Imaging Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

In the pursuit of sensitive and quantitative methods to detect and diagnose cancer, nanotechnology has been identified as a field of great promise. Semiconductor quantum dots are nanoparticles with intense, stable fluorescence, and could enable the detection of tens to hundreds of cancer biomarkers in blood assays, on cancer tissue biopsies, or as contrast agents for medical imaging. With the emergence of gene and protein profiling and microarray technology, high-throughput screening of biomarkers has generated databases of genomic and expression data for certain cancer types, and has identified new cancer-specific markers. Quantum dots have the potential to expand this in vitro analysis, and extend it to cellular, tissue and whole-body multiplexed cancer biomarker imaging.

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- Genomics, Computational Biology, Cancer, Imaging

Aim: Early-onset schizophrenia (onset before adulthood) is a rare and severe form of the disorder that shows phenotypic and neurobiological continuity with adult-onset schizophrenia. Here, we provide a synthesis of keynote findings in this enriched population to understand better the neurobiology and pathophysiology of early-onset schizophrenia. Methods: A synthetic and integrative approach is applied to review studies stemming from epidemiology, phenomenology, cognition, genetics and neuroimaging data. We provide conclusions and future directions of research on early-onset schizophrenia. Results: Childhood and adolescentonset schizophrenia is associated with severe clinical course, greater rates of premorbid abnormalities, poor psychosocial functioning and increased severity of brain abnormalities. Early-onset cases show similar neurobiological correlates and phenotypic deficits to adult-onset schizophrenia, but show worse longterm psychopathological outcome. Emerging technological advances have provided important insights into the genomic architecture of earlyonset schizophrenia, suggesting that some genetic variations may occur more frequently and at a higher rate in young-onset than adult-onset cases. Conclusions: Clinical, cognitive, genetic and imaging data suggest increased severity in early-onset schizophrenia. Studying youngeronset cases can provide useful insights into the neurobiological mechanisms of schizophrenia and the complexity of gene-environment interactions leading to the emergence of this debilitating disorder.

- by Maureen Hanson
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- Molecular Biology, Plant Biology, Imaging, Biology

A procedure to fuse the information of short-axis cine and late enhanced magnetic resonance images is presented. First a coherent 3D reconstruction of the images is obtained by objectbased interpolation of the information of contiguous slices in stacked short-axis cine acquisitions and by the correction of slice misalignments with the aid of a set of reference longaxis slices. Then, late enhanced stacked images are also interpolated and aligned with the anatomical information. Thus, the complementary information provided by both modalities is combined in a common frame of reference and in a nearly isotropic grid, which is not possible with existing fusion procedures. Numerical improvement is established by comparing the distances between unaligned and aligned manual segmentations of the myocardium in both modalities. Finally, a set of snapshots illustrate the improvement in the information overlap and the ability to reconstruct the gradient in the long-axis.

- by Alejandro Frangi
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- Cardiology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Imaging, Image segmentation

AMPA-type glutamate receptor (GluR) channels provide fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the CNS, but mediate also cytotoxic insults. It could be shown that AMPAtype GluR channel-mediated chronic excitotoxicity leads to an increased intracellular calcium concentration and plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases like for example amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). As calcium is an important mediator of various processes in the cell and calcium signals have to be very precise in the temporospatial resolution, excessive intracellular calcium increases can seriously impair cell function. It is still unclear if AMPA-type receptors can directly interact with the intracellular calcium homeostasis or if other mechanisms are involved in this process. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate the calcium homeostasis in rat motoneurons under physiological stimulation of AMPA-type GluR channels using calcium imaging techniques and patch-clamp recordings simultaneously. It was found that spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents of cultured motoneurons did not elicit significant intracellular calcium transients. Large intracellular calcium transients occurred only when preceding fast sodium currents were observed. Pharmacological experiments showed that activation of AMPA-type GluR channels during synaptic transmission has a great functional impact on the calcium homeostasis in motoneurons as all kinds of activity was completely blocked by application of the selective kainateand AMPA-type GluR channel blocker 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). Furthermore we suggest from our experiments that calcium transients of several hundred milliseconds' duration result from release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum via activation of ryanodine receptors (calcium-induced calcium release, CICR). Our results help to understand the regulatory function of AMPA-type GluR channels in the intracellular calcium homeostasis which is known to be disturbed in neurodegenerative diseases.

- by K. Jahn and +1
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- Neuroscience, Psychology, Electrophysiology, Imaging

This paper reports the results of particle size analysis and colour measurements concerning yellow powders, synthesised in our laboratories according to ancient recipes aiming at producing pigments for paintings, ceramics, and glasses. These pigments are based on lead and antimony as chemical elements, that, combined in different proportions and fired at different temperatures, times, and with various additives, gave materials of yellow colours, changing in hues and particle size. Artificial yellow pigments, based on lead and antimony, have been widely studied, but no specific investigation on particle size distribution and its correlation to colour hue has been performed before. In order to evaluate the particle size distribution, segmentation of sample data has been performed using the MATLAB software environment. The extracted parameters were examined by principal component analysis (PCA) in order to detect differences and analogies between samples on the base of those parameters...

- by Giorgia Agresti
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- Computer Science, Imaging, Medicine

The calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT) is a rare benign odontogenic neoplasm that accounts for approximately 1% of all odontogenic tumors. Its origin is controversial as well as its true malignant potential. A case of an advanced CEOT associated with an impacted right second molar in the mandible of a young black female patient is presented. Computed tomography imaging, radiographic and pathological findings, surgical patterns, gross anatomy of the lesion and the performed treatment are discussed.

- by Maria Cristina Deboni
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- Dentistry, Imaging, British, Adolescent

Right ventricular (RV) ejection fraction (EF) assessed by 3D echocardiography is a powerful measure to detect RV dysfunction. However, its prognostic value in routine clinical practice has been scarcely explored. Accordingly, we aimed at investigating whether RVEF is associated with 2-year all-cause mortality in patients who underwent diverse cardiovascular procedures and to test whether RVEF can overcome conventional echocardiographic parameters in terms of outcome prediction.One hundred and seventy-four patients were retrospectively identified who underwent clinically indicated transthoracic echocardiography comprising 3D acquisitions. The patient population consisted of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction patients (44%), heart transplanted patients (16%), and severe valvular heart disease patients (39%). Beyond conventional echocardiographic measurements, RVEF was quantified by 3D echocardiography. The primary endpoint of our study was all-cause mortality at two years.Tw...

- by Máté Tolvaj and +1
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- Imaging, Medicine

Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging we investigated blood oxygen level dependent brain activation in spider phobic and non-phobic subjects while exposed to phobia-related pictures (spiders) and non-phobia-related pictures (snakes and mushrooms). In contrast to previous studies, we show significantly increased amygdala activation in spider phobics, but not in controls, during presentation of phobia-relevant visual stimuli. Furthermore, phobia-specific increased activation was also found in the insula, the orbitofrontal cortex and the uncus. Our study confirms the role of the amygdala in fear processing and provides insights into brain activation patterns when animal phobics are confronted with phobia-related stimuli.

- by Marie Gutberlet
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- Neuroscience, Cognitive Science, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Imaging
- by Nadine Gaab
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- Neuroscience, Pediatrics, Cognitive development, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- by feng zhang
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- Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Bioinformatics, Evolutionary Biology

Metal-on-metal articulations are increasingly used in total hip arthroplasty. Patients can be sensitive to metal ions produced by the articulation and present with pain or early loosening. Infection must be excluded. Correct diagnosis before revision surgery is crucial to implant selection and operation planning. There is no practical guide in the literature on how to differentiate between allergy and infection in a painful total hip arthroplasty. We present the history, clinical findings and hip scores, radiology, serology, hip arthroscopy and aspirate results, labeled white cell scan, revisionhip findings, histology and clinical results of a typical patient with a hypersensitivity response to a metal-on-metal hip articulation, and how results differ from patients with an infected implant. A practical scheme to investigate patients with a possible hypersensitivity response to an implant is presented. Keywords: metal hypersensitivity, painful THA, hip arthroscopy, metal ion levels, imaging, metal allergy, diagnosis metal allergy.

- by William Walsh
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- Biomedical Engineering, Imaging, The, Differential Diagnosis

Biological applications like vesicle membrane analysis involve the precise segmentation of 3D structures in noisy volumetric data, obtained by techniques like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or laser scanning microscopy (LSM). Dealing with such data is a challenging task and requires robust and accurate segmentation methods. In this article, we propose a novel energy model for 3D segmentation fusing various cues like regional intensity subdivision, edge alignment and orientation information. The uniqueness of the approach consists in the definition of a new anisotropic regularizer, which accounts for the unbalanced slicing of the measured volume data, and the generalization of an efficient numerical scheme for solving the arising minimization problem, based on linearization and fixed-point iteration. We show how the proposed energy model can be optimized globally by making use of recent continuous convex relaxation techniques. The accuracy and robustness of the presented approach are demonstrated by evaluating it on multiple real data sets and comparing it to alternative segmentation methods based on level sets. Although the proposed model is designed with focus on the particular application at hand, it is general enough to be applied to a variety of different segmentation tasks.

- by Christoph Palm and +2
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- Pattern Recognition, Imaging, Convex Optimization, Fixed Point Theory

A significant proportion of patients will report changes in their memory and in their ability to concentrate and focus their attention during chemotherapy. Studies that have used standardized neuropsychological assessments during or shortly after treatment (within 6 months) have documented cognitive dysfunction in 48%-95% of patients undergoing high-dose and standard-dose chemotherapy. 5-8 In addition to chemotherapy, there are multiple factors that can contribute to the acute cognitive effects of chemotherapy, including emotional distress associated with cancer diagnosis and treatment, sedation, antinausea pain medications, anemia, fatigue, menopause, hypercortisolism, adrenal insufficiency, Cognitive side effects of systemic chemotherapy have become an increasing concern among breast cancer survivors, their families, and health care professionals. A growing body of research supports the hypothesis that chemotherapy can produce long-term cognitive changes in at least a subgroup of cancer survivors. We review evidence implicating systemic chemotherapy as the cause of cognitive changes; describe the limitations due to lack of longitudinal studies and gaps in knowledge (ie, no clear mechanism by which chemotherapy can produce cognitive changes has been proposed); discuss possible factors like age, intelligence quotient/education, and psychological, genetic, and hormonal factors that might increase risk for chemotherapy-induced cognitive changes; and outline future directions for research. Such future research includes large-scale, longitudinal studies of pretreatment neuropsychological assessments, use of imaging techniques and the development of animal models to study the mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced changes in cognitive functioning, and the development of interventions to prevent or reduce the negative cognitive effects of chemotherapy.

- by Freya J Saykin
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- Genetics, Imaging, Breast Cancer, Quality of life

Iris recognition imaging constraints are receiving increasing attention. There are several proposals to develop systems that operate in the visible wavelength and in less constrained environments. These imaging conditions engender acquired noisy artifacts that lead to severely degraded images, making iris segmentation a major issue. Having observed that existing iris segmentation methods tend to fail in these challenging conditions, we present a segmentation method that can handle degraded images acquired in less constrained conditions. We offer the following contributions: 1) to consider the sclera the most easily distinguishable part of the eye in degraded images, 2) to propose a new type of feature that measures the proportion of sclera in each direction and is fundamental in segmenting the iris, and 3) to run the entire procedure in deterministically linear time in respect to the size of the image, making the procedure suitable for real-time applications.

- by Hugo Proença
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- Information Systems, Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence, Image Processing

The primary aim of this pilot study was to study uterine artery (UtA) blood flow volume in uneventful human pregnancies delivered at term, at mid and late gestation by means of 3D and bi-dimensional ultrasound imaging with angio-Doppler combined with fluid-dynamic modeling. Secondary aims were to correlate flow volume to placental site and to UtA Pulsatility Index (PI).

- by G. Pennati
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- Modeling, Imaging, Fluid Dynamics, Birth Weight

In our study, hybrid gold/iron oxide loaded thermoresponsive micelles were synthesized for combined hyperthermia and chemotherapy, and optical imaging. Polymeric micelles made of amphiphilic block copolymer of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide)-block-poly( -caprolactone) were conjugated with gold/iron oxide particles which are self-assembled at the hydrophobic polymer core. Thermal sensitivity and magnetic and optical properties of the hybrid gold/iron oxide micelles were investigated for the combined therapy and optical imaging.

- by Tijana Rajh
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- Engineering, Imaging, Nanobiotechnology, Self Assembly

The present study describes the cloning and molecular analysis of a new gene, MS-KIF18A, a member of the kinesin family. MS-KIF18A was cloned from a marrow stromal cells expression library. Transcripts derived from this gene were also detected in testis and trachea, although they differed from the stroma mesenchymal cell transcript in the open reading frame (ORF) as well as in the untranslated regions (UTRs). The existence of various transcripts suggests alternative regulation of gene expression and defines tissue specific function of the new kinesin. The cDNA from the marrow stroma, MS-KIF18A, encodes a predicted protein of 898 amino acids with a molecular weight of 100 kDa. Kinesins are motor proteins that consist of a motor domain with microtubule-binding and ATPase sites, a coiled coil region and a cargobinding domain. Examination of a three-dimensional model of the MS-KIF18A motor domain suggested that this protein associates with microtubules, which was confirmed by immunofluorescence (IF) experiments in stromal cells.

- by Dafna Benayahu
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- Genetics, Imaging, Fluorescence Microscopy, Confocal Microscopy

Surface acoustic waves (SAW) are an ideal tool for the noninvasive detection of conductivity and carrier distributions in otherwise unstructured semiconductor systems. Here we demonstrate a technique that allows for spatially resolved experiments with a resolution of a few acoustic wavelengths. Extremely narrow acoustic paths, excited by tapered interdigital transducers, are employed to probe conductivity proÿles. The method is used to resolve the spatial form of a photogenerated electron-hole plasma and allows for the direct observation of room-temperature drag and transport of electrons and holes in the coherent phonon wind of an intense SAW beam. By the application of a tomographic technique we are able to reconstruct 2D charge distributions.

- by Achim Wixforth
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- Materials Engineering, Imaging, Nanotechnology, Semiconductor

There are numerous applications of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the management of civil infrastructure assets. A few examples include routine bridge inspections, disaster management, power line surveillance and traffic surveying. As UAV applications become widespread, increased levels of autonomy and independent decision-making are necessary to improve the safety, efficiency, and accuracy of the devices. This paper details the procedure and parameters used for the training of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on a set of aerial images for efficient and automated object recognition. Potential application areas in the transportation field are also highlighted. The accuracy and reliability of CNNs depend on the network's training and the selection of operational parameters. This paper details the CNN training procedure and parameter selection. The object recognition results show that by selecting a proper set of parameters, a CNN can detect and classify objects with a high level of accuracy (97.5%) and computational efficiency. Furthermore, using a convolutional neural network implemented in the "YOLO" ("You Only Look Once") platform, objects can be tracked, detected ("seen"), and classified ("comprehended") from video feeds supplied by UAVs in real-time.

The Archimedes Palimpsest is a 10th-century parchment manuscript that was erased in the 13th century and overwritten with a Christian prayer book. The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, MD, USA has supervised a ten-year collaboration by conservators, imaging scientists, and scholars to image and transcribe the original writings. This paper reports on the variety of optical imaging and image processing techniques used in the project. Image analysis tools to clarify texts included supervised segmentation via a spectral pseudoinverse calculation, deterministic renderings in pseudocolor, and statistical analysis with dynamical pseudocolor rendering.

- by Roger Easton
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- History, Image Processing, Principal Component Analysis, Statistical Analysis
- by Kevin Loewke
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- Algorithms, Molecular Biology, Stem Cells, Biotechnology
- by Natasha Maurits
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- Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Imaging, Brain Mapping, Brain

an important figure of merit in focal pllyle array sensors, especially for accurate target positions such as star trackers. In-situ evaluation by MTF in different stages of imager system developments is necessary for an ideal design of different sensors and their signal processing. Understanding the tradeoff between different figures of merit will enable designers to achieve the most efficient design in specific missions. Advanced active pixel test sensors have been designed and fabricated where different pixel shapes were placed. Research on analyzing the "I?? for the proper pixel shape is currently in progress for a centroidal configuration of a star. Explicit formulas for the modulation transfer function have been studied for the rectangular shaped pixel array. MTF will give us a more complete understanding of the tradeoffs opposed by the different pixel designs and by the signa4 processing conditions. In this paper, preliminary results of two different active pixel sensor ( A P S ) focal plane arrays are presented in terms of crosstalk using a laser. MTF measurements of the A P S arrays are achieved by applying only a single image. A rising or falling edge rather than the conventional bar target of slit scanning is needed to perform the measurement in each direction for the evaluation of the design efficiency.

- by Bedabrata Pain
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- Signal Processing, Imaging, Image Quality, Sensors
- by Robyn Bluhm
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- Cognitive Science, Music, Brain Imaging, Decision Making

The atomic force microscope (AFM) has a unique capability of allowing the high-resolution imaging of biological samples on substratum surfaces in physiological solutions. Recent technological progress of AFM in biological research has resulted in remarkable improvements in both the imaging rate and the tip force acting on the sample. These improvements have enabled the direct visualization of dynamic structural changes and dynamic interactions occurring in individual biological macromolecules, which is currently not possible with other techniques. Therefore, high-speed AFM is expected to have a revolutionary impact on biological sciences. In addition, the recently achieved atomic-resolution in liquids will further expand the usefulness of AFM in biological research. In this article, we first describe the various capabilities required of AFM in biological sciences, which is followed by a detailed description of various devices and techniques developed for high-speed AFM and atomic-resolution in-liquid AFM. We then describe various imaging studies performed using our cutting-edge microscopes and their current capabilities as well as their limitations, and conclude by discussing the future prospects of AFM as an imaging tool in biological research.

- by Atsushi Miyagi
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- Condensed Matter Physics, Chemistry, Imaging, Atomic Force Microscopy

Whole lung and regional lung deposition of inhaled asthma drugs in the lungs can be quantified using either two-dimensional or three-dimensional radionuclide imaging methods. The two-dimensional method of gamma scintigraphy has been the most widely used, and is currently considered the industry standard, but the three-dimensional methods (SPECT, single photon emission computed tomography; and PET, positron emission tomography) give superior regional lung deposition data and will undoubtedly be used more frequently in future. Recent developments in radionuclide imaging are described, including an improved algorithm for assessing regional lung deposition in gamma scintigraphy, and a patent-protected radiolabelling method (TechneCoatீ), applicable to both gamma scintigraphy and SPECT. Radionuclide imaging data on new inhaled asthma products provide a milestone assessment, and the data form a bridge between in vitro testing and a full clinical trials program, allowing the latter to be entered with increased confidence. 

- by lisa rankin
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- Clinical Trial, Imaging, Asthma, Positron Emission Tomography

Gynaecomastia, breast enlargement in men, is common in all age groups. It is operated on by plastic surgeons, general surgeons and paediatric surgeons. It is therefore possible that there is a difference in the populations treated, the indications for surgery and the management used by the different practitioners. We performed a survey in order to assess the approach to treatment of gynaecomastia by the different disciplines.

The 'hybrid' procedure is an alternative to the Norwood operation in classical hypoplastic left heart syndrome to support the systemic circulation until subsequent palliation. This approach has been extended to infants with the borderline development of left heart structures. We investigated whether or not a hybrid procedure for 'borderline' cases of underdevelopment of the left heart would lead to any improvement in the growth of those structures relative to body size or would impact on eventual repair.

- by Gregory Ballard
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- Imaging, Treatment Outcome, Linear models, Paediatrics

Background: Altered cognitive processing following mood challenge is associated with elevated relapse risk in remitted unipolar depressed patients, but little is known about the neural basis of this reactivity and its link to depressive... more

- by Norman Farb
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- Emotion, Psychometrics, Depression, Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Advances in acquisition and processing technology help overcome imaging challenges in complex structural settings. The widespread adoption of wide-azimuth (WAZ) and the move towards full-azimuth (FAZ) acquisition geometries, both combined with increasing offsets, result in significantly improved illumination. Reduced compute cost and improved performance enabled reverse time migration (RTM) to emerge as the imaging algorithm of choice in such settings. Of course, an accurate velocity model is a key component in realizing the full potential of these acquisition geometries and algorithms. The trend is towards increasingly more complex anisotropic models, with a move from vertical transverse isotropy (VTI) to tilted transverse isotropy (TTI) and even orthorhombic.

- by Jovan Hernandez
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- Imaging, Interpretation, Salt

When emulating single, uniformly colored surfaces the most common aim is for the emulation to look as similar to the original as is possible given the constraints of how it is generated. The work presented here reports results of a psychometric experiment in which observers made choices from among the colors on the surface of a reproduction gamut, given original colors outside it. The resulting choices were found to follow trends identified in previous studies on self-luminous displays whereby the visually most similar colors preserved about twice as much lightness and hue as chroma. Such a trade-off among color appearance attributes can therefore be applied irrespective of the media between which colors are to be mapped.

- by Jordi Vilar and +1
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- Image Processing, Imaging, Color Perception, Color Image Processing

Osteoporotic hip fracture is associated with high mortality and morbidity and often results in a loss of mobility and independence. Osteoporosis is diagnosed by measuring Bone Mineral Density (BMD), a measure of the amount of mineral in a bone. Although BMD continues to serve well it does not fully account for bone strength and only partially accounts for the risk of hip fracture. The shape and structure of the proximal femur also help to determine how forces act in the hip in a fall and their measurement can aid the prediction of hip fracture.

- by Jennifer Gregory
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- Engineering, Imaging, Fracture, Risk assessment

La lipidómica está emergiendo como una ciencia imprescindible para la comprensión del funcionamiento de células y tejidos, dado que complementa el conocimiento obtenido mediante la genómica y la proteómica. La caracterización de los lípidos que componen una muestra biológica es una tarea compleja, debido a su enorme variedad y variabilidad, y por tanto necesita del empleo de técnicas de alto rendimiento para su consecución. La espectrometría de masas está demostrando ser la técnica ideal para llevar a cabo dicha tarea, especialmente desde el desarrollo de la imagen por espectrometría de masas. En el presente trabajo se presentan los resultados del empleo de una nueva matriz, 2-mercaptobenzotiazol, en el análisis lipidómico de extractos de hígado quiescente y regenerante de roedor mediante espectrometría de masas MALDI-TOF. La buena reproducibilidad entre individuos, permite la observación de diferencias en las especies lipídicas mayoritarias del hígado normal y el afectado de esteatosis. Se muestran además imágenes de la disposición anatómica de ciertas moléculas en el cerebro de rata, obtenidas representando la distribución de las concentraciones de diversas especies de lípidos a lo largo de los cortes de tejido. Por último, se discute la aplicación de estas técnicas a la investigación experimental y clínica. Palabras Clave: Lipidómica, espectrometría de masas, imagen, enfermedades hepáticas, técnicas de alto rendimiento.

- by Jose Antonio Carbonero Fernandez
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- Mass Spectrometry, Imaging, Lipidomics

Control of the source and analysis of the polarization properties of the reflected light in a laser rangefinder based on triangulation offer a potential solution to the problem of distinguishing the primary laser stripe from unwanted inter-reflections caused by holes and concavities on metal surfaces. In this paper, the established polarization theory of first and subsequent inter-reflections from metallic surfaces is reviewed. This provides a point of comparison for ellipsometric measurements which verify the particular applicability of the microfacet surface model in our context. We demonstrate how a conventional laser rangefinder can be modified to discriminate between primary and secondary reflections. However, our experiments on third and subsequent reflections show that more complex models are required to provide complete resolution of the problem. Furthermore, error analysis demonstrates the requirement for very precise control of the source and receiving optoelectronics. We ...

- by Emanuele Trucco
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- Computer Vision, Imaging, Reflection, Image
- by Ranju Dhawan
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- Imaging

Three thiol reactive reagents were developed for the chemoselective conjugation of desferrioxamine (Df) to a monoclonal antibody via engineered cysteine residues (thio-trastuzumab). The in vitro stability and in vivo imaging properties of site-specifically radiolabeled 89 Zr-Dfthio-trastuzumab conjugates were investigated. Methods: The amino group of desferrioxamine B was acylated by bromoacetyl bromide, N-hydroxysuccinimidyl iodoacetate, or N-hydroxysuccinimidyl 4-[N-maleimidomethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate to obtain thiol reactive reagents bromoacetyl-desferrioxamine (Df-Bac), iodoacetyl-desferrioxamine (Df-Iac) and maleimidocyclohexyl-desferrioxamine (Df-Chx-Mal), respectively. Df-Bac and Df-Iac alkylated the free thiol groups of thio-trastuzumab by nucleophilic substitution forming Df-Ac-thio-trastuzumab, while the maleimide reagent Df-Chx-Mal reacted via Michael addition to provide Df-Chx-Mal-thio-trastuzumab. The conjugates were radiolabeled with 89 Zr and evaluated for serum stability, and their positron emission tomography (PET) imaging properties were investigated in a BT474M1 (HER2-positive) breast tumor mouse model. Results: The chemoselective reagents were obtained in 14% (Df-Bac), 53% (Df-Iac) and 45% (Df-Chx-Mal) yields. Site-specific conjugation of Df-Chx-Mal to thio-trastuzumab was complete within 1 h at pH 7.5, while Df-Iac and Df-Bac respectively required 2 and 5 h at pH 9. Each Df modified thio-trastuzumab was chelated with 89 Zr in yields exceeding 75%. 89 Zr-Df-Ac-thio-trastuzumab and 89 Zr-Df-Chx-Mal-thiotrastuzumab were stable in mouse serum and exhibited comparable PET imaging capabilities in a BT474M1 (HER2-positive) breast cancer model reaching 20-25 %ID/g of tumor uptake and a tumor to blood ratio of 6.1-7.1. Conclusions: The new reagents demonstrated good reactivity with engineered thiol groups of trastuzumab and very good chelation properties with 89 Zr. The site-specifically 89 Zr-labeled thio-antibodies were stable in serum and showed PET imaging properties comparable to lysine conjugates.

- by Jeff Tinianow
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- Biomedical Engineering, Imaging, Nuclear medicine, Positron Emission Tomography

This chapter argues that dreaming is an important state of consciousness and that it has many features that complement consciousness in the wake state. The chapter discusses consciousness in dreams and how it comes about. It discusses the changes that occur in the neuromodulatory environment and in the neuronal connectivity of the brain as we fall asleep and begin our night journeys. Dreams evolve from internal sources though the dream may look different than any one of these since something entirely new may emerge through self-organizing processes. The chapter also explores characteristics of dreaming consciousness such as acceptance of implausibility and how that might lead to creative insight. Examples of studies, which have shown creativity in dream sleep, are provided to illustrate important characteristics of dreaming consciousness. The chapter also discusses the dream body and how it relates to our consciousness while dreaming. Differences and similarities between wake, lucid...

- by David Kahn
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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Creativity, Imaging

Vibrational spectroscopic studies of N719 dye-adsorbed TiO 2 films have been carried out by using SERRS, ATR-FTIR, and confocal Raman imaging. The high wavenumber region (3000-4000 cm -1 ) of dye adsorbed TiO 2 is analyzed via Raman and IR spectroscopy to investigate the role of surface hydroxyl groups in the anchoring mode. As a complementary technique, confocal Raman imaging is employed to study the distribution features of key dye groups (COO-, bipyridine, and CdO) on the anatase surface. Sensitized TiO 2 films made from two different nanocrystalline anatase powders are investigated: a commercial one (Dyesol) and our synthetic variety produced through aqueous synthesis. It is proposed the binding of the N719 dye to TiO 2 to occur through two neighboring carboxylic acid/ carboxylate groups via a combination of bidentate-bridging and H-bonding involving a donating group from the N719 (and/or Ti-OH) units and acceptor from the Ti-OH (and/or N719) groups. The Raman imaging distribution of COOsym on TiO 2 was used to show the covalent bonding, while the distribution of CdO mode was applied to observe the electrostatically bonded groups.

- by George Demopoulos and +2
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- Imaging, Vibrational Spectroscopy, Multidisciplinary, Film

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is recognised as a major health problem. Ninety-nine percent of diabetics suffer from type 2 DM and 10% from type 1 and other types of DM. The number of diabetic patients worldwide is expected to reach 380 millions over the next 15 years. The duration of diabetes is an important factor in the pathogenesis of complications, but other factors frequently coexisting with type 2 DM, such as hypertension, obesity and dyslipidaemia, also contribute to the development of diabetic angiopathy. Microvascular complications include retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Macroangiopathy mainly affects coronary arteries, carotid arteries and arteries of the lower extremities. Eighty percent of deaths in the diabetic population result from cardiovascular incidents. DM is considered an equivalent of coronary heart disease (CHD). Stroke and peripheral artery disease (PAD) are other main manifestations of diabetic macroangiopathy. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC) represents another chronic complication that occurs independently of CHD and hypertension. The greater susceptibility of diabetic patients to infections completes the spectrum of the main consequences of DM. The serious complications of DM make it essential for physicians to be aware of the screening guidelines, allowing for earlier patient diagnosis and treatment.

- by Maria Mazioti
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- Bioinformatics, Imaging, Life Sciences, MRI

We report a rapid method for the direct multicolor imaging of multiple subnuclear genetic sequences using novel quantum dot-based fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes (QD-FISH). Short DNA oligonucleotides were attached on QDs and used in a single hybridization/ detection step of target sites in situ. QD-FISH probes penetrate both intact interphase nuclei and metaphase chromosomes and showed good targeting of dense chromatin domains with minimal steric hindrances. We further demonstrated that QD's broad absorption spectra allowed different colored probes specific for distinct subnuclear genetic sequences to be simultaneously excited with a single excitation wavelength and imaged free of chromatic aberrations in a single exposure. Thus, these results demonstrate that QD-FISH probes are very effective in multicolor FISH applications. This work also documents new possibilities of using QD-FISH probes detection down to the single molecule level. NOTE ADDED IN PROOF As this manuscript went to press, Chan et al. published a similar QD-FISH method for the multiplex detection of mRNAs (24). Recent results by Xiao et al. suggest that pH effects on fluorescence of QD-detected hybridization signals could account for the absence of QD centromeric hybridization signals on human metaphase chromosomes in their FISH experiments (25).

- by Laurent Bentolila
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- Genetics, Microscopy, Imaging, Fluorescence

This paper concerns the spatial and intensity transformations that map one image onto another. We present a general technique that facilitates nonlinear spatial (stereotactic) normalization and image realignment. This technique minimizes the sum of squares between two images following nonlinear spatial deformations and transformations of the voxel (intensity) values. The spatial and intensity transformations are obtained simultaneously, and explicitly, using a least squares solution and a series of linearising devices. The approach is completely noninteractive (automatic), nonlinear, and noniterative. It can be applied in any number of dimensions.

- by J-b. Poline
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- Cognitive Science, Image Processing, Spatial Analysis, Morphometrics

Terahertz time domain imaging (THz-TDI) has been applied for imaging a hidden portrait and other subsurface
composition layers of an 18th century (18C) easel painting by Nicolai Abildgaard, the most important 18C Danish
neoclassical painter of historical and mythological subjects. For the first time, a real hidden portrait on easel
painting has been imaged by THz-TDI, with an unexpected richness of details. THz C- and B-scans have been
compared with images obtained by X-radiography and invasive cross-sectional imaging, leading to a deeper
understanding of the strengths and limitations of this technique for art diagnostic purposes and defining its role
among complementary tools for the investigation of art objects. We present a fast and effective method to separate
single THz pulse reflections of interest from the entire signal across the image, adapted for uneven surfaces
typically encountered in practical applications of the technique. Interfaces between layers of the painting have
been successfully imaged, contributing substantially to the understanding of the structure of the painting

- by Corinna Koch Dandolo and +1
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- Imaging, Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, Conservation Science, Conservation of Easel Paintings
- by Kenneth Janz
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- Management, Information Technology, Communication, Technology
- by Aaron Wolfson
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- Radiation, Radiation Oncology, Imaging, Brachytherapy

FTIR microscopy was used to detect and discriminate the two wood decaying fungi Trametes versicolor and Schizophyllum commune in experimentally infected beech wood blocks. The distribution of fungal mycelium in wood was locally resolved and semiquantitatively recorded using FTIR microscopy combined with a focal plane array detector and image analysis. Cluster analysis revealed major diVerences between FTIR spectra recorded from wood Wbers and empty vessel lumina and spectra from mycelium of both fungal species, irrespective of whether the fungi were grown on the surface of wood or inside vessel lumina. Species-speciWc clustering of spectra of fungal mycelium grown on the wood surface and inside vessel lumina demonstrated the potential of FTIR microscopy to discriminate among fungal species decaying wood. 

- by Andrea Polle
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- Genetics, Microbiology, Microscopy, Plant Biology
- by Rina Dukor
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- Cancer, Imaging, HCA

Extension to a print-imaging pipeline to allow ink reduction to be applied.

- by Anthony (Tony) Harris
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- Image Processing, Image Science, Imaging Science, Imaging