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- Geology, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Array Seismology
- by Fernando Carrilho and +2
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- Civil Engineering, Geophysics, Array Seismology, Seismology

- by Mostafa Mousavi
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- Geophysics, Array Seismology, Seismology, Earthquake

The core mantle boundary (CMB) is an inaccessible and complex region, knowledge of which is vital to our understanding of many Earth processes. Above it is the heterogeneous lower-mantle. Below the boundary is the outer-core, composed of liquid iron, and/or nickel and some lighter elements. Elucidation of how these two distinct layers interact may enable researchers to better understand the geodynamo, global tectonics, and overall Earth history. One parameter that can be used to study structure and limit potential chemical compositions is seismic-wave velocity. Current global-velocity models have significant uncertainties in the 200 km above and below the CMB. In this thesis, these regions are studies using three methods.
The upper outer core is studied using two seismic array methods. First, a modified vespa, or slant-stack method is applied to seismic observations at broadband seismic arrays, and at large, dense groups of broadband seismic stations dubbed 'virtual' arrays. Observations of core-refracted teleseismic waves, such as SmKS, are used to extract relative arrivaltimes. As with previous studies, lower-mantle heterogeneities influence the extracted arrivaltimes, giving significant scatter. To remove raypath effects, a new method was developed, called Empirical Transfer Functions (ETFs). When applied to SmKS waves, this method effectively isolates arrivaltime perturbations caused by outer core velocities. By removing raypath effects, the signals can be stacked further reducing scatter. The results of this work were published as a new 1D outer-core model, called AE09. This model descries a well-mixed outer core.
Two array methods are used to detect lower mantle heterogeneities, in particular Ultra-Low Velocity Zones (ULVZs). The ETF method and beam forming are used to isolate a weak P-wave that diffracts along the CMB. While neither the ETF method nor beam forming could adequately image the low-amplitude phase, beam forms of two events indicate precursors to the SKS and SKKS phase, which may be ULVZ indicators. Finally, cross-correlated observed and modelled beams indicate a tendency towards a ULVZ-like lower mantle in the study region.

- by Catherine Alexandrakis
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- Geophysics, Array Seismology, Seismology, Core-mantle Boudnary
- by eka mandiri
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- Array Seismology
- by Mikhail Rozhkov and +1
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- Array Seismology, Seismology, Disaster Management, Earthquake

Based on the earthquake event data accumulated by the Turkish National Seismic Network between 2007 and 2013, the local magnitude (Richter, Ml) scale is calibrated for Turkey and the close neighborhood. A total of 137 earthquakes (Mw > 3.5) are used for the Ml inversion for the whole country. Three Ml scales, whole country, East, and West Turkey, are developed, and the scales also include the station correction terms. Since the scales for the two parts of the country are very similar, it is concluded that a single Ml scale is suitable for the whole country. Available data indicate the new scale to suffer from saturation beyond magnitude 6.5. For this data set, the horizontal amplitudes are on average larger than vertical amplitudes by a factor of 1.8. The recommendation made is to measure Ml amplitudes on the vertical channels and then add the logarithm scale factor to have a measure of maximum amplitude on the horizontal. The new Ml is compared to Mw from EMSC, and there is almost a 1:1 relationship, indicating that the new scale gives reliable magnitudes for Turkey.

- by Mehmet Ozyazicioglu
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- Earthquake Engineering, Array Seismology, Seismology, Seismic data processing

In CTBT related applications Blind Source Separation (BSS) methods can be used for signal recovery from the mixture using minimal a priori information about the signals сomposing the mixture. Expert Technical Analysis (ETA) conducted in CTBTO to improve the estimated values for the standard signal and event parameters according to the Protocol to the CTBT may face problems which cannot be resolved with certified CTBTO applications and may demand specific techniques. Here, we examine two scenarios of interest: (1) separation of two almost co-located explosions and conducted within fractions of seconds, and (2) extraction of explosion signals merged with wavetrains from strong earthquake. Independent Component Analysis (in its FastICA implementation) implying non-Gaussianity of the underlying processes signal’s mixture is a blind source separation method that we apply to resolve the mentioned above cases. We have tested this technique with synthetic waveforms, seismic data from DPRK explosions and mining blasts conducted within East-European platform as well as with signals from regional and strong teleseismic events. Our approach demonstrates a good ability of waveforms separation. We also share our experience in applying the ICA in cepstral domain for separation of seismic signals based on the finite convolution representation model.

Earthquake-induced landslides are among the most destructive slope movements, not only because of their size and magnitude, but also because of the synergistic action with the earthquake the consequences are higher, due to the earthquake shaking and the landslide effect. Studies on landslides triggered by seismic activities are not as extensive as rainfall-induced landslides.In this study, a quantitative risk analysis approach was used to calculate the risk for people exposed to the threat of earthquake-induced landslide in Emamzadeh Ali, north of Iran. Emamzadeh Ali was selected as it has already experienced some landslides and is located in a tectonically active region.A numerical model was used in this study to carry out the stability analysis of the slope, under both static and dynamic conditions. A quantitative probabilistic approach was developed for determining the frequency and magnitude of the process. In addition, the values of vulnerability for each building were calculated. The highest risks (individual risk to life and societal risk to life) are in the area of the stone mine on the head of the slope and close to the toppling activities north-east of the study area.► A seismic hazard analysis was used to determine the frequency of earthquake as a triggering factor of landslide. ► A dynamic stability analysis was used to determine the threshold of a slope movement. ► The calculated Newmark displacement for Emamzadeh Ali slope in this study shows a complete failure of the slope. ► Using the Seismic Hazard Curve, the probability of occurrence of an earthquake with a PGA of 0.37g is equal to 0.001. ► The highest risks in the analyses are for the area of the stone mine on the head of the slope.

- by Babak Omidvar
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- Civil Engineering, Geophysics, Array Seismology, Seismology
- by George Kaviris
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- Array Seismology, Network Analysis, Seismology, Exploration Seismology

Eastern Indonesia is one of the least well-understood geological domains on Earth, yet the region is one of the few places which is currently undergoing arc-continent collision. The Banda arc seismic experiment was designed to unravel some of the complex dynamics of convergent tectonics. This passive source experiment is composed of 30 broadband instruments that extend across the Nusa Tenggara Timur region of Indonesia and across Timor-Leste. This along-strike deployment allows for seismic imaging and assessment of the spatiotemporal evolution of the collision of oceanic to continental lithosphere of the Indo-Australian plate with the active volcanic arc. The experiment has been continuously recording broadband seismic data since early 2014 and will continue through the end of 2016, and the data will be archived at the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology Data Management Center under network code YS and will be available at the end of 2018.

- by Meghan S. Miller
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- Array Seismology, Tectonics, Subduction Zone Processes, Seismic Imaging

We are developing a seismic technology for CCS, CO2-
EOR and permanent reservoir monitoring using ultrastable
and long duration seismic source. We use seismic-
ACROSS (Accurately controlled and Rousingly Operated
Signal System) developed in Japan and multiseismometers
for the above purpose. We carried out
synthetic evaluations of reservoir change imaging
assuming single seismic sources and field experiment of
time-lapse related to underground air injection in Japan in
2011.
We are applying a seismic ACROSS in the context of
carbonate rocks in Saudi Arabia. The Al Wasee water
pumping site approximately 120 km east of Riyadh has
been selected as a test-site. The intention is to observe the
changes in aquifers induced by pumping operations. One
ACROSS unit was installed at the Al Wasee site this
December 2011. The instrument has been operated from
10 to 50 Hz with 40 ton-f at 50Hz. We use a device with
a horizontal rotational axis. Using alternatively clockwise
and counter clockwise rotations we can synthesize
vertical and horizontal forces, respectively. 31 threecomponents
and 8 nearby geophones have been used to
monitor the seismic changes from pumping the water.
Comparing the data during one and half month, we
identified waveform changes and clear daily variations.
These waveform changes might be caused by the change
of water table. In this report, we will show the
preliminary results obtained in this field. This experiment
is conducted in the cooperation by Japan and KACST
funded by JCCP (Japan Cooperation Center, Petroleum)
and KACST.

- by Junzo Kasahara and +6
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- Geophysics, Information Technology, Climate Change, Array Seismology

A spatial filter is often attached to a microphone or
microbarometer in order to reduce the noise caused by atmospheric
turbulence. This filtering technique is based on the assumption that
the coherence length of turbulence is smaller than the spatial extent
of the filter, and so contributions from turbulence recorded at
widely separated ports will tend to cancel while those of the signal
of interest, which will have coherence length larger than the spatial
dimensions of the filter, will be reinforced. In this paper, the plane
wave response for a spatial filter with an arbitrary arrangement of
open ports is determined. It is found that propagation over different
port-to-sensor distances causes out-of-phase sinusoids to be sum-
med at the central manifold and can lead to significant amplitude
decay and phase delays as a function of frequency. The determined
spatial filter plane wave response is superimposed on an array
response typical of infrasound arrays that constitute the Interna-
tional Monitoring System infrasound network used for nuclear
monitoring purposes. It is found that signal detection capability in
terms of the Fisher Statistic can be significantly degraded at certain
frequencies. The least-squares estimate of signal slowness can
change by up to 1.5° and up to 10 m/s if an asymmetric arrange-
ment of low and high frequency spatial filters is used. However, if a
symmetric arrangement of filters is used the least-squares estimate
of signal slowness is found to be largely unaffected, except near the
predicted null frequency.

- by David Brown
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- Array Seismology, Infrasound, CTBTO
- by Mehmet Ozyazicioglu
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- Geology, Geophysics, Earthquake Engineering, Array Seismology
- by Douglas Wiens
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- Array Seismology, Seismology, Seismic Noise

SmKS waves provide good resolution of outer-core velocity structure, but are affected by heterogeneity in the D" region. We have developed an Empirical Transfer Function (ETF) technique that transforms a reference pulse (here, SmKS) into a target waveform (SKKS) by: (1) timewindowing the respective pulses, (2) applying Wiener deconvolution, and (3) convolving the output with a Gaussian waveform. Common source and path effects are implicitly removed by this process. We combine ETFs from 446 broadband seismograms to produce a global stack, from which S3KS-SKKS differential time can be measured accurately. As a result of stacking, the scatter in our measurements (0.43 s) is much less than the 1.29 s scatter in previous compilations. Although our data do not uniquely constrain outermost core velocities, we show that the fit of most standard models can be improved by perturbing the outermost core velocity. Our best-fitting model is formed using IASP91 with PREM-like velocity at the top of the core.
Citation: Alexandrakis, C., and D. W. Eaton (2007), Empirical transfer functions: Application to determination of outermost core velocity structure using SmKS phases, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L22317, doi:10.1029/2007GL031932.

- by Catherine Alexandrakis and +1
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- Geophysics, Array Seismology, Seismology, Core-mantle Boudnary

Waveform cross correlation is an efficient tool for detection and characterization of seismic signals. The efficiency critically depends on the availability of master events. For the purposes of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, cross correlation can globally reduce the threshold monitoring by 0.3 to 0.4 magnitude units. In seismically active regions, the optimal choice of master events is straightforward. There are two approaches to populate the global grid in aseismic areas: the replication of real masters and synthetic seismograms calculated for seismic arrays of the International Monitoring System. Synthetic templates depend on the accuracy of shape and amplitude predictions controlled by focal depth and mechanism, source function, velocity structure and attenuation along the master/station path. As in Part I, we test three focal mechanisms (explosion, thrust fault, and actual Harvard CMT solution for one of the April 11, 2012 Sumatera aftershocks) and two velocity stru...

- by Dmitry Bobrov and +2
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- Array Seismology, Seismology, Cross Correlation

Earth's outer core is composed of liquid Fe and Ni alloyed with a 10% fraction of light elements such as O, S, or Si. Secular cooling and compositional buoyancy drive vigorous convection that sustains the geodynamo, but critical details of light-element composition and thermal regime remain uncertain. Seismic velocities can provide important observational constraints on these parameters, but global reference models such as Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM), IASP91 and AK135 exhibit significant discrepancies in the outermost 200 km of the core. Here, we apply an Empirical Transfer Function method to obtain precise arrival times for SmKS waves, a whispering-gallery mode that propagates near the underside of the core–mantle boundary. Models that fit our data are all characterized by seismic velocities and depth gradients in the outermost 200 km of the core that correspond best with PREM. This similarity to PREM, which has a smooth velocity profile that satisfies the adiabatic Adams and Williamson equation, argues against the presence of an anomalous layer of light material near the top of the core as suggested in some previous studies. A new model, AE09, is proposed as a slight modification to PREM for use as a reference model of the outermost core.

- by Catherine Alexandrakis and +1
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- Geophysics, Array Seismology, Seismology, Core-Mantle Boundary

This paper presents the designed of varians array in curved microstripline antenna for radar communication. The antenna geometry comprises of three varians in matrics 2x2, 2x4 and 4x4 dimensions. The several array operates in C-Band frequencies (4GHz-8GHz) and X-Band frequencies (8GHz-12GHz) with a 1.82 VSWR,-18.72dB Return loss, 0.29 reflection coefficient, and 5.8dB gain for 2x2 array, 1.64 VSWR,-16.17dB Return loss, 0.24 reflection coefficient, and 5.4dB gain for 2x4 array, 1.04 VSWR,-37.70dB Return loss, 0.19 reflection coefficient, and 7.6dB gain for 4x4 array. All of the varians in array elements are feed using a direct feeding technique. This array antenna is suitable developed for use in radar communication systems.

The Atlas Mountains of Morocco display high topography, no deep crustal root, and regions of localized Cenozoic alkaline volcanism. Previous seismic imaging and geophysical studies have implied a hot mantle upwelling as the source of the volcanism and high elevation. However, the existence, shape, and physical properties of an associated mantle anomaly are debated. Here we use seismic waveform analysis from a broadband deployment and geodynamic modeling to define the physical properties and morphology of the anomaly. The imaged low-velocity structure extends to ~200 km beneath the Atlas and appears ~350 K hotter than the ambient mantle with possible partial melting. It includes a lateral conduit, which suggests that the Quaternary volcanism arises from the upper mantle. Moreover, the shape and temperature of the imaged anomaly indicate that the unusually high topography of the Atlas Mountains is due to active mantle support.

- by Meghan S. Miller
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- Array Seismology, Tectonophysics

The Middle East is a tectonically complex and seismically active region. The ability to accurately locate earthquakes and other seismic events in this region is complicated by tectonics, the uneven distribution of natural earthquakes, and the fact that countries run separate national seismic networks without well-developed data-sharing agreements. We report here on a variety of scientific efforts to enhance knowledge of the lithospheric velocity structure in the Middle East, making use of data from national networks in Saudi Arabia, Oman, and Kuwait to improve seismic location accuracy for events throughout the region.

- by Stephen Herzog
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- Geophysics, Middle East Studies, Array Seismology, Tectonics
- by Mikhail Rozhkov and +1
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- Array Seismology, Seismology, Cross Correlation
- by David Brown and +1
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- Geophysics, Array Seismology, Infrasound, CTBTO

With controlled seismic sources and specifically designed receiver arrays, we image a subvertical boundary between two lithological blocks at the Arava Fault (AF) in the Middle East. The AF is the main strike-slip fault of the Dead Sea Transform (DST) in the segment between the Dead Sea and the Red Sea. Our imaging (migration) method is based on array beamforming and coherency analysis of P-to-P scattered seismic phases. We use a 1-D background velocity model and the direct P arrival as a reference phase. Careful resolution testing is necessary, because the target volume is irregularly sampled by rays. A spread function describing energy dispersion at localised point scatterers and synthetic calculations for large planar structures provides resolution estimates of the images. We resolve a 7 km long steeply dipping reflector offset roughly 1 km from the surface trace of the AF. The reflector can be imaged from about 1 km down to 4 km depth. Previous and ongoing studies in this region have shown a strong contrast across the fault: low seismic velocities and electrical resistivities west and high velocities and resistivities east of it. We therefore suggest that the imaged reflector marks the contrast between young sedimentary fill in the west and Precambrian rocks in the east. If correct, the boundary between the two blocks is offset about 1 km east of the current surface trace of the AF.

- by Nils Maercklin
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- Earth Sciences, Geophysics, Array Seismology, Imaging

The Mw 6.3 L'Aquila earthquake, central Italy, on April 6, 2009 has been recorded by the Irpinia Seismic Network (ISNet) about 250 km south-east of the epicenter. Up to 19 three-component accelerometer stations could be used to infer the main source parameters with different seismological methods. We obtained an approximate location of the event from arrival times and array-based backazimuth measurements and estimated the local magnitude (6.1) from an attenuation relation for southern Italy. Assuming an omega-square spectral model we inverted S-wave displacement spectra for moment magnitude (6.3), corner frequency (0.33 Hz), stress drop (2.5 MPa) and apparent stress (1.6 MPa). Waveform modeling using a point source and an extended source model provided consistent moment tensors with a centroid depth around 6 km and a prevalently normal fault plane solution with a dominant directivity toward south-east. The relatively high corner frequency and an overestimated moment magnitude of 6.4 from moment tensor inversions are attributed to the rupture directivity effect. To image the rupture geometry we implemented a beamforming technique that back-projects the recorded direct P-wave amplitudes into the earthquake source region. A NW-SE striking rupture of 17 km length is imaged, propagating with an average velocity up to 3 km/s. This value is significantly higher than our estimate of 2.2 km/s from S-wave spectra. Our case study demonstrates that the use of array techniques and a dense accelerometer network can provide quick and robust estimates of source parameters of moderate-size earthquakes located outside the network.

- by Nils Maercklin and +1
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- Earth Sciences, Geophysics, Array Seismology, Seismology
- by Mikhail Rozhkov and +1
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- Array Seismology, Seismology, Seismic data processing

We assess the level of cross correlation between P-waves generated by earthquakes in the Atlantic Ocean and measured by 22 array stations of the International Monitoring System (IMS). There are 931 events with 6,411 arrivals in 2011 and 2012. Station TORD was the most sensitive and detected 868 from 931 events. We constructed several 931 by 931 matrices of cross correlation coefficients (CCs) for individual stations and also for average and cumulative CCs. These matrices characterize the detection performance of the involved stations and the IMS. Sixty earthquakes located in the northern hemisphere were selected as master events for signal detection and building of events populating a cross correlation Standard Event List (XSEL) for the first halves of 2009 and 2012. High-quality signals (SNR>5.0) recorded by 10 most sensitive stations were used as waveform templates. In order to quantitatively estimate the gain in the completeness and resolution of the XSEL we compared it with t...

- by Mikhail Rozhkov and +1
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- Array Seismology, Seismology, Seismic data processing

S U M M A R Y In Antarctica, locally grounded ice, such as ice rises bordering floating ice shelves, plays a major role in the ice mass balance as it stabilizes the ice sheet flow from the hinterland. When in direct contact with the ocean, the ice rise buttressing effect may be altered in response of changing ocean forcing. To investigate this vulnerable zone, four sites near the boundary of an ice shelf with an ice rise promontory in Dronning Maud Land, East-Antarctica were monitored for a month in early 2014 with new instruments that include both seismic and GPS sensors. Our study indicated that this transition zone experiences periodic seismic activity resulting from surface crevassing during oceanic tide-induced flexure of the ice shelf. The most significant finding is the observation of apparent fortnightly tide-modulated low-frequency, long-duration seismic events at the seaward front of the ice rise promontory. A basal origin of these events is postulated with the ocean water surge at each new spring tide triggering basal crevassing or basal slip on a local bedrock asperity. Detection and monitoring of such seismicity may help identifying ice rise zones vulnerable to intensified ocean forcing.

- by Denis LOMBARDI
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- Array Seismology, Antarctica (Glaciology), Seismic data processing, Antarctica
- by Dmitry Bobrov and +1
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- Geophysics, Array Seismology, Seismology, CTBTO

In this study, we apply the double-difference tomography to investigate the detailed 3D structure within and around the Nový Kostel seismic zone, an area in the Czech Republic known for frequent occurrences of earthquake swarms. We use data from the 2008 swarm since it has already been analyzed in terms of earthquake focal mechanisms, principal faults, tectonic stress and foci migration. We selected about 500 microearthquakes recorded at 22 local seismic stations of the West Bohemia Network (WEBNET). Applying double-difference tomography, combined with Weighted Average Model post-processing to correct for parameter dependence effects, we produce and interpret 3D models of the Vp-to-Vs ratio (Vp/Vs) in and around the focal zone. The modeled Vp-to-Vs ratio shows several distinct structures, namely an area of high Vp-to-Vs ratio correlating with the foci of the microearthquakes, and a layer of low values directly above it. These structures may reflect changes in lithology and/or fluid concentration. The overlaying low Vp-to-Vs ratio layer coincides with the base of the Fichtelgebirge (Smrčiny) granitic intrusion. It is possible that the base of the layer acts as a fluid trap and an upper limit to the seismicity, resulting in observed periodic swarms.

- by Catherine Alexandrakis and +1
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- Array Seismology, Seismology, Tomography, Earthquake Seismology

The shallow crustal structure of the Campi Flegrei caldera, southern Italy, is imaged with P-to-P scattered seismic waves. The imaging (migration) method is based on array beamforming and coherence analysis of the scattered phase. Airgun shots from a controlled-source seismic experiment are grouped into arrays, and a 1-D background velocity model is used to calculate travel times for potential scatterer locations on a regular grid in the image volume. A high coherence measured on aligned traces indicates the presence of a scatterer at the corresponding location. A stack of the individual images from several pairs of a shot array and a single receiver provides the final image. First results show a prominent region of seismic scattering that coincides with the buried caldera rim.

- by Nils Maercklin
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- Geophysics, Array Seismology, Imaging, Seismic reflection data
- by Tugbay Kilic
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- Geology, Geophysics, Earthquake Engineering, Array Seismology
- by Sven Peter Näsholm
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- Geology, Geophysics, Array Seismology, Seismology
- by Bento Caldeira
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- Civil Engineering, Geology, Geophysics, Array Seismology
- by Vaclav Vavrycuk
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- Geology, Array Seismology, Seismology, Tomography

The Gulf of Corinth is a region characterized by intense deformation and very high seismic activity. The latter is expressed by the occurrence of both microearthquakes and large events which have caused severe damage since the antiquity. The installation of the Cornet seismological network in 1995 by the Seismological Laboratory of the University of Athens contributed to the detailed recording of the seismicity, as well as to the achievement of various research interests. Furthermore, the Seismological Laboratory, in cooperation with international institutes, installed during the last three decades around the Gulf of Corinth temporary local networks either to monitor microseismic activity or to record aftershock sequences. The determination of the source parameters and the hypocenter relocation for the events that occurred in the broader area of the Gulf of Corinth contributed to the highlighting of the main active faults, as well as of the stress field. The NNE-SSWextension was poi...

- by Kostas Makropoulos
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- Array Seismology, Network Analysis, Seismology, Exploration Seismology

- by Konstantinos Makropoulos
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- Array Seismology, Network Analysis, Seismology, Exploration Seismology
- by Andreas Karakonstantis
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- Array Seismology, Network Analysis, Seismology, Exploration Seismology

Our objective is to assess the performance of waveform cross-correlation technique, as applied to automatic and interactive processing of the aftershock sequence of the 2012 Sumatera earthquake relative to the Reviewed Event Bulletin (REB) issued by the International Data Centre. The REB includes 1200 aftershocks between April 11 and May 25 with body wave magnitudes from 3.05 to 6.19. To automatically recover the sequence, we selected sixteen aftershocks with mb between 4.5 and 5.0. These events evenly but sparsely cover the area of the most intensive aftershock activity as recorded during the first two days after the main shock. In our study, waveform templates from only seven IMS array stations with the largest SNRs estimated for the signals from the main shock were used to calculate cross-correlation coefficients over the entire period of 44 days. Approximately 1000000 detections obtained using cross-correlation were then used to build events according to the IDC definition. After conflict resolution between events with similar arrivals built by more than one master all qualified event hypotheses populated the automatic cross-correlation Standard Event List (aXSEL). The total number of distinct hypotheses was 2763. To evaluate the quality of new events in the aXSEL, we randomly selected a small portion of XSEL events and analysts reviewed them according to standard IDC rules and guidelines. After the interactive review of a small portion of the final product of cross correlation was obtained which we call the interactive XSEL. We have constructed relevant frequency and probability density distributions for all detections, all associated detection,and for those which were associated with the aXSEL and final XSEL events. These distributions are also station and master dependent.

- by Dmitry Bobrov
- •
- Array Seismology, Seismology, Cross Correlation

- by Dmitry Bobrov
- •
- Array Seismology, Seismology, Cross Correlation

- by Mikhail Rozhkov and +1
- •
- Array Seismology, Seismology, Seismic data processing

- by Mikhail Rozhkov and +1
- •
- Array Seismology, Seismology, Cross Correlation
- by Denis Jongmans
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- Geophysics, Array Seismology, Seismic Hazard, Seismology
- by Matthias Ohrnberger
- •
- Array Seismology, Seismic Hazard, Seismology