Basin analysis Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
World crude oil production tends to continue to decline if not balanced with discovery of oil and gas fields. Nowadays oil and gas exploration activities are being be perceived sluggish. Statistical data issued by SKK Migas where there... more
World crude oil production tends to continue to decline if not balanced with discovery of oil and gas fields. Nowadays oil and gas exploration activities are being be perceived sluggish. Statistical data issued by SKK Migas where there were 318 Work Areas in 2014, down to 212 Areas in April 2019 and as many as 52% were still in exploration stage. Reserves found are not comparable to those exploited, Indonesia's Reserve Replacement Ratio (RRR) which is only 50%. The exploration phase requires high costs and a long time, the costs of exploration from exploration studies to drilling exploration is US$ 1-100 million and exploration periods is 6-10 years. Purpose of this method is to optimize costs and time in exploration activities, through big data exploration activities with the petroleum system as the fundamental. The method is to explore the database based on parameters of petroleum system which will be classified (ranking) of each element of petroleum system which is extracted based on the amount of data publications, geological & geophysical survey data and historical exploration of basin are used as reference to give confident in making decisions to enter drilling exploration stage. This method can be applied to mature basins with assumtion fairly complete database. With big data exploration we can optimize exploration costs, especially the costs of drilling exploration and big data exploration activities require a shorter time. The advantages of using this scheme can provide an overview of basin evaluations based on elements of petroleum system so that we have an overview and plan of actions to be carried out in accordance with results from classification. In addition, this scheme will optimize use of existing exploration data and recommend activities for updating the data.
Turkey has been divided into 26 basins for studies related to water resources development. Surface areas of the basins range between 6,300 – 127,500 km2, the average being approximately 30,000 km2. Compared with nested watershed... more
Turkey has been divided into 26 basins for studies related to water resources development. Surface areas of the basins range between 6,300 – 127,500 km2, the average being approximately 30,000 km2. Compared with nested watershed classification of U.S., the average size of Turkish national basins corresponds to the third-level (basins). Currently, a forth-level (sub-basins) with an average size of 1,820 km2 reside below the basins in U.S. classification. Even these sub-basins are found to be too large to adequately serve many water resource management needs. Two additional levels (watersheds and sub-watersheds) are currently under development in order to solve this problem. Taking this fact into consideration, currently existing basins of Turkey are supposed to be too large for effective water resources management and there is a need for delineation of sub-basins in a scientific manner. In this study, the boundaries of proto-type sub-basins are determined by using DEM-based automated delineation techniques. For this purpose, 30 arc-seconds SRTM30 DEM is re-projected into an equal area projection, hydrologic sinks are filled and inaccurate elevation values are corrected. In order to prevent invalid delineation of closed basins that cover approximately 10% of the country, water bodies located at the center of these basins are extracted from Global Land Cover Characteristics dataset of USGS and excluded from the process. Among the alternatives, Deterministic-8 (D-8) algorithm with modifications by Garbrecht and Martz is used to calculate flow direction and flow accumulation grids. Using these grids, a set of candidate sub-basins are generated by applying different area thresholds. A threshold of 1,000 km2 resulted in 359 sub-basins with an average size of 1,858 km2, both of which are found to be appropriate and manageable for nationwide usage. Similarity of the average size of the delineated sub-basins to that of U.S. sub-basins also supports this result.
The Gulf of Suez in Egypt has a north-northwest–south-southeast orientation and is located at the junction of the African and Arabian plates where it separates the northeast African continent from the Sinai Peninsula. It has excellent... more
The Gulf of Suez in Egypt has a north-northwest–south-southeast
orientation and is located at the junction of the African and Arabian
plates where it separates the northeast African continent from the
Sinai Peninsula. It has excellent hydrocarbon potential, with the
prospective sedimentary basin area measuring approximately
19,000 km2, and it is considered as the most prolific oil province
rift basin in Africa and the Middle East. This basin contains more
than 80 oil fields, with reserves ranging from 1350 to less than 1
million bbl, in reservoirs of Precambrian to Quaternary age. The
lithostratigraphic units in the Gulf of Suez can be subdivided into
three megasequences: a prerift succession (pre-Miocene or Paleozoic–
Eocene), a synrift succession (Oligocene–Miocene), and a
postrift succession (post-Miocene or Pliocene–Holocene). These
units vary in lithology, thickness, areal distribution, depositional
environment, and hydrocarbon importance. Geological and geophysical
data show that the northern and central Gulf of Suez consist
of several narrow, elongated depositional troughs, whereas the
southern part is dominated by a tilt-block terrane, containing numerous
offset linear highs.
Major prerift and synrift source rocks have potential to yield oil
and/or gas and are mature enough in the deep kitchens to generate
hydrocarbons. Geochemical parameters, sterane distribution, and
biomarker correlations are consistent with oils generated from marine
source rocks. Oils in the Gulf of Suez were sourced from potential
source rock intervals in the prerift succession that are typically
oil prone (type I), and in places oil and gas prone (type II), or
are composites of more than one type (multiple types I, II, or III
for oil prone, oil and gas prone, or gas prone, respectively).
The reservoirs can be classified into prerift reservoirs, such as
the Precambrian granitic rocks, Paleozoic–Cretaceous Nubian sandstones,
Upper Cretaceous Nezzazat sandstones and the fractured
Eocene Thebes limestone; and synrift reservoirs, such the Miocene
sandstones and carbonates of the Nukhul, Rudeis, Kareem, and Belayim
formations and the sandstones of South Gharib, Zeit, andpost-Zeit. The majority of oil fields in the region incorporate
multiple productive reservoirs. Miocene
evaporites are the ultimate hydrocarbon seals, whereas
the shale and dense limestones of the prerift and the
synrift stratigraphic units are the primary seals. Structural,
stratigraphic, and combination traps are encountered
in the study area. The Gulf of Suez is the most
prolific and prospective oil province in Egypt, and any
open acreage, or relinquished area, will be of great interest
to the oil industry.
Oil in the Telisa Formation in Suban Baru Field was discovered during the exploration and development phase of the fractured basement gas reservoir. The origin of oil in this reservoir is not clearly understood. The Talang Akar Formation,... more
- by Budi R Permana and +2
- •
- Geochemistry, Basin analysis
Widespread flooding of the Australian continent during the Early Cretaceous, referred to as the Eromanga Sea, deposited extensive shallow marine sediments throughout the Great Artesian Basin (GAB). This event had been considered 'out of... more
Widespread flooding of the Australian continent during the Early Cretaceous, referred to as the Eromanga Sea, deposited extensive shallow marine sediments throughout the Great Artesian Basin (GAB). This event had been considered 'out of sync' with eustatic sea level and was instead solely attributed to dynamic sub
ÖZET Kitle iletişim teknolojileri olarak ifade edilen belli başlı araçlar ortaya çı-kış zamanları ve kullanım özellikleri açısından 'geleneksel medya' ve 'yeni medya' olarak ayrılabilmektedir. Geleneksel medya araçları içerisinde ise en... more
ÖZET Kitle iletişim teknolojileri olarak ifade edilen belli başlı araçlar ortaya çı-kış zamanları ve kullanım özellikleri açısından 'geleneksel medya' ve 'yeni medya' olarak ayrılabilmektedir. Geleneksel medya araçları içerisinde ise en belli başlı olanları gazete, radyo, televizyondur. Gazeteler detaylı haber analizi sunarlarken, radyo ve televizyon ise başta eğlendirici niteliği olmak üzere an-lık haber analizi niteliği taşımaktadır. Ancak gazete, kitap, dergi gibi basılı ya-yınların takibi bireyin özel ilgi ve beklentisine hitap etmesi bakımından daha bilinçli kullanıcılara hitap eder. Televizyon ve radyo gibi araçlar ise alternatif program bolluğu nedeniyle herhangi bir amaç olmaksızın da takip edilebilen araçlardır. Bu çalışmada amaç, Sinop il merkezine ait basılı yerel gazete haberleri-nin kategorilere ayrılarak nicel bir değerlendirmesini yapmaktır. Sinop il mer-kezine ait basılı beş adet gazete bulunmaktadır. Bunlar Haber 57, Sinop Pusu-lası, Bizimkaradeniz, Vitrin Haber ve Sinop Flaş Haber'dir. Bu gazeteler pazar günleri haricinde haftanın altı günü yayınlanmaktadırlar. Araştırmada bu gaze-telerin tamamı Mart 2018-Mayıs 2018 tarihleri arasında on dört hafta boyun-ca periyodik olarak her altı günde bir incelenmiştir. Böylece her hafta farklı bir güne ait gazete haberleri örneklem olarak seçilmiştir. Gazete haberleri katego-rik olarak tasnif edilmiş ve yönetim, çevre, din, eğitim, ekonomi, etkinlikler, köşe yazıları, kültürel haberler, reklamlar, sağlık, siyaset, spor, turizm, ulusal haberler ve diğer haberler olarak 15 kategori altında toplanmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra her kategoriye ait haber sütunları ölçülerek haberlerin gazete sayfalarında kapladığı alan ve oranları hesaplanarak Excel programında grafik haline geti-rilmiştir.
- by Patrick D Driver and +4
- •
- Water, Wetlands, Hydrology, Irrigation
Terrestrial heat flow influences a large collection of geological phenomena. Its determination and understanding is of prime interest for oil industry because geothermal processes impact directly maturation histories and economic... more
Terrestrial heat flow influences a large collection of geological phenomena. Its determination and understanding is of prime interest for oil industry because geothermal processes impact directly maturation histories and economic potential of oil fields and reservoirs. Published systematic heat flow determinations from major oil provinces are however seldom. Robust heat flow determinations in drillholes require logging of undisturbed temperatures and intensive sampling of core material for petrophysical measurements. Temperature logging in exploration drillholes is traditionally conducted during drilling breaks or shortly after drilling, resulting in temperatures severely disturbed by mud circulation and coring is restricted to selected intervals. Alternatively, test temperatures, information from electric logs and lithological descriptions of drill cuttings can be used to overcome these limitations.
The present contribution introduces new heat flow determinations based on 63 exploration drillholes from the Norwegian North Sea, the Mid Norway Margin and the Barents Shelf. Our analyses are based on released DST temperatures, precise lithological descriptions of drill cuttings, previously measured rock matrix thermal conductivities and established porosity laws. For the sake of comparison, we carefully review previous heat flow studies carried out both onshore and offshore Norway.
Our results suggest median heat flow values of 64 mW/m2, 65 mW/m2 and 72 mW/m2 for the North Sea, the Mid Norway Margin (mainly the Trøndelag Platform) and the SW Barents Shelf respectively. In detail, heat flow increases by ~ 10 mW/m2 from the southern Norwegian North Sea towards the Mid Norway Margin. This result appears to be in very good agreement with seismic tomographic studies suggesting northward thinning of the underlying mantle lithosphere. Our results together with published marine heat flow data from the Mid Norway Margin suggest a gradual decrease in heat flow from both the North Sea and the Trøndelag Platform towards the centres of the deep Møre and Vøring basins. This latter effect is attributed to reduced heat input from crustal sources caused by the extreme attenuation of the crystalline basement below these two basins. Heat flow in the SW Barents Shelf increases westwards. This is interpreted as lateral heat transfer from the adjacent young ocean. Tentative corrections for Quaternary sedimentation/erosion effects suggest similar heat flow levels for the three studied areas but the above mentioned regional trends remain unchanged.
Kupe field is a gas condensate field located in the southern Taranaki Basin. In the present study, 3D seismic and well log data sets were used to interpret and model Kupe structures. The primary objective of the study was to develop a... more
Kupe field is a gas condensate field located in the southern Taranaki Basin. In the present study, 3D seismic and well log data sets were used to interpret and model Kupe structures. The primary objective of the study was to develop a structural model for the complete reservoir package in the Kupe field which composes of three horizons the North Cape, Farewell and Otaraoa formations. The three horizons were interpreted using time section and then converted into depth domain using the velocity model. The results demonstrate the successful establishment of the structural model to incorporate fault framework model, structural mechanics and geometric distributions of the structural features in the complex Southern Inversion Zone of Taranaki Basin. The reservoir package experienced extensional and contractional regimes during Late Cretaceous to Eocene and Eocene to Miocene epoch, respectively ; as a consequence, both normal and reverse styles of faulting are observed. Normal faulting is more obvious in the sections taken from the northern part of the seismic cube while reverse faulting is more prominent in southern parts of the seismic cube. Reservoir package is compartmentalized by moderate-to high-angle (35°–87°) dip slip faults with NE– SW orientation. The proposed 3D structural model provides a unique combination of subseismic interpretations and a geostatistical modelling approach for understanding major fault mechanism, and it provides a significant platform for designing future drilling campaigns for Kupe field's development.
An example of carrying out unit hydrograph convolution in order to get the full Hydrograph of a catchment for a given hyetograph is explained in steps. Matrix manipulation using Excel is used for this regard and a simple user defined... more
An example of carrying out unit hydrograph convolution in order to get the full Hydrograph of a catchment for a given hyetograph is explained in steps. Matrix manipulation using Excel is used for this regard and a simple user defined function is developed to facilitate building the Precipitation Matrix. Using the developed function, it becomes easy to just drag and create the full P matrix in an automated way.
Abstrak Cekungan Banyumas merupakan salah satu cekungan sedimen di Jawa Tengah yang mempunyai potensi hidrokarbon cukup baik namun sampai saat ini belum ditemukan cadangan hidrokarbon yang ekonomis. Ada cukup banyak rembesan minyak dan... more
Abstrak Cekungan Banyumas merupakan salah satu cekungan sedimen di Jawa Tengah yang mempunyai potensi hidrokarbon cukup baik namun sampai saat ini belum ditemukan cadangan hidrokarbon yang ekonomis. Ada cukup banyak rembesan minyak dan gas bumi terdapat di cekungan ini yang membuktikan adanya sistem hidrokarbon yang aktif. Beberapa pemboran eksplorasi juga telah dilakukan oleh beberapa perusahaan minyak namun belum mendapatkan hasil yang memuaskan. Peneliti terdahulu juga ada yang menyebut Cekungan Banyumas sebagai " Terra Incognita " atau daerah yang belum diketahui, yang maksudnya adalah bahwa cekungan ini belum sepenuhnya diketahui sistem hidrokarbonnya sehingga perlu dilakukan eksplorasi lebih lanjut untuk memahaminya. Penulis kemudian melakukan tinjauan kembali potensi hidrokarbon Cekungan Banyumas ini berdasarkan data geologi dan data geofisika, baik dari data sekunder maupun data primer yang penulis lakukan sendiri. Tinjauan potensi hidrokarbon dilakukan dengan melakukan evaluasi ulang faktor-faktor sistem hidrokarbon seperti batuan induk, reservoir, perangkap dan batuan penutupnya serta migrasi hidrokarbon. Evaluasi juga dilakukan pada batas-batas cekungan berdasarkan data geofisika, dalam hal ini peta gravitasi regional untuk melakukan delineasi batas sub cekungan dan luasannya. Peta gravitasi residual juga digunakan untuk melakukan delineasi struktur geologi baik patahan maupun lipatan yang memungkinkan sebagai perangkap hidrokarbonnya. Data penampang seismik refleksi dan data modeling geolistrik juga menunjukkan sistem perangkap yang potensial dan jalur migrasi vertikalnya. Hasil interpretasi dari data-data geologi dan geofisika menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa Cekungan Banyumas masih menyimpan potensi hidrokarbon yang cukup menjanjikan dan sekaligus mengevaluasi kemungkinan penyebab kegagalan dari pemboran eksplorasi terdahulu di daerah ini. Pendahuluan Cekungan Banyumas merupakan salah satu cekungan sedimen di Indonesia yang sampai saat ini belum ditemukan hidrokarbon dalam jumlah yang ekonomis untuk dieksploitasi, namun demikian, ada cukup banyak rembesan minyak dan gas bumi yang tersebar di cekungan ini, menunjukkan adanya sistem hidrokarbon yang aktif bekerja di daerah ini. Peneliti terdahulu ada yang menyebut Cekungan Banyumas sebagai " Terra Incognita " yaitu daerah yang belum diketahui secara utuh sistem hidrokarbonnya [1], sehingga perlu dilakukan eksplorasi lebih lanjut untuk memahaminya. Maksud dari peninjauan kembali potensi hidrokarbon di Cekungan Banyumas ini adalah untuk melakukan evaluasi ulang data-data geologi dan geofisika baik data sekunder dari peneliti terdahulu maupun dari data primer yang penulis lakukan sendiri, sedangkan tujuannya adalah untuk menarik partisipasi dari para pihak yang berkepentingan untuk melakukan eksplorasi lebih lanjut di Cekungan
The geological background for the regional orientation of the Late Paleozoic basins in the SW Barents Sea is a topic of recent debate. Two models have been suggested. The first suggests that the positions and orientations of the basins... more
The geological background for the regional orientation of the Late Paleozoic basins in the SW Barents Sea is a topic of recent debate. Two models have been suggested. The first suggests that the positions and orientations of the basins are dominated by a NE-SW trending grain. The other model is based on evidence from recent high-quality magnetic data suggesting a NNW-SSE-strike for these Late Paleozoic basins.
With the recent acquisition of long-offset reflection seismic data, imaging of the Late Palaeozoic structures is much clearer and the seismic coverage has also become denser. We are using this dataset to map the Carboniferous basin structures. From our interpretation, we observe a fan-shaped basin architecture with three main branches i) an ENE oriented branch to the south of the Nordkapp Basin ii) a NE-SW-oriented branch between the Nordkapp and Ottar basins and, iii) a NNE-SSW-oriented branch associated with the Hoop Fault Complex and Maud Basin. This basin architecture forms graben units with inter- and intra-basinal highs. From the orientation of the Carboniferous rift structures, the predominant stress regime is assumed to have been predominnantly oriented WNW-ESE. This basin configuration also had an impact on later Permian depositional system and facies distribution.
Thus, we suggest that the NNW-SSE trending basins as reflected by the magnetic data likely represents thick Devonian basin configurations related to the collapse of Caledonian Orogen in the SW Barents Sea, rather than younger Carboniferous structures which cross-cut the older grain.
CEKUNGAN (BASIN) DI SELURUH DAERAH INDONESIA YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PERTAMBANGAN
Post-collisional tectonic escape refers to the lateral escape or extrusion of fault-bounded geological blocks as a result of collision or compression away from the collision zone and towards free edge of oceanic margin. While the... more
Post-collisional tectonic escape refers to the lateral escape or extrusion of fault-bounded geological blocks
as a result of collision or compression away from the collision zone and towards free edge of oceanic
margin. While the collision zone is represented by fold-thrust belts, the tectonic escape is accommodated
by large strike-slip faults and rifting and spreading of basement.
There are five significant collisional events fashioning the Cenozoic tectonics of Indonesia. The first was
collision of India to Eurasia started at 50 or 45 Ma (early-middle Eocene). The collision resulted in the
Himalayan Fold-Thrust Belt and was followed by the escape of the Sundaland southeastwards through
major strike-slip faults and the formation of sedimentary basins in the Sundaland as well as the opening
of marginal seas of the South China Sea and Andaman Sea. The faults occupied and reactivated
Mesozoic sutures within the Sundaland. The faults are Red River Fault-Sabah Shear, Tonle-Sap-Mekong
(Mae Ping) Fault, Three Pagoda Fault-Malay-Natuna-Lupar Line-Adang Fault, and the Sumatran Faults.
The second collision occurred at about 25 Ma (late Oligocene) when an oceanic island arcs constructed on
the southern margin of the Philippine Sea Plate collided with the northern margin of Australia Continent.
The collision resulted in fold-thrust belt of the Papua Central Ranges and was followed by tectonic
escapes of strike-slip faults and basin formation. The faults are Sorong-Yapen Fault, Waipoga Fault,
Gauttier Offset, and Apauwar-Nawa Fault. Opening of the North Irian Basin in northern Papua also
shows the post-collision tectonic escapes.
The third collision was the collision of the Bird’s Head microcontinent with Papua at 10 Ma (late
Miocene). The Lengguru Fold-Thrust Belt marks the collision zone. Strike-slip faults away from the
collision zone like the Tarera-Aiduna, Sorong, Waipoga, and Ransiki Faults may demonstrate the postcollision
tectonic escape. The Bintuni Basin located just to the west of the Lengguru Fold-Thrust Belt is a
foreland basin developing as a response to post-collision extensional structure.
The fourth collision occurred from 11 to 5 Ma (late Miocene to earliest Pliocene) when the Buton-Tukang
Besi and the Banggai-Sula microcontinents collided East Sulawesi ophiolite. The microcontinents were
detached from the Bird’s Head of Papua and escaped westwards by the Sorong Fault. The collision has
formed Batui Fold-Thrust Belt and was followed by post-collision tectonic escapes in forms of rotation
of arms of Sulawesi, formation of major strike-slip faults of Palu-Koro, Kolaka, Lawanopo, Hamilton,
Matano, and Balantak Faults, and the opening of the Gulf of Bone. More recent transtensional movement
is responsible for the opening of pull-apart basins of Poso, Matano and Towuti Lakes, as well as the Palu
Depression.
The last collision commenced at about 3 Ma (mid-Pliocene) when northern margin of Australia
Continent collided Banda Island Arc. The collision resulted in foreland fold-thrust belt from Timor,
Tanimbar to Seram. Lateral extension is observed to follow the arc-continent collision indicating a
tectonic escape. Major strike-slip faults were formed sub-paralleling the Timor Island and may relate to
the escape of the Sumba Island westwards. Extensional crustal collapse followed the arc-continent
collision and has resulted in the formation of the Weber Deep, Savu Basin, and opening of the Banda Sea. The cases in Indonesia show that tectonic escape is a widespread process and may have been very
important in the evolution of convergent region like Indonesia. The concept of tectonic escape can
contribute to the understanding of the process by which continents are assembled and slivered.
Geochemical, geological, and geophysical data were used to identify and update genetic oil families, potential source rocks, and hydrocarbon generation kitchen as well as probable migration pathways in the northwestern part of the Persian... more
Geochemical, geological, and geophysical data were used to identify and update genetic oil families, potential source rocks, and hydrocarbon generation kitchen as well as probable migration pathways in the northwestern part of the Persian Gulf. Rock-Eval analysis was performed on 52 cutting samples of prospective Cretaceous-Tertiary source rocks. According to the results, most of the samples have poor to fair potential for hydrocarbon generation, except for the Albian Formation which possesses good to excellent source rock characteristics in the study area. Two genetic oil families were identified based on source-and age-related biomarkers as well as stable carbon isotope ratios for 23 crude oil samples. Family I occurs in upper Jurassic-lower Cretaceous reservoirs mainly in the Surmeh-Hith Basin whereas family II occurs in lower Cretaceous-Tertiary reservoirs mainly in the Garau-Gotnia Basin. All attempts to correlate the identified families to prospective source rocks failed due to substantial maturity differences between the oils and rock samples. Inversion correlation based on detailed isotopic and biomarker analyses, however, confirms that the carbonates and marls of the Neocomian and Albian Formations are the main oil-generating facies for families I and II, respectively. The geographical extension and composition of the identified oil families are highly affected by source rock facies distribution and migration pathways. 2D cross sections provided in the region indicate the dominance of lateral and vertical migration pathways from the Binak depression as the main hydrocarbon generation kitchen toward the structural highs in the study area.
- by Ahmad Reza Rabbani and +1
- •
- Basin analysis
Resumen El río Zamora Huaycu, es un sistema hidrológico andino, en donde por problemas antrópicos; como colonización y deforestación; se ha generado una disminución del potencial hídrico; lo que ha conllevado a la necesidad de realizar un... more
Resumen El río Zamora Huaycu, es un sistema hidrológico andino, en donde por problemas antrópicos; como colonización y deforestación; se ha generado una disminución del potencial hídrico; lo que ha conllevado a la necesidad de realizar un análisis morfométrico de la microcuenca. Los antecedentes señalan que el 86% la microcuenca es susceptible a erosión y que el 50% del área tiene pendientes mayores al 25%, entendidas como quebradas fuertes. La microcuenca se ubica en la Cordillera Oriental de los Andes. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar los parámetros morfométricos de la Microcuenca del Río Zamora Huaycu hasta su confluencia con la Quebrada Mendieta y analizar la respuesta hidrológica del sistema. La metodología se basó en cálculos manuales con apoyo de una carta topográfica del área a una escala de 1:50 000, preparada por el Instituto Geográfico Militar Ecuatoriano (IGM) a través de fotografías aéreas. Palabras Clave: Zamora Huaycu, cuenca, morfometría. Abstract The Zamora Huaycu River, is an Andean hydrological system, where by anthropogenic problems; as colonization and deforestation; a decrease in water potential has been generated; what has led to the need to perform a morphometric analysis of the catchment area. The antecedents indicate that 86% of the catchment area is susceptible to erosion and that 50% of the area has slopes greater than 25%, understood as strong ravines. The catchment area is located in the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes. The objective of this study is to determine the morphometric parameters of the catchment area of the Zamora Huaycu River until its confluence with the Quebrada Mendieta and to analyze the hydrological response of the system. The methodology was based on manual calculations supported by a topographic map of the area at a scale of 1:50 000, prepared by the Ecuadorian Military Geographical Institute (IGM).
Le tsunami du 26 décembre 2004 et le nombre considérable des victimes qu'il a causé a été à l'origine d'une prise en conscience générale des scientifiques et des politiciens sur ce type de risques en raison de la forte concentration de la... more
Le tsunami du 26 décembre 2004 et le nombre considérable des victimes qu'il a causé a été à l'origine d'une prise en conscience générale des scientifiques et des politiciens sur ce type de risques en raison de la forte concentration de la population mondiale et des infrastructures le long des côtes. Le Maroc a été déjà dévasté par des tsunamis dont celui qui a suivi le tremblement de terre dit de Lisbonne (M = 9) survenu le 1er novembre 1755, dont les vagues ont envahi l'ensemble des villes situées le long de la côte atlantique. Les effets de ce cataclysme, comme l'ont décrit plusieurs historiens et navigateurs, et de ceux qui ont eu lieu auparavant, sont toujours visibles dans le paysage sous la forme de blocs épars, et dans les sédiments estuariens sous la forme de minces lits marins incrustés dans les sédiments vaseux. Bien que le risque de tsunami par décollement d'un panneau du volcan de La Palma aux Canaries reste réel, le Maroc est surtout exposé aux tsunamis liés aux séismes atlantiques, qui ont lieu régulièrement le long de la Zone de Failles Azores-Gibraltar. Concernant la région atlantique, les études océanographiques de détail menées récemment ont permis de déterminer quatre failles pouvant engendrer des tsunamis : les failles bordant le Banc de Gorringe et la plaine du Fer à Cheval, la faille du Banc de Guadalquivir et la faille de Marquês de Pombal. Différents scénarios ont récemment été envisagés par plusieurs équipes scientifiques du Portugal, d'Espagne et du Maroc pour simuler les conséquences possibles provoquées par un tsunami lié au jeu de ces failles, et pour proposer un système d'alerte régional similaire à ceux mis en place ailleurs. En parallèle, de nombreuses études récentes se sont penchées sur les effets potentiels de l'inondation de plusieurs villes au Maroc telles que Casablanca, Rabat-Salé et El Jadida, en prenant comme référence le tsunami de 1755. Les principaux résultats concernent la distribution géographique des quartiers à risque et la vulnérabilité des bâtiments. Comme 200 Actes de la session plénière solennelle, Rabat, 24-26 février 2015 la plupart de ces études se fait dans un cadre académique dispersé et que les gestionnaires des villes ont rarement accès à ces informations, il serait judicieux de créer un organe inter ministériel permanent des risques regroupant tous les acteurs et pouvant agir efficacement en cas de menace.
Geologi Indonesia, Fisiografi, Stratigrafi, Tektonik, Cekungan Asem-Asem, Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia
This review combines a wide range of onshore and offshore data from Oligocene to Pliocene sediments of northern Borneo to address the following topics: (i) the stratigraphic conditions before and after the Top Crocker Unconformity [TCU],... more
Özet Geçmişten günümüze kadar sürekli çevre sorunlarıyla karşı karşıya kalan İstanbul da kontrolsüz nüfus artışının getirdiği düzensiz kentleşme ve çevre kirliliğin temel sorunlarını teşkil etmektedir. Özellikle sürekli nüfus artışı ile... more
Özet
Geçmişten günümüze kadar sürekli çevre sorunlarıyla karşı karşıya kalan İstanbul da kontrolsüz nüfus artışının getirdiği düzensiz kentleşme ve çevre kirliliğin temel sorunlarını teşkil etmektedir. Özellikle sürekli nüfus artışı ile düzensiz kentleşme, bu doğrultuda İstanbul nüfusu son 20 yılda ciddi bir artış göstermiş ve bu yeni nüfusun tercih ettiği yerleşim alanları ise bugün mega kentin nüfusunun önemli bir kısmını meydana getirmektedir. Bu nüfus artışı ile birlikte bu yerleşim alanlarında çevresel düzensizlik ile birlikte kirlilik oranlarında artış gözlenmeye başlanmıştır. Her geçen gün nüfusu artmakta olan mega kenti bekleyen bir sorun olan su yetersizliği başlamıştır. Ancak kentin çokta yabancı olmadığı bu sorundan belki de daha kötüsü olan su havzalarının kirlenmeye başlaması olmuştur. Var olan su kaynaklarının yetersiz olduğu kentte kaynakların bilinçsiz tüketilmesi veya kirletilmesi geri dönüşümü olmayan bir tehlikeyi de beraberin de getirmektedir. Örneğin İstanbul’un önemli su havzalarından biri olan Ömerli baraj gölü çevresinin artan nüfusun yeni yerleşim bölgesi olması nedeniyle hızlı bir kirlenme dönemine girmiştir. Bu nedenle kirletilen çevre ve bozulan ekolojik hayat, beraberinde çevre ve su sorunlarını da getirmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: İnsan, Çevre, Su ve Kirlilik
- by Armando Marques-Guedes and +1
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- Religion, History, Cultural History, Economic History
This Report is written based on the Industrial Training attended 12 June to 12 August 2016, at the Ministry of Petroleum and Mining, Juba, South Sudan. the report covers the areas of E & P phases/life cycle, Reservoir Engineering and the... more
This Report is written based on the Industrial Training attended 12 June to 12 August 2016, at the Ministry of Petroleum and Mining, Juba, South Sudan. the report covers the areas of E & P phases/life cycle, Reservoir Engineering and the geological setting of the Muglad and Melut Basins in South Sudan which are the main source of petroleum Reserves, the report also covered the oil activities in South Sudan.
Considerable interest is awakening in Neoproterozoic petroleum systems, which represent a frontier research area in the Earth Sciences. Many strata deposited during the Cryogenian have a role to play in such petroleum systems, with viable... more
Considerable interest is awakening in Neoproterozoic petroleum systems, which represent a frontier research area in the Earth Sciences. Many strata deposited during the Cryogenian have a role to play in such petroleum systems, with viable source rocks and live oils, despite deposition before the evolution of most extant clades. Life forms likely to have contributed, in variable concentrations, to Neoproterozoic hydrocarbon source rocks include eukaryotic microalgae, bacteria, chlorophyte micoalgae, marine pelagophyte algae and dinoflagellates. The glaciations of a“Snowball” or “Slushball” Earth, or deposited under a “Zipper Rift” scenario, are believed to be intimately associated with the deposition of hydrocarbon source rocks. Deglaciation may have culminated in anoxic basins, with high TOC shales and “cap carbonates” deposited in depressions carved by ice sheets or alternatively deposited in restricted half graben a Rodinia began to fragment. One such example is the case of post-Sturt glaciation shales and dolostones in the Centralian Superbasin, an amalgam of basins almost continent-wide in Australia. In the southen part of this superbasin, data from the Marmot MMDD-1 drillcore (Stuart Shelf) together with published data on organic enrichment in the central part of the superbasin (Amadeus Basin), are used to infer the existance of a major organically-enriched mud blanket resulting from Sturtian deglaciation.
The Murzuq Basin is one of the most petroliferous basins of North Africa. Its remote eastern flank, has been largely ignored since early reconnaissance work in the 1950s and 1960s. This paper presents new stratigraphic and... more
The Murzuq Basin is one of the most petroliferous basins of North Africa. Its remote eastern flank, has been largely ignored since early reconnaissance work in the 1950s and 1960s. This paper presents new stratigraphic and sedimentological data on the Neoproterozoic through Devonian succession from the Mourizidie and Dor el Gussa regions. The Neoproterozoic to Cambrian Mourizidie and Hasawnah formations in the eastern part of the Mourizidie dip to the east and north-east, resting directly on late Precambrian metasediments and granitoids. These strata record the initial progradation of sand-dominated braidplain systems upon peneplained Precambrian basement. Rhyolite clasts in the Hasawnah Formation may record tectonically driven uplift and unroofing in the southern Tibesti Massif or tectonomagmatic rejuvenation to the south of this massif. In the western part of the Mourizidie region, Late Ordovician through Silurian strata (Mamuniyat and Tanezzuft–Akakus formations) directly overlie late Precambrian metasediments and granitoids, and dip at a low angle toward the west into the Murzuq Basin. Elsewhere at the eastern Murzuq Basin flank, in Dor el Gussa, Late Ordovician glaciogenic sediments rest with angular unconformity upon shallow marine sandstones of Cambrian–Ordovician age. This angular unconformity may also occur in the Mourizidie region and indicates widespread tectonism, either as a result of a Middle–Late Ordovician orogenic event, far-field tectonism related to the opening of the Rheic Ocean along the northern margin of Gondwana, or alternatively crustal depression associated with the growth of Late Ordovician ice sheets. Unconformity development was also probably associated with glacial incision. Following ice sheet retreat, isostatic rebound during deglaciation resulted in uplift of tens to hundreds of metres, locally removing all Cambrian and Ordovician formations. Rising sea levels in the Silurian led to deposition of the Tanezzuft Formation on Precambrian basement in the northwestern Mourizidie region.
Tatapani – Ramkola basin lies in the north-eastern segment of ENE-WSW trending Son valley master basin and occurs between two regional scale faults, Son-Narmada South Fault (SNSF) in the north and Tatapani fault (TF) in the south... more
Tatapani – Ramkola basin lies in the north-eastern segment of ENE-WSW trending Son valley master basin and occurs between two regional scale faults, Son-Narmada South Fault (SNSF) in the north and Tatapani fault (TF) in the south (Fig.-1). Since the discovery of the Tatapani–Ramkola coalfield by Griesbach in 1878-79, the search for superior grade coal deposits has continued for the last two decades. However, no comprehensive idea on the origin of this basin has yet been proposed. This article attempts to throw some new light on the origin and evolution of Tatapani–Ramkola basin based on its geometry and the occurrence and disposition of large scale tectonic features.
Synthesis of outcrop and subsurface sedimentological and geomorphological datasets across North Africa allows a tentative palaeo-glaciological model of the flow dynamics and recessional character of a 440 Ma old (Hirnantian) ice sheet to... more
Synthesis of outcrop and subsurface sedimentological and geomorphological datasets across North Africa allows a tentative palaeo-glaciological model of the flow dynamics and recessional character of a 440 Ma old (Hirnantian) ice sheet to be proposed. A system of eight cross-shelf trough depocentres is identified from the Late Ordovician of the Sahara region. These are interpreted to have been carved and occupied by ice streams, providing evidence for widespread heterogeneous flow within the ice sheet. During retreat, two key geological features were produced: (1) laterally extensive, sinuous to linear piles of sediment dumped parallel to the ice margin; (2) large meltwater channels (tunnel valleys) cut near the grounding line.