Bone Cement Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

PMMA beam specimens were tested in four-point bending to determine if' the bending strength of acrylic bone cement, as used in posterior spinal fusion, could be improved by metal-wire reinforcement. The result showed that the... more

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- Biomedical Engineering, Polymers, Elasticity, Biomedical Materials
- by Sigit Santosa
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- Biomedical Engineering, Spine, Osteoporosis, Multiple Myeloma

Distal radius fracture often presents a metaphyseal void which is more extended in elderly, osteoporotic patients. Bone graft and bone substitutes are reported to be beneficial in maintaining metaphyseal reduction. We performed a prospective study on 52 menopausal, osteoporotic women with unstable intra-articular distal radius fractures to compare the outcome of percutaneous pinning and immobilisation in a cast for 6 weeks with that using injectable calcium phosphate bone cement (Norian Skeletal Repair System, SRS) to supplement pin and screw fixation and immobilisation in a cast for 3 weeks. All patients were reviewed 2 years (range 21-29 months) after surgery. Patients treated with SRS had better functional outcome, restoration of movement and grip strength ( p<0.001). In this group there was 1 mm loss of radial length, 3 degrees loss of radial inclination and 7 degrees loss of palmar tilt. In the control group radial length decreased 3 mm, radial inclination decreased 11 degre...

- by Martin Gschwentner
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- Orthopedic Surgery, Fracture, Probability, Bone graft

Abstract Different weight ratios of microemulsion-based gelatin uniform microspheres (GMs) were added to the tetra calcium phosphate (TTCP)-based cement (CPC) to investigate the physical, mechanical and apatite-forming ability of the CPC. The GMs contained 20 wt% of glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (EPPTMS) as a crosslinking agent. The average size of GMs was on the order of 35 μm. For CPC, the initial and final setting times were 10 min and 21 min, respectively. These values were prolonged up to 18 min and 28 min, respectively, for CPC containing 10 wt% of GM (CPC-10GM). The highest injectability percentage and injection time was related to the CPC-10GM. The highest mechanical values were related to CPC-5GM while CPC-10GM possessed the lowest compressive strength and Young's modulus. Apatite formation on the surfaces of all samples was confirmed by acellular in vitro bioactivity experiment after various periods of soaking time in simulated body fluid (SBF). Needle-like HA precipitates were manifested on the surface of CPC-5GM. According to MTT colorimetric assay, the viability rate of cells on the surfaces of CPC-5GM and CPC increases significantly with time. An appropriate attachment of G-292 cells on the surface of both samples after 48 h was observed by DAPI staining and SEM imaging methods. There was considerable difference in the ALP activity per cell basis between CPC and CPC-5GM at intervals of 7–21 days. These results indicate the potential of the CPC–5GM composites to be used in bone replacement.

- by Navid Ahmadi Nasab
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- Engineering, Materials Science, Calcium, Cement

In the challenging quest for a solution to reduce the risk of implant-associated infections in bone substitution surgery, the use of silver ions is promising regarding its broad spectrum on planktonic, sessile as well as multiresistant bacteria. In view of controlling its delivery in situ at the desired dose, we investigated its encapsulation in carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) microparticles by spray-drying and included the latter in the formulation of a self-setting calcium phosphate bone cement. We implemented an original step-by-step methodology starting from the in vitro study of the antibacterial properties and cytotoxicity of two silver salts of different solubility in aqueous medium and then in the cement to determine the range of silver loading able to confer anti-biofilm and non-cytotoxic properties to the biomaterial. A dose-dependent efficiency of silver was demonstrated on the main species involved in bone-implant infection (S. aureus and S. epidermidis). Loading silver in microspheres instead of loading it directly inside the cement permitted to avoid undesired silver-cement interactions during setting and led to a faster release of silver, i.e. to a higher dose released within the first days combining anti-biofilm activity and preserved cytocompatibility. In addition, a combined interest of the introduction of about 10% (w/w) silver-loaded CMC microspheres in the cement formulation was demonstrated leading to a fully injectable and highly porous (77%) cement, showing a compressive strength analogous to cancellous bone. This injectable silver-loaded biomimetic composite cement formulation constitutes a versatile bone substitute material with tunable drug delivery properties, able to fight against bone implant associated infection. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This study is based on two innovative scientific aspects regarding the literature: i) Choice of silver ions as antibacterial agent combined with their way of incorporation: Carboxymethylcellulose has never been tested into bone cement to control its drug loading and release properties. ii) Methodology to formulate an antibacterial and injectable bone cement: original and multidisciplinary step-by-step methodology to first define, through (micro)biological tests on two silver salts with different solubilities, the targeted range of silver dose to include in carboxymethylcellulose microspheres and, then optimization of silver-loaded microparticles processing to fulfil requirements (encapsulation efficiency and size). The obtained fully injectable composite controls the early delivery of active dose of silver (from 3h and over 2 weeks) able to fight against bone implant-associated infections.

- by Fabien Brouillet
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- Materials Science, Medicine, Multidisciplinary, Biofilm
- by Agata Sena
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- Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, Technology
- by Daniëlle Neut
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- Biomedical Engineering, Biofilms, Humans, Infection Control
- by William Jiranek and +1
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- Biomedical Engineering, Humans, Microbial genetic and drug resistance, Bone Cement
- by Raúl García Carrodeguas
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- Polymorphism, Hydroxyapatite, Multidisciplinary, Raw materials

The synthesis of four types of hydroxyapatite synthesized from calcium chloride and four different organic phosphites is presented. The method of synthesis chosen is the sol–gel route, which has a number of advantages compared to other methods, like the intimate contact between reactants and the milder synthesis conditions. The samples were thermally treated, the TG/DTG/DTA curves being obtained at four heating rates, namely: 7, 10, 12 and 15 °C min−1. The samples were characterized before and after the thermal treatment using FT-IR analysis. The FT-IR spectra certified that the formed compounds represent hydroxyapatite. Based on the information from the TG curves and IR spectra interpretation, a reaction mechanism was proposed.

- by GHEORGHE ILIA
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- Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, Technology
- by Abhay Pandit
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- Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, Biomaterials, Titanium
- by David Nussbaum
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- Polymers, Humans, Calcium Phosphates, Interventional Radiology
- by Peter Ebeling
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- Clinical Trial, Medicine, Activities of Daily Living, Clinical Practice
- by Charles Vogely
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- Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Practice, Humans, Low Dose
- by Po-Liang Lai
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- Health Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Medicine, Biomedical
- by Julie Pellier
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- Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Wear, Bone Cement
- by Anthony Wren
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- Materials Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Materials, Aluminum
- by Daniëlle Neut and +1
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- Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic, Antimicrobial susceptibility, Antimicrobial activity
- by MARILO GURRUCHAGA
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- Biomaterials, Kinetics, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Multidisciplinary
- by Paolo Cabitza
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- Bone Cement

Infections with multiresistant bacteria have become a serious problem in joint arthroplasty. This study reports about in vitro antibacterial activity against multiresistant bacteria and in vitro cytotoxicity of polymethylmetacrylate bone cement loaded with metallic silver particles with a size of 5–50nm called NanoSilver.In vitro antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis, methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE), and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was studied by microplate proliferation tests. Quantitative elution testing and qualitative ongrowth of human osteoblasts was done to study in vitro cytotoxicity.Only NanoSilver cement showed high-antibacterial activity against all strains, including MRSE and MRSA. Gentamicin cement was not effective against MRSA and MRSE due to the high-level gentamicin resistance of the tested strains. Plain cement did not inhibit proliferation of any strains. There was no significant difference regarding in vitro cytotoxicty between NanoS...

- by Eugen Domann
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- Biofilms, Biomaterials, Nanoparticle, Treatment Outcome
- by Pia López Jornet
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- Dentistry, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Animals, Bone Cement
- by Charles Vogely
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- Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic, Female, Animals
- by Rob Nelissen
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- Biomedical Engineering, Prospective studies, Humans, Viscosity
- by George Kapetanos
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- Bone Cement, Yield stress, Yield Strength, Aqueous Solution
- by Mark Taylor
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- Materials Engineering, Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, Surface Roughness
- by MARILO GURRUCHAGA
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- Materials Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Bone Cement
- by Cheryl Blanchard
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- Biomedical Engineering, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Gamma Rays, Free Radical

Calcium phosphate cements have been the subject of many studies in the last decade because of their biocompatibility, their capacity to fill bone cavities and their hardening properties; properties which are desirable in a broad range of surgical applications. The setting and hardening of these materials are controlled by dissolution-precipitation chemical reactions at room or body temperature and involve crystalline phase transformations.

- by Serena Best
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- Materials Engineering, Thermodynamics, Biomedical Engineering, Materials
- by Michael Gofeld
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- Pain, Humans, Vertebral compression fracture, Cancer pain
- by Vinoy Thomas
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- Biomaterials, Hydroxyapatite, Multidisciplinary, Animals
- by Goh Bee Tin
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- Dentistry, Surgery, Treatment, Inflammation
- by Jonathan J Elsner
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- Biomedical Engineering, Immune response, Wound Healing, Humans
- by Stephen Ferguson
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- Engineering, Elasticity, Humans, Compressive Strength
- by Daniëlle Neut and +1
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- Biomaterials, Kinetics, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Multidisciplinary

Understanding the cement injection behaviour during vertebroplasty and accurately predicting the cement placement within the vertebral body is extremely challenging. As there is no standardized methodology, we propose a novel method using reproducible and pathologically representative flow models to study the influence of cement properties on injection behaviour. The models, confined between an upper glass window and a lower aluminium plate, were filled with bone marrow substitute and then injected (4, 6 and 8 min after cement mixing) with commercially available bone cements (SimplexP, Opacityþ, OsteopalV and Parallax) at a constant flow rate (3 mL/min). A load cell was used to measure the force applied on the syringe plunger and calculate the peak pressure. A camera was used to monitor the cement flow during injection and calculate the following parameters when the cement had reached the boundary of the models: the time to reach the boundary, the filled area and the roundness. The peak pressure was comparable to that reported during clinical vertebroplasty and showed a similar increase with injection time. The study highlighted the influence of cement formulations and model structure on the injection behaviour and showed that cements with similar composition/ particle size had similar flow behaviour, while the introduction of defects reduced the time to reach the boundary, the filled area and the roundness. The proposed method provides a novel tool for quick, robust differentiation between various cement formulations through the visualization and quantitative analysis of the cement spreading at various time intervals.

- by Antony Bou-Francis and +1
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- Vertebral compression fracture, Bone Cement

Percutaneous vertebroplasty and balloon kyphoplas- ty are less invasive treatment options than open surgery for patients with vertebral compression frac- tures. With balloon kyphoplasty, the injection of bone cement is preceded by inflation and removal of bone tamps (balloons) inside the fractured vertebral body. This allows for the creation of a void, where viscous cement is delivered resulting in a

- by Stephen Becker
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- Catheterization, Humans, Female, Bone Cement
- by Lorne Beckman
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- Biomedical Engineering, Spine, Biomedical Materials, Calcium Phosphates
- by Antonio Capaldi and +5
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- Nonparametric Statistics, Cardiovascular, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Treatment Outcome
- by Tai-horng Young
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- Engineering, Bone Cement, CHEMICAL SCIENCES
- by Faizal Rayan
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- Biomedical Engineering, Treatment Outcome, United Kingdom, Humans
- by Mehran Solati-Hashjin
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- Condensed Matter Physics, Hydroxyapatite, Compressive Strength, Bone Cement
- by Anirban Jyoti
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- Materials Engineering, Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, Medicine

The initial setting properties of calcium phosphate cements in the CaHPO4-alpha-Ca3(PO4)2 (DCP-alpha-TCP) system have been investigated. Interest was focused on the pH, workability, cohesion time and initial and final setting times. The addition of CaCO3 modified the structure of the cement reaction product such that it became more similar to the apatite phase in bone mineral. The addition of 10% w/w of CaCO3 reduced the viscosity of the cement pastes resulting in an increase in initial and final setting times and improved injectability.

- by Serena Best
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- Materials Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Bone Cement, Calcium Phosphate
- by Luca Cristofolini
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- Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Bone Cement
- by Luca Cristofolini
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- Biomedical Engineering, Artificial Organs, Humans, Bone Cement
- by Leo Koole
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- Engineering, Polymers, Biological Sciences, Humans
- by Kwak Jungwon
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- Computed Tomography, Spine, Radiation Therapy, Uncertainty

Background Adding soluble particulate poragens to antimicrobial-loaded bone cement increases the permeability of the bone cement and increases the antimicrobial release, but the mechanical effect of adding poragens is not well known. Questions/purposes We therefore asked the following questions: (1) Does the poragen fraction in antimicrobial-loaded bone cement affect its antimicrobial release? (2) Does poragen fraction in antimicrobial-loaded bone cement affect its compressive strength; and (3) Does the effect on compressive strength change over time in elution? Methods Antimicrobial-loaded bone cement made in the proportions of 40 g polymer powder, 20 mL monomer liquid, 1 g tobramycin powder and one of six different doses of poragen powder (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 g of particulate xylitol per batch) was formed into standardized test cylinders and eluted for 30 days. We determined the cumulative recovered tobramycin and the change in compressive strength over 30 days of elution. Results Antimicrobial release progressively increased with increasing poragen fraction. Compressive strength progressively decreased with increasing poragen fraction and with increasing time in elution. Poragen fractions greater than 2 g per batch caused the compressive strength to decrease below 70 MPa over 30 days of elution. Clinical Relevance The use of poragens can increase elution of antimicrobials from antimicrobial-loaded bone cement. However, for implant fixation, to avoid deleterious reduction of compressive strength, the amount of poragen that can be added in addition to 1 g of antimicrobial powder may be limited to 2 g per batch.

- by Brent Vernon
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- Porosity, Permeability, Compressive Strength, Orthopedics