to highlight different aspects of particular interest in Öland: taphonomy, diet, migration, and social organization. The uncremated human skeletal remains from Öland are the basis for this study. Different aspects of the bones, such as spatial distribution and chemical and physical properties, were investigated. The methods used include osteological methods, image-based modelling, isotopic analysis of bone (δ13C and δ15N; 14C) and enamel (87Sr/86Sr, δ18O), statistical modelling, and graph-based network analysis.
The great impact of the choice of methodology in the different papers was apparent in evaluating how the human-centred approach could be practiced.
The concept developed in Paper I, Virtual Taphonomy, provided deeper insight into the specific case study of Öland but also showed the potential of this methodology for archaeology and osteology in general.
The approach to migration in Paper II gave results differing from those in Paper IV. The use of a second isotope (δ18O) in Paper IV showed how some individuals were clearly not from an area close by enough to fit within the proposed areas in Paper II. Paper IV also questioned the definitions of 87Sr/86Sr baseline and the interpretation process for deciding whether an individual is determined as a migrant. While the population level approach to migration in Paper II allowed for a discussion on the mechanisms behind migration, the approach in Paper IV instead gave insight into the nature and expression of migration within Öland’s society.
In Paper III, it was demonstrated that a shift in diet (isotope variation) did not coincide with the relative typological chronology but instead should be studied by more independent chronology (such as 14C). The isotope results for Öland could also be interpreted completely differently today due to new standards for understanding how isotope values relate to human diet.
Paper V showed how a transparent analysis of isotope results, osteological analysis, and archaeological parameters could be used to discuss societal development using graph-based network analysis.
Using the human-centred approach to Iron Age Öland resulted in some new insights and a rethinking of society, particularly regarding diet and migration. The interpretation of the diet isotopes means that the pastoralist subsistence likely transformed the Ölandic landscape much earlier than previously thought. The dietary shift places the start of this in the final two centuries BC, not AD 200. In the Late Iron Age, the migration levels doubled, especially as women were immigrating. The people settling Öland were coming from diverse geographical areas in both periods, with the addition of more distant migrants in the Late period. I argue this is part of a creolization process in Öland in the Late Iron Age, detectable in burial practice and diet. The starting point of this great immigration is difficult to define as uncremated human remains are largely lacking in the period AD 200–700. Around AD 200, there is also a change in social organization indicated through the perceptible use of violence. I interpret this as a society where elders had diminished social power compared to earlier times, and when the increasing military focus throughout Scandinavia was also established in Öland.
In conclusion, the exploration of a human-centred archaeology gave new insights of relevance to archaeology at large, not just Iron Age Öland. In particular, the strong interpretational aspects of isotopes could be demonstrated, as well as the great advantages of applying digital archaeological theory and method to human skeletal remains.

A recent trend concerning archaeological research has focused on producing a real-time methodology for 3D digital models as archaeological documentation within the excavation setting. While such methodologies have now firmly been... more

A recent trend concerning archaeological research has focused on producing a real-time methodology for 3D digital models as archaeological documentation within the excavation setting. While such methodologies have now firmly been established, what remains is to examine how 3D models can be integrated more fully alongside other forms of archaeological documentation. This work explored one avenue by developing a method that combines the interpretative power of traditional archaeological drawings and the realistic visualisation capacity of 3D digital models. An experiment was initiated during archaeological excavations at Uppåkra, Sweden where photographic data was captured to produce 3D digital models through Photoscan. These models were geospatially located within ESRI’s 3D GIS ArcScene where shapefile editing tools were used to draw overtop of their surfaces in three-dimensions. All drawings closely followed the single context method of drawing, were allotted context numbers, and given descriptive geodatabase attributes. This methodology resulted in the further integration of 3D models alongside other forms of archaeological documentation. The drawings increased the communicative powers of archaeological interpretation by enabling the information to be disseminated in a 3D environment alongside other formats of data that would have otherwise been disconnected in 2D space. Finally, the database attributes permitted the drawings complete integration within the geodatabase, thereby making them available for query and other analytical procedures. Archaeological information is three-dimensional; therefore, archaeologists must begin to approach documentation bearing this in mind. This technique has demonstrated that 3D models are a fluidic form of documentation allowing for accurate preservation of archaeology while enabling new forms of data to be derived all within a limited amount of time. Archaeologists must begin to affect change towards embracing 3D models and their associated applications as a standard tool within the excavator’s toolbox.

Valuation of real estate/ properties is in many countries/ cities the basis for fair taxation. The property value depends on many aspects, including the physical real world aspects (geometries, material of object as build) and... more

Valuation of real estate/ properties is
in many countries/ cities the basis
for fair taxation. The property value
depends on many aspects, including the
physical real world aspects (geometries,
material of object as build) and legal/
virtual aspects (rights, restrictions,
responsibilities, zoning/development
plans applicable to the objects spaces).
The aim of this study is to investigate the
opportunities provided by the semantically
rich 3D building and cadastral models for
valuation and taxation. In this paper we
investigate the following related aspects:
1. Relationship between physical
real world objects and legal
(virtual) objects,
2. Use of (semantically rich) 2D and
3D descriptions of both physical
real world objects and legal (virtual)
objects for valuation, and
3. Maintenance of the 3D information

ASK FOR WHOLE ARTICLE BY MAIL.!! In recent decades we have witnessed almost revolutionary changes in the documentation of underwater heritage. The research in this area was given a strong impetus by development of a special discipline... more

ASK FOR WHOLE ARTICLE BY MAIL.!! In recent decades we have witnessed almost revolutionary changes in the documentation of underwater heritage. The research in this area was given a strong impetus by development of a special discipline within archeology, strongly stimulated by changes in research philosophy. It had outgrown the passion for collecting artifacts to engage in data collecting and a carefully considered, less invasive handling of heritage. Remote sensing of anthropogenic changes, enabled by the use of sonar equipment, especially in the archaeological research of larger local and regional areas, brought a new ideological concept. It made archeologists alter their attitudes to heritage and opt for more non-invasive research techniques. Simultaneous
technological development of measurement sensors, information technologies and programming tools have to revolutionary changes in the profession, enabling absolutely accurate documentation of sites. Some of these changes appeared also in the archaeological research in the Eastern Adriatic.