Drinking Water Quality Standards Research Papers (original) (raw)

A rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization is observed in Rangpur city after becoming a new administrative division of Bangladesh. As a result, the demand for consumptive water use has prominently increased here. The main source of drinking water for most of the working-class people and slum-dwellers are public tube-wells that are installed at the masjid, school, college, marketplace, bus stand, and roadside. Though the water quality is a major concern, there is lack of monitoring of drinking water quality. Hence, this study aims to assess the water quality of the public tube-wells and find out its suitability as drinking water according to the Bangladesh ECR1997 and WHO guidelines. Fifteen water samples were collected from public tube-wells of Rangpur City and some important water quality parameters were tested. After testing, the values of different parameters were statistically analyzed to determine the maximum, minimum, mean, median, and standard deviation. The spatial distribution was illustrated by GIS mapping. The average value of pH 6.75, Total Dissolved Solids 186.2 mg/L, Conductivity 401.98 µS/cm, Dissolved Oxygen 4.34 mg/L, Total Hardness 117.67 mg/L, Alkalinity 107.33 mg/L, Total Iron 1.247 mg/L, Copper 0.067 mg/L, Phosphate 0.35 mg/L, and Chloride 31.56 mg/L. Most of the parameters have been found within the permissible limit but total iron of few samples exceeds the limit. The study reveals that the public tube-well water is safe for consumption. Finally, the geo-spatial map is generated that depicts the distribution of each water quality parameter in Rangpur City.

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- Spatial Analysis, Water quality, Water resources, Groundwater

Large-scale mass poisoning through arsenic contaminated groundwater is a global concern and Bangladesh is among the countries exposed to high concentrations of arsenic in groundwater. As arsenic is a widespread contaminant, several studies have been conducted on it but only a few of these studies were held on micro regions by assessing its role on water quality index. In this study, the source and mobilization of arsenic, its effect on soil and plant, level and consequence of toxicity in human health along with current and potential methods to eliminate arsenic from groundwater in Bangladesh were reviewed based on previous researches. Along with the review, an experimental study was also carried out in an arsenic prone region of Bangladesh named Faridpur Sadar Upazila to delineate the role of arsenic in contamination by generating two synthetic scenarios where water quality was measured by the weighted arithmetic water quality index (WQI) method. From the review it was found that, both geogenic, as well as anthropogenic sources, contribute to arsenic affluence in groundwater in Bangladesh. The most accepted theory states that the Himalayan is the primary geogenic source of arsenic in the Bangladesh. Arsenic arrived in the aquifer transported with sediments which eventually releases into groundwater by several biogeochemical processes. This arsenic-contaminated groundwater is extensively used for drinking purpose and irrigation resulting in accumulation of arsenic in human body, soils and plants. Moreover, the accumulated arsenic in soil and plants transmits into the human body jeopardizes human health. Though, several arsenic removal technologies are now in practice in Bangladesh, more eco-friendly and convenient methods may be utilized to attenuate the level of toxicity. The experimental study revealed that, if the arsenic amount was reduced from the present condition, the overall WQI increases considerably. At one location, the index changed from category E to category B while considering a synthetic scenario of no arsenic in water. This indicates that arsenic is the key pollutant of groundwater in the area. This paper expects the kind attention of the local people and policymakers about the severity of arsenic pollution in the region.

Oinofyta region was originally rural. After a series of ministerial and presidential decisions that facilitated the establishment of industries and allowed the disposal of sewage in the river Asopos, Oinofyta turned into industrial region with environmental pollution by heavy metals, mainly. This paper aims to outline the problem of heavy metal environmental pollution of drinking-water in Oinofyta and brief recording existing heavy metals measurements found in domestic literature and through responsible authorities. According to municipality data in 1996 Cr +6 concentrations equal to 54 μg/L was measured. In 2003, 4 Cr measurements were from 50.3 to 54.9 μg/L. Exceeding the As limit was observed in the years
2004 and 2008, while for Pb in the year 2003. According
to the study of IGME in 35 samples Cr +6 concentrations
above 10 μg/L were detected (the higher concentration
was 156 μg/L). Moreover, elevated Ni, As and Pb concentrations were observed in locations across the bed of the river and areas of Oinofyta, Schimatari and Avlona. Finally, according to a study of the Geology Department of the University of Athens there were found Cr and As concentrations exceeding limit. In conclusion, increased heavy metals concentrations are likely to be the result of industrial pollution with an adverse effect on public health.

- by Eleni P Christoforidou
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- Arsenic, Drinking Water Quality Standards, Heavy metals, Chromium

This study examines the influence of chronic stress, varied positive and negative emotions on eating behaviors, and weight among 91 community-dwelling African American women 18–40 years old. Study measures include hair cortisol, Differential Emotional Scale IV, Eating Behavior Pattern Questionnaire, demographic form, waist circumference, and Body Mass Index (BMI). Analysis revealed positive emotions of interest (rs = .27, p = .011) and surprise (rs = .23, p = .029) were associated with low fat eating. Negative emotions of anger (rs = .23, p = .035), shyness (rs = .29, p = .006), and guilt (rs = .24, p = .022) were positively associated with emotional eating. Mediation analysis suggests that emotional eating mediates anger (indirect effect = 0.136), shyness (0.144), guilt (0.187), and BMI among young African American women. Chronic stress and positive and negative emotions impact eating behaviors and should be considered for successful weight management among African American women.

- by Love Odetola
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- Water quality, Environmental Health, Public Health, Drinking Water Quality Standards

The Drinking water produced from the Ahmadu
Bello University (ABU) water treatment plant was
assessed for its quality in terms of its regulated
disinfection by-products (DBPs) content between
2008 and 2010. There were highly significant
differences in mean concentration levels of these
DBPs in the stages of treatment and distribution of
the drinking water (F=4.86** - THMs, F=4.93** -
HAAs). The pattern of variation of the
Trihalomethanes was varied among the regulated
trihalomethanes (THMs) while that of the
haloacetic acids was consistent, decreasing from
after chlorination stage to house level. Only THMs
are regulated under the Nigerian drinking water
standard with a maximum contaminant level of
0.001 mg/l as against international limits of 0.080
mg/l (USEPA) and 0.10 mg/l (WHO, EU). Mean
concentration levels at booster station storage
tanks were 0.0013 mg/l (THMs) and 0.5934 mg/l
HAAs while at house level mean levels were
0.0107 mg/l (THMs) and 0.4863 mg/l (HAAs).
These values show that drinking water produced
by the ABU water treatment plant is non-compliant
with national standard, but is readily compliant with
international standards - USEPA, WHO and EU.
However in terms of haloacetic acids (HAAs) the
treated water had higher than the maximum
permissible limits for HAAs under any of the
standards. This calls for more concerted effort in
monitoring for these DBPs and reducing their
levels in the treated water.

Global incidence of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis cases associated with domestic drinking water is increasing. The need for understanding disinfectant regimes capable of eliminating the causative microorganism, Naegleria fowleri, from bulk water and pipe wall biofilms is critical. This field study demonstrated the successful elimination of N. fowleri from the bulk water and pipe wall biofilm of a persistently colonised operational drinking water distribution system (DWDS), and the prevention of further re-colonisation. A new chlorination unit was installed along the pipe line to boost the free chlorine residual to combat the persistence of N. fowleri. Biofilm and bulk water were monitored prior to and after re-chlorination (RCl), pre-rechlorination (pre-RCl) and post-rechlorination (post-RCl), respectively , for one year. A constant free chlorine concentration of > 1 mg/L resulted in the elimination of N. fowleri from both the bulk water and biofilm at the post-RCl site. Other amoeba species were detected during the first two months of chlorination, but all amoebae were eliminated from both the bulk water and biofilm at post-RCl after 60 days of chlorination with free chlorine concentrations > 1 mg/L. In addition, a dynamic change in the biofilm community composition and a four log reduction in biofilm cell density occurred post-RCl. The pre-RCl site continued to be seasonally colonised by N. fowleri, but the constant free chlorine residual of > 1 mg/L prevented N. fowleri from recolonising the bulk and pipe wall biofilm at the post-RCl site. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate successful removal of N. fowleri from both the bulk and pipe wall biofilm and prevention of re-colonisation of N. fowleri in an operational DWDS. The findings of this study are of importance to water utilities in addressing the presence of N. fowleri and other amoeba in susceptible DWDSs.

It is claimed that India has already achieved the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) water target, but the article shows how India's tribal women walk the longest distances to fetch drinking water for their families. The article is written in a statistical analysis style to give an overview of problems faced by tribal women in connection with drinking water. Published on the International Women's Day, the article argues India’s tribal women and women of other socially excluded groups certainly need a much better treatment if India wishes to follow a path of equitable growth.

The rapid growth in consumption of bottled water across the globe has drawn attention of policy makers and academicians alike. However, its consumption practices have been examined primarily in the context of industrialized countries. Drawing on studies of Science, Technology and Society, Public Understanding of Science, and institutions, this article explores the nuances of the consumption conundrum of bottled water in India. This mixed method study relies on data collected through surveys and ethnography of consumption practices at selected sites in Delhi. We find reasons for bottled water consumption to vary with the site of consumption. Although the notions of “purity” and “scarcity” drive consumption behavior, these attributes are far from being objective. Rather, they are shaped by a complex mix of sociocultural factors, public understanding of science, and trust on various institutional mechanisms of water provisioning.

- by Aviram Sharma
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- Urban Geography, Political Economy, Social Sciences, Quality

- by Adewumi, J.R.
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- Business, Agricultural Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering

Prosperity in Qatar and the consequent stresses on water resources resulted in a sustainable increase in the bottled drinking water market. Reports on health concerns and possible migration of chemicals from the plastic material into the water have driven the current investigation. This study aims to address the extent of antimony (Sb) leaching from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) water bottles subject to temperature variations (24-50°C) due to Qatar's hot climate and improper storage conditions. A representative basket including 66 different imported and locally produced water bottles was considered. The concentrations of Sb in bottled water ranged from 0.168 to 2.263 μg/L at 24°C and from 0.240 to 6.110 μg/L at 50°C. Antimony concentrations in PET bottles at 24°C was significantly lower than those at 50°C (p = 0.0142), indicating that the temperature was a principal factor affecting the release of Sb from the plastic into the water. Although the detected Sb amounts were below the guidelines endorsed by WHO and Qatar (standard 5 μg/L) at 24°C, the concentration measured at 50°C was higher than the recommended WHO values (6.11 μg/L).

- by Ozeas Costa
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- Leaching, Drinking Water Quality Standards, Environmental Pollution, Drinking Water

In the framework of liquid treatment processes, with the aim of ensuring public health security for drinking water or to prevent economic damage, when safeguarding important production processes, major investments have been devoted to research, study and design of innovative products able to respond to market demands, that offer nowadays several solutions. The present work focuses, specifically, on the filtration of drinking water with filter cartridge systems, with the aim to investigate the effect of their introduction into a hydraulic system in terms of head losses. The problem is particularly important when the cartridge is installed in hydraulic plants characterized by low pressures, in which its insertion can make the pressure levels fall below the minimum limit recommended to ensure the smooth operation of domestic devices. Specifically, the behavior of seven different commercial filter cartridges was analyzed through an experimental analysis conducted in a pilot circuit at t...

The increasing stress on freshwater resources brought about by ever rising demand and profligate use, as well as growing pollution worldwide, is of serious concern. Water, apart from being absolutely essential for life, is also the most common, widely distributed and most useful liquid on earth. To achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) target, Nigeria must increase the access to improved drinking water to its rural population by 33%. Packaged and bottled water businesses in Nigeria suffer from various social challenges such as littering or environmental pollution, integrity, quality, inspection or business feasibility concerns and inefficacy of government regulatory bodies. The aim of this paper is to examine and discuss Social Impacts of Packaged and Bottled Water Businesses in Nigeria and to extend the existing literature on Social Impacts of Packaged and Bottled Water Businesses in Nigeria. For this extensive review literatures in the Water Business field was done. The result shows that the social impacts of packaged and bottled water businesses identified in this work were as follows: it engages both male and female members of the society; offers employment; provides income; improves standard of living; reduces crimes; provides more access and availability of water; provides a low-cost and hygienic drinking water; also a medium of achieving the MDGs. These all impact Nigerian social and business environment.

- by BELLO SANI BELLO and +1
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- Nigerian Literature, Business, Management, Business Ethics

The increasing stress on freshwater resources brought about by ever – rising demand and profligate use, as well as by growing pollution worldwide, is of serious concern. The World Bank while commenting on the world water challenge stated that access to water supply services and sanitation is a major factor in reducing child mortality. Water, apart from being absolutely essential for life, is also the most common, most widely distributed and most useful liquid on earth. It is the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet According to a report, Nigeria water supply situation has not kept pace in meeting the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target of 75% coverage for safe drinking water. To achieve the MDG target, Nigeria must increase the rural population with access to improved drinking water by 33%. Packaged and bottled water businesses in Nigeria suffer from various economic challenges such as high cost of production, epileptic power supply, distribution problems, littering or environmental pollution, integrity, quality, inspection or business feasibility concerns and inefficacy of government regulatory bodies. The aim of this research paper is to examine and discuss Economic Impacts of Packaged and Bottled Water Businesses in Nigeria with a view of identifying the Economic Impacts and to extend the existing literature on Economic Impacts of Packaged and Bottled Water Businesses in Nigeria. The main sources of data were journals, conference / seminar / workshop papers, text books, newspapers, magazines and the internet sources etc., which were used to review literatures in the Water Business field. The result shows that the economic impacts of packaged and bottled water businesses identified in this work were as follows: a business that provides business opportunities; it engages small scale packaged and bottled water manufacturers; it provides employment opportunities; it provides profits and wages; it offers a medium of economic growth; it provides a source of revenue to the government e.g. Tax etc. and it provides water at affordable prices. These impact Nigerians economically and also the business environment from which they operate.

- by BELLO SANI BELLO and +1
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- Nigerian Literature, Business, Management, Business Ethics

This SOP document has been drafted to improve the monitoring systems for drinking water quality. Our work with cities over the last two decades has clearly pointed out that cities are challenged with issues pertaining to drinking water quality. These challenges could be attributed to either lack of knowledge or inadequately qualified human resources. This SOP is based on the CPHEEO guidelines and aims to help cities to define the quantum of tests, type of tests and frequency of these tests to be conducted in their respective cities.

- by Urban Management Centre -UMC
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- Water quality, Drinking Water Quality Standards, Gujarat, Ahmedabad

Solar water disinfection (SODIS) has proven to be effective at reducing diarrheal incidence in epidemiological intervention studies. However, the SODIS method is limited to waters of low turbidity (<30 NTU). This study investigates the use of common table salt (NaCl) to reduce the turbidity of water containing suspended colloidal clay particles for use in the SODIS method. Three representative clays found in tropical soils (kaolinite, illite and bentonite) were tested at three levels of turbidity (50, 100 and 200 NTU) for their flocculating behavior with multiple NaCl concentrations to find the optimum. Supernatants were tested for sodium concentration for comparison against health and taste thresholds. Results show that unlike kaolinite and illite, pure bentonite solutions were shown to be very responsive to NaCl and produced supernatants with as low as 4 NTU (98% particle removal efficiency). This study has shown that NaCl, in combination with high-activity clay particles in solution, may effectively reduce turbidity to levels suitable for SODIS treatment, thereby expanding the number of people who can utilize the technology effectively.

- by Joshua Pearce
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- International Development, SODIS, Water quality, Sustainable Development

The current inadequate drinking water services and sanitation problems have incited the need for a better management strategy by the country's water and sanitation organizations. In this study, a logical review of the water supply and sanitation origin and management structures was done to suggest a plausible management option in Nigeria. The paper also revealed that the overall management practices of these organizations at the three tiers of governments (federal, states and local) is very poor and uncoordinated which have resulted in low level of water and sanitation coverage. Thus, in order to ameliorate these problems, the study recommends sector wide reforms with the aim of radical improvement in the management processes of these organizations. Other
proposed improvement strategies include: private sector participation, effective and reasonable tariff regime for effective cost recovery, increment in political support and leadership commitment, introduction of benchmarking amongst the utilities to encourage healthy competition, strengthening of the legislative and institutional framework- that will enhance the autonomy of these organizations, improvement in the issues of accountability, transparency and stakeholders involvement in the activities of these organizations. It is hoped that the adoption and implementation of these strategies will lead to attainment of improved and sustainable water supply and sanitation coverage that will meet current and future demands.

- by Fidelis O . AJIBADE and +1
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- American Literature, Nigerian Literature, Management, Engineering

A study was carried out to observe relationship between waterborne and foodborne disease (cholera, typhoid, hepatitis A and dysentery) and quality of drinking water with two main objectives. First, to obtain the best method in order to study the pattern of waterborne and foodborne disease (WBD), and the content of drinking water (chlorine residue, fecal coliform and combination of chlorine residue and fecal coliform, turbidity) using analysis of univariate time series. Another purpose of the study is to model the WBD and the content of drinking water using analysis of multiple linear regressions. The research findings from univariate time series shows that, the best method to predict new values in the next month are non-seasonal Box-Jenkins method to study WBD. Meanwhile, the three month moving average method and simple exponential smoothing are more appropriate to study chlorine residue, fecal coliform and turbidity and the combination of chlorine residue and fecal coliform, respectively. The findings also show that, all variables of the content of drinking water have linear relationship and significantly affected the WBD.

Improved water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are significant in preventing diarrhea morbidity and mortality caused by protozoa in low-and middle-income countries. Due to the intimate and complex relationships between the different WASH components, it is often necessary to improve not just one but all of these components to have sustainable results. The objective of this paper was to review the current state of WASH-related health problems caused by parasitic protozoa by: giving an overview and classification of protozoa and their effect on people's health, discussing different ways to improve accessibility to safe drinking water, sanitation services and personal hygiene behavior; and suggesting an institutional approach to ensure improved WASH. The findings indicate that Giardia and Cryptosporidium are more often identified during waterborne or water-washed outbreaks and they are less sensitive than most of the bacteria and viruses to conventional drinking water and wastewater treatment methods. There are various institutions of control and prevention of water-related diseases caused by protozoa in developed countries. Unfortunately, the developing regions do not have comparable systems. Consequently, the institutional and systems approach to WASH is necessary in these countries.

- by Ronny Berndtsson and +1
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- Drinking Water Quality Standards

All the physical and biological parameters were determined. The temperature of water sample in studied area was between 26.4-28.5, lower than World Health Organisation (WHO) prescribed limit. The pH of the water samples in Northeast Bangalore is in range of 6.5-8.5, which was in accordance to WHO, Bureau for Indian Standard (BIS) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). TDS values in water samples range from 200-820 mg/L. Nine samples showed higher TDS values and TSS values range from 20-400 mg/L. The samples S01, S04, S08, S14, S15, S19, and S20 contain high MPN Index above 50 and S02, S03, S05, S06, S07, S09, S10, S11, S12, S13, S16, S17, and S18 contain low MPN index below 50. BOD and COD values range from 1.2-5.2 mg/l and 8.8-42.1 mg/l respectively. All twenty samples showed higher DO values than the prescribed limit by WHO. But according to BIS and CPCB, S02, S05, were low than their required limit. S11, S15 and S17 were just at 6.0, rest were higher than their required limit. Seven bacterial strains were isolated from the twenty water samples i.e. Escherichia spp., Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Yersinia spp. Enterobacter spp., Vibrio spp., and Salmonella spp. The purification and disinfection is to control the bacterial contamination. Water samples from Northeast Bangalore investigated that moderately contaminated. The presence of bacteria in the water is the indication of poor quality of water. According to WHO, BIS and CPCB standards, the water can be used as drinking water with caution.

Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality . A research about the water quality at Alor Gajah area.

Water quality assessment can be defined as the evaluation of the physical, chemical and biological nature of water in relation to natural quality, human effects and intended uses. Water Quality Indices (WQIs) and Water Pollution Indices (WPIs) reduce a great amount of parameters to a simpler expression, to enable easier interpretation of the monitoring data. Main Difference between WQIs and WPIs included the form how they evaluate the processes of pollution and the number of variables taken in account in each formulation

- by Nelson Fernández
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- Water, Social Indicators, Sustainability Indicators, Water quality

Á água é um recurso natural essencial para a sobrevivência do ser humano. Dada sua finitude, sua quantidade e qualidade não são gratuitas, mas são direitos de todos ter acesso a este recurso em quantidade suficiente e qualidade adequada para consumo. Um dos meios para garantir à água características adequadas ao consumo humano é o estabelecimento de marcos regulatórios e institucionais de controle e vigilância da qualidade da água. Neste sentido é de interesse do Estado, estabelecer normas para as condições ideais para que a água seja indicada ao consumo humano. O presente trabalho procura demonstrar se existe ou não uma legislação sobre potabilidade de água para consumo humano no Brasil e no Uruguai.

- by Isabela B Espíndola
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- Water, Water quality, Water resources, Drinking Water Quality Standards
- by Mohamed Aichouni and +1
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- Green Chemistry, Water Treatment, Drinking Water Quality Standards, Disinfection by-products

The aim of this study is to examine the quality of drinking water sources available to residential
households and the university community in the rapidly growing new federal university town,
Kashere. Data was obtained from water samples collected from 11 (eleven) hand-dug wells and
boreholes within the vicinity of the university campus and residential dwellings. The samples were
analyzed for Temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Turbidity, Colour, Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Magnesium
(Mg2+), Chloride (Cl-) and Total Hardness. The results were compared with the standards
prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water
Quality (NSDWQ). With regards to the physicochemical parameters, the results obtained shows
that the drinking water sources had a reasonably good chemical quality with the exception of EC,
TDS and Mg2+ that were above the WHO and NSDWQ recommended value for drinking water.
To improve the taste and aesthetic properties of the water supply, pre-treatment in the forms of
boiling, filtration, sedimentation and aeration for up to 1-2 days by households are recommended.
Also, good sanitary conditions around the water sources should be encouraged.
Keywords: Contamination, Water, Hand-dug wells, boreholes and Physico-chemical

- by Henry Agbebaku
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- Drinking Water Quality Standards
- by Sajal Adhikary and +1
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- Water quality, Sustainable Water Resources Management, Mathematical Modelling, Drinking Water Quality Standards

Data dari Kecamatan Koto Kampar Hulu jumlah penderita diare pada tahun 2018 sebanyak 175 penderita, tergolong penyakit lima besar yang dapat disebabkan oleh mengkomsumsi Air Minum Isi Ulang (AMIU)yang mengandung bakteri penyebab penyakit diare. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui baku mutu mikrobiologi yang terdiri dari bakteri Coliform dan E.Coli pada AMIU yang ada di Kecamatan Koto Kampar Hulu, Kabupaten Kampar, Propinsi Riau. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif yang dilaksanakan pada tahun 2019 dan informan pada penelitian ini adalah pemilik depot AMIU yang berjumlah 7 orang. Dari depot yang diperiksa terdapat 3 depot yang tercemar bakteri coliform pada air minum dan tidak ada depot air minum isi ulang yang tercemar bakteri e.coli. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini yaitu beberapa depot yang berada di Kecamatan Koto Kampar Hulu tercemar bakteri coliform pada air minum sehingga tidak memenuhi Permenkes No.492 tahun 2010 untuk Baku Mutu Air Minum. Disarankan kepada pemerintah daerah untuk melakukan pendataan ulang bagi setiap depot dan memberlakukan peraturan pemeriksaan laboratorium untuk depot air minum isi ulang secara berkala dan program jangka panjang dalam bentun Pansimas untuk penyediaan air bersih kepada masyarakat.

- by Dr.Herniwanti MS and +1
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- Drinking Water Quality Standards, Drinking Water, Drinking Water Quality Analysis, COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Water shortage pushed water treatment specialists to search for green technology and chemicals for better drinking water quality. Based on iron, a healthy element, ferrate (VI) has known some successful applications through the lab-scale and industrial level. Simultaneously as a disinfectant, oxidant, and coagulant, this eco-friendly chemical merits more attention to enlarging its worldwide acceptance. This work focuses on its recent usages mainly as killing agent. During the last decade, an appreciable understanding has been summated mostly concerning synthesis, fresh rising microcontaminants, radionuclides, inorganic as well as organic contaminants and the pathway of ferrate role. During sewage remediation, literature established that ferrate (VI) is an outstanding oxidant and a coagulant; it decreased chemical oxygen demand by 30% while killing three orders of magnitude more bacteria than traditional chemicals. Ferrate (VI) injection conducted to algae elimination from lake water thanks to its binary features, i.e., as an oxidant and coagulant. Recent successful application of in-situ ferrate (VI) for enhanced seawater pretreatment promotes its large acceptance. As the greenest chemical used in water treatment, ferrate merits more interest in terms of laboratory research and large-scale application. However, technical problems related to preoxidation effects on decreasing coagulation efficiency and disinfection by-products problems remain to be first taken into account besides to its industrial preparation.

The problem of providing clean water is currently a special concern for developed countries and developing countries. Indonesia as a developing country cannot be separated from the problem of providing clean water for its people. One of the main problems faced is the lack of available sources of clean water, the uneven distribution of clean water services, especially in rural areas and existing clean water sources that have not been utilized optimally. This study aims to analyze the clean water needs of PDAM Samboja which uses 2 pumps in the next 10 years (2028). By using primary and secondary data obtained from PDAM Samboja and a number of related references, it was found that the IPA clean water needs of PDAM Tirta Mahakam Samboja with 2 pumps, in 2018 amounted to 2,599.5 m3/day. With the estimated results of the number of customers in the next 10 years (2028), the number of water requirements is 3,048 m3/day. Therefore it is necessary to add 1 pump to the PDAM Samboja IPA so that...

- by Irna Hendriyani
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- Drinking Water Quality Standards

The study report gives details of the sanitary survey undertaken, its findings, and suggestions for ensuring drinking water quality in the slums of Odisha. The report tried to capture the result of the indicator-wise sanitary inspection... more

weather effect
too hot summer season

- by Papia Samanta
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- Water, Food and Nutrition, Rainwater Harvesting, Drinking Water Quality Standards
- by Sajal Adhikary and +1
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- Groundwater modeling, Sustainable Water Resources Management, Drinking Water Quality Standards, Water Supply

The main princples of sustaining the quality of water supply varies socially, politically, and culturally according to the locations and the beneficiaries. Cultural issues of water supply relate to the customs and beliefs of, and naturally its impact on, the ethnic groups supplied, while the social perception may relate to the users, beliefs, desires, and their expectations of the type of water systems available for different stakeholders in the society. A great number of liminological studies have been conducted on various water systems within the Kurdistan region.Generally, the physico-chemical parameters were as follow; pH ranged 6.5-8, TDS ranged from , EC ranged from 0.37-2050 , DO ranged from 0.0-12.8 mgl-1, Nitrate 16-230 N.NO3 l-1, Nitrite up to 1.4 N-NO2.l-1, chloride 0.02-0.06 meql-1, hardness 3.64-286 mgCaCO3.l-1, reactive phosphate 0.28-12.7 P-PO4.1-1, respectively. Also, in the rest of Iraq, the physico-chemical variables were as follow; pH ranged from 6.8-8.2, TDS ranged from 122-540 mgl-1 , Na, 35-95 mgl-1, K ranged from 1.4-2.2 mgl-1, chloride ranged from 35- 165 mgl-1nitrate value 46-300 as N.NO3 l-1 and nitrite from 1.4-3.6 N-NO2.l-1, alkalinity and reactive phosphours value ranged 5.4-29.6 meq.l-1 and 10-26 P-PO4.1-1, respectively. Also heavy metals such as Cd, Fe, pb, and Zn were ranged 0.007-0.058, 0.01-0.130, 0.002-0.061, and 0.040-0.320 mgl-1, respectively.
All in all, according to Water Quality Index (WQI), most of the water sources requires primary treatment before use for drinking, whereas waters of Tanjaro river and Qiliasan stream cannot be used for drinking till they are treated (primary to tertiary treatments). Keywords: Point and non-point sources, ground water,Kurdistan.

Проаналізовано хімічний склад вод популярних джерел Львівщини, котрі використовуються
мешканцями Львівської області як альтернатива водопровідній воді. Досліджено якість води 20
джерел у Львівській області: 5 у м. Львові та 15 – у восьми районах області. Найбільше джерел
виводять воду із неогенових утворень – 11, з крейдових – 4, з четвертинних – 4 і одне джерело
виводить воду із палеогенових утворень. Встановлено, що для щоденного вживання можна
використовувати воду восьми джерел (Раковець, Хоросно, П'ятничани, Хватів, Плугів, Урич,
Меденичі і Криниця); вода чотирьох джерел (Велика Воля, Демня, Брюховичі, Львівська Швейцарія)
умовно придатна для щоденного вживання після відстоювання, за умови стабільності хімічного
складу впродовж року; вода решту джерел без водопідготовки непридатна до щоденного
вживання, особливо це стосується води з Високого Замку, Млинків та Верблян. За параметрами
фізіологічної повноцінності найкращою визнана вода із Хватова та Меденич.

- by Ольга Пилипович (Olga Pylypovych) and +1
- •
- Water quality, Drinking Water Quality Standards, Drinking Water

This study was undertaken in Nomal Village located in 25 km from Gilgit district. Nomal Valley has an
approximate 850 households consisting of 6000 people. The aim of this study was to analyze the state of drinking
water quality in Nomal area. Water samples were collected from seven sites in sterilizes bottles. The water
samples were immediately subjected to both chemical and biological analysis. The results of these tests were
compared with water quality standards of WHO. The water quality parameters namely pH, temperature,
turbidity, odor, taste, total hardness, alkalinity and E. coli were determined. The data indicated that pH of all
samples was 7, turbidity varied from 5-10 NTU and temperature was 9-25°C. The results showed that physical
and chemical parameters of drinking water fall within recommended limits of WHO. Biological water quality
analysis indicated that channel water was highly contaminated showing the presence of high fecal coliform. The
maximum colonies of coliform present in channel-2 (TNTC) too numerous to count and in tap water 93 E. coli
colonies were examined. It indicated that biologically water is not suitable for human consumption. However,
chemical and physical quality of drinking water does not have any health hazard problems this time so for. The
water far from the source was much polluted as compared to near to the source. Longer the distance water covers
it become more polluted because of anthropogenic interaction.

- by Dr. Arshad A Shedayi
- •
- Drinking Water Quality Standards

The study analysed the water quality of Hand dug wells (HDWs) from Hardo ward, Bauchi metropolis, Nigeria for the Physical, Chemical and Bacteriological parameters. The study used standard laboratory techniques for the water quality analysis and the results were evaluated based on the benchmark standards of the World Health Organisation (WHO) and Nigerian Standard of Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ). A random sampling method was used to select20 HDWs for the water quality analysis. Excel 2007 software was used for data analysis and the results were presented in Figures and Tables. The results of water quality from HDWs were found to fall within or below or in excess of the safety limits of drinkable water based on the benchmark standard set by the WHO and the NSDWQ. The study concluded that the quality of water from HDWs in Hardo ward were not suitable for drinking. The study recommended regular monitoring of ground water quality and a further research to determine the sources of ground water pollution in the study area.

- by Adamu Harir
- •
- Drinking Water Quality Standards

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is situated in an arid region and faces a chronic challenge to meet its increasing water demand. Riyadh is the capital of KSA and home to about six million people. The water demand is mostly met by groundwater resources (up to 48%), while the desalination plants cover the rest of the water supply requirements. There is a potential risk of a significant gap in water demand–supply due to the retirement of old desalination plants. This study, therefore, developed a probabilistic model to forecast desalinated water demand in Riyadh for domestic purposes up to the year 2040 based on three scenarios: low growth, the most likely (mean), and high growth scenario. The results showed that an investment of about US$6.24, 11.59, and 16.04 billion is required to meet the future domestic water demand of the city for the next 25 years based on low, mean, and high growth scenarios, respectively. Moreover, a strong commitment to public–private partnership is required to remove the fiscal budget burden related to the desalination along with public awareness campaigns to reduce per capita water consumption, upgrading the water tariff system and using renewable energy to run desalination plants.

- by Dr. Abdul-Sattar Nizami and +2
- •
- Water, Water quality, Water resources, Water and wastewater treatment

An ion chromatographic method that employs a post-column reaction with fuchsin and spectrophotometric detection was optimized for measuring bromate (BrO3-) in water. BrO3- is converted to Br2 by sodium metabisulfite and then reacted with acidic fuchsin to form a red-colored product that strongly absorbs at 530 nm. The reaction of BrO3- and fuchsin reagent is optimum at pH 3.5 and 65 oC. The method has a limit of quantitation of 4.5 µg L-1 and is linear up to 150 µg L-1 BrO3-. Recoveries from spiked samples were high ranging from 95 to 102 % using external standard calibration and 87 to 103 % using standard addition method. Intra-batch and inter-batch reproducibility studies of the method resulted to RSD values ranging from 0.62 to 2.01 % and percent relative error of 0.12 to 2.94 % for BrO3- concentrations of 10 µg L-1 and 50 µg L-1. This method is free of interferences from common inorganic anions at levels typically found in chlorinated tap drinking water without preconcentration. The optimized method can be applied to trace analysis of bromate in chlorinated tap drinking water samples.

Summary…
The aim of the present study is to know the effect of raw sewage from the Al-Haay city on some of the chemical, physical and bacteriological properties of Al-Gharraf River. The Al-Gharraf River located in the south-eastern sector of Iraq and surrounded by vast and agricultural lands. The river receives most of the wastewater coming from many activities including industrial, agricultural, and domestic wastewater. Associated with the development of the area, the increase of pollutants into the river has been a recent cause for alarm.
Five sampling stations were selected along the Al-Gharraf River .The first is located at 2 km of AL-Haay City as a control. The second is situated at a distance of 2 km away from the first and represented sewage discharge station.The Station 3 was about 2 km from station 2 represented the raw water uptake of AL-Bashaer station for drinking water.The station 4 was about 4 km from station 2 and the last station is located at 8 km apart from the second station.
Monthly sampling was carried out from October 2012 till July 2013,two samples were taken each month .
The results obtained showed that the values of turbidity , Electrical conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solid, total suspended solid, dissolved oxygen , biological oxygen demand , total Hardness , chlorides, sulphate , nitrate, phosphate , total bacterial count, total coliform bacteria, Faecal coliform, total Streptococcus and faecal Streptococcus in the river were found to be higher at autumn and winter and lower at spring and summer.
This study has found that: Air and water temperature values varied from 16-42 and 11-31 0C respectively. Also,water current values were varied from 0.37-0.81 m/sec, electrical conductivity values varied from 825-1450 µs/cm with Salinity 0.52-0.93 ppt, The total dissolved solid 545.3 – 957 mg / L, Total suspended solid values ranging from 38-278 mg / L with turbidity 30-177 NTU. It was found that the waters of Al-Gharraf River is alkalinity with pH ranged between 7.03 - 8.3 with a reasonable ventilation as the oxygen values recorded varied monthly at winter months 6.3-10.38 mg / L . The biological oxygen demand values were found to be higher at some stations 1 -7.01 mg / L . The total hardness ranged between 306- 496 mg/L, The chlorides values varied from 89-184.6 mg / L, the sulphate values ranged between 172.42 - 360 mg/L. Nitrate values varied from 5.7 -15. 76 mg/L, and the phosphate values ranged between 0.50 -0.13 mg/L.
The study results also showed that the heavy metals concentrations (cadmium, lead and zinc) were 0.001-0.099 ppm, 0.004- 0.32 ppm and 0.025- 1.1 ppm, respectively. Concentrations of these metals of Al-Gharraf River showed seasonal variations during the study period and they are exceeding permissible limits for Iraqi standard specifications and WHO standard for drinking water except Zn .
This study has shown that the highest total bacterial count was recorded at the second station during winter 2013 was 75000 cell/1ml , whereas the lowest value was found during summer 2013 was 100 cfu/1ml. Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform bacterial counts were ranged between 290-34000 cfu /100 ml and 220-33000 cfu/100 ml , respectively. However, total streptococcus and faecal streptococcus counts were 230 -32600 cfu/100 ml and 200-21000 cfu/100 ml , respectively.

In order to assess suitability for drinking, domestic and irrigation uses of water from 14 ponds in the holy city of Varanasi, water samples were collected in February 2012 and analysed for their physico-chemical parameters. All the water samples fall in the fresh water category (TDS< 1000 mg/l). Cationic and anionic abundance was found to be in the order of Na + > Ca 2+ > K + > Mg 2+ and HCO 3-> Cl-> SO 4 2-> NO 3->F-, respectively. Gibbs diagram shows that all samples fall under dominantly rock weathering category. Main source of major and trace elements were identified as anthropogenic activities and carbonate rock weathering. In general, the water of most of the ponds of Varanasi city in terms of major ions and trace elements was found unfit for human consumption with a few exceptions. However, residual sodium carbonate (RSC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), magnesium hazard (MH) and percent sodium (%Na) values suggest that pond water of Varanasi city may be used for irrigation purpose. Based on safe levels of potentially toxic trace metals, we found that Mn was above the safe limit for cattle drinking purpose in seven of the collected samples.

- by Md Maroof Azam
- •
- Geochemistry, Water quality, Soil Chemistry, Drinking Water Quality Standards

The sanitary survey of drinking water sources was done in Bhubaneswar slums where PFI was running the Health of the Urban Poor Program. The purpose was to understand the risk associated with public drinking water sources based on onsite
inspection and water testing of the source with field test kit for pipe water supply and H2S bacteriological contamination test for all the sources. The study report gives details of the survey undertaken, its findings, and suggestions for ensuring drinking water quality in the slums of Odisha. The report tried to capture the result of the indicator-wise sanitary inspection and its relation with other indicators. We hope the study will be useful for the government for making some policy level
corrections. We also hope that Government, Non Government and civil society organisations will adopt the sanitary survey as a tool for identifying factors that affect drinking water sources, which is essential for drinking water safety