Green Chemistry Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

High-level composite, ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) procedures have been employed to study O–H bond dissociation energies (BDEs), as well as radical stabilization energies (RSEs) in the oxygen-centred radicals that are formed in the dissociation of the O–H bonds. Benchmark values are provided by Wn results up to W3.2 and W4.x. We are able to recommend revised BDE values for FO–H (415.6 ± 3 kJ mol–1), MeC(O)O–H (459.8 ± 6 kJ mol–1) and CF3CH2O–H (461.9 ± 6 kJ mol–1) on the basis of high-level calculations. We find that Gn-type procedures are generally reliable and cost-effective, and that some contemporary functionals and double-hybrid DFT procedures also provide adequate O–H BDEs/RSEs. We note that the variations in the O–H BDEs are associated with variations in the stabilities of not only the radicals but also the closed-shell precursor molecules. Most substituents destabilize both species, with σ-electron-withdrawing groups having larger destabilizing effects, whil...

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- Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Computational Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry

We report a single step facile synthesis of highly water dispersible functionalized graphene nanosheets by plant extract-induced deoxygenation of graphite oxide (GO). The results of various characterizations reveal that the properties of such plant extract-converted graphene nanosheets (PCGN) are comparable to chemically converted graphene nanosheets (CCG). These results open a green route to the emerging graphene-based technologies.

- by Abhimanyu Rana and +1
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- Green Chemistry, Green, CHEMICAL SCIENCES

An efficient method for the amidation and esterification of aldehydes utilizing hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant has been developed. Cyclic amines and primary alcohols selectively reacted with aromatic aldehydes under mild conditions to yield the corresponding amides and esters. Amides and esters are valuable organic moieties and have immense importance in organic and pharmaceutical chemistry. Traditionally, amides and esters are prepared from the condensation of carboxylic acids with amines/alcohols, which needs either coupling agents 1 or conversion into more reactive derivatives. 2 In recent years, the direct oxidative addition of amines/alcohols to aromatic aldehydes for accessing amides/esters has received considerable attention. 3-9 Efforts are being applied to identify a more efficient and practical method to achieve this transformation, and, accordingly, various methods have been reported. 7 Nevertheless, many of these methods involve toxic solvents, harsh oxidants, expensive reagents, difficult to prepare transition metal catalysts etc., 10,11 thus, opening the doors for the development of economic and eco-friendly methods. According to the best accepted mechanism for the direct oxidative amidation of aldehydes with secondary amines, a carbinolamine is initially formed as an intermediate, which is subsequently oxidized to an amide with the help of an oxidant. Generally the reaction is catalysed by metals, such as Cu, 7a Rh, 7b Ru, 7c Pd, 7d Ni 7c etc. Recently, utilizing tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as an oxidant, 9 Wolf and co-workers have demonstrated a metal free oxidative amidation of aromatic aldehydes. In this work, active boron derivatives of dimethyl amines were reacted with aromatic aldehydes to yield the corresponding amide but, notably, cyclic amines reacted under these conditions without any derivatisation. Carefully considering the reaction mechanism we noticed that, during this transformation, the sp 2 carbonyl carbon of the aldehyde changes to sp 3 in the carbinolamine, which is transitory,

- by Lokesh Kumar Pandey
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- Green Chemistry, Green, Esterification, CHEMICAL SCIENCES
- by Jan Nawrot
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- Chemistry, Green Chemistry, Ionic Liquid, Soft Tissue Preservation

Eng-Poh Ng, Luc Delmotte and Svetlana Mintova* The environmentally benign synthesis of microporous aluminophosphate nanocrystals by a multicycle approach under microwave heating resulting in decreasing or almost eliminating the related... more

- by Luc Delmotte
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- Green Chemistry, Recycling, CHEMICAL SCIENCES, Template
- by Diego Alonso
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- Organic Chemistry, Green Chemistry, Hydrogen Peroxide, Functional Group

Cellulose represents a key component of a renewable biomass source, from which chiral compounds with a high added value in the application for the synthesis of potentially bioactive molecules can be obtained. The anhydrosugar (1R,5S)-1-hydroxy-3,6-dioxa-bicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-one (LAC), produced on the gram-scale by catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose, was used as a building block in the synthesis of five new enantiomerically pure muscarine-like products. The structures of the target compounds 4-8 showed different substituents at the C-2 and C-4 positions, but each of them had the same (2S,4R) configuration as the natural (+)-muscarine. A renewed interest in new muscarinic analogues is due to the design and synthesis of molecules exhibiting a higher selectivity for a specific muscarinic receptor and due to the development of effective agents in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders. In this context, products 4-8 were investigated with respect to their binding affinity to human M 1 -M 5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. The data indicated that compound 8, emerging as the most active in the series with values comparable to natural (+)-muscarine and a moderate selectivity in favor of the hM 2 subtype receptor, also exhibited the highest stability during the interaction with the hM 2 (3UON) subtype muscarinic receptor by using a docking calculation.

- by Danilo Malferrari and +1
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- Organic Chemistry, Green Chemistry, Colloids and Surfaces, Ionic Liquid

Hydrogenation of vegetable oils is a heterogeneous process where the process factors influence the conversion and selectivity. A Statistical study was performed on a sunflower oil (SFO) hydrogenation process using Pd-B/g-Al 2 O 3 catalyst to study the effect of the process factors, including temperature, hydrogen pressure, agitation, catalyst dose and reaction time on the iodine value and trans fatty acid content of hydrogenated SFO. It was found that each factor has a noticeable effect on the iodine value and trans fatty acid content of hydrogenated SFO. The study was also aimed to find out the optimum values for the hydrogenation factors which are capable to decline the IV to 70 (g iodine per 100 g oil) as well as produce a minimum trans fatty acid content of the hydrogenated SFO. The optimum values were found to be 431 K, 1000 kPa, 1000 kPa, 0.29 % and 42.2 min for the temperature, hydrogen pressure, agitation, catalyst dose and reaction time respectively.

- by Zahira Yaakob
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- Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Theoretical Chemistry

A practical, efficient, environmentally benign condensation of an aldehyde, ethylacetoacetate and urea/thiourea for the synthesis of 3, 4-dihydropyrimidinones, employing Fe-Al/clay composite catalyst is described. The process has been carried out under solvent-free conditions in the presence of very small amount of catalyst. The catalyst used for this process is easy to prepare, easy to handle, cost effective, easy to separate and recyclable at least up to 5 cycles with good to excellent yield.

- by Dr Mohammad Arif and +1
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- Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, Green Chemistry, CHEMICAL SCIENCES

Boron doped and undoped Poly(vinyl) alcohol/Zirconium-yttrium acetate (PVA/Zr-Y) nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning using PVA as a precursor. The effect of boron doping was investigated in terms of solution properties, morphological changes and thermal properties. The effect of boron doping on calcined yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) fibers were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. XRD
analysis revealed varying amounts of monoclinic and tetragonal zirconia present in the undoped fibers calcined at 800oC. The average crystallite sizes of the undoped YSZ were increased from 9.28 to 22.79 nm with calcining temperature increasing from 250 to 800 °C. The crystallite size was enhanced with boron doping. The systematic evolution of morphological features in the spun and the processed fibers were employed by scanning electron microscopy.

- by Prof.Dr. İbrahim USLU
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- Polymer Chemistry, Polymer science, Green Chemistry, Ceramics (Ceramics)

Ketoprofen is a widespread non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used in treatment of acute pain and chronic arthritis. On the other hand, isoquinoline alkaloids are very well known with their wide range of biological activities. From this point of view it is of interest to us to obtain new isoquinolines containing a ketoprofen residue in their structure as new substances with potential biological activity. To estimate general efficacy and safety of the newly obtained compounds, their biological potential has been evaluated.

- by Stanimir Manolov
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- Green Chemistry, Heterogeneous Catalysis, In Silico, NSAIDs

Cytochrome P450 CYP102A1 from Bacillus megaterium is a fatty acid hydroxylase which catalyses the highly regioselective hydroxylation of branched fatty alcohols like (2R,4R,6R,8R)-tetramethyldecanol (4). The product of this reaction (2R,4R,6S,8S)-tetramethyldecane-1,9-diol (3) can be used in synthesis of macrolide antibiotics. For setting up the biooxidation process on a preparative scale a monophasic aqueous reaction system has been established. The system was optimised using an NADHdependent CYP102A1 mutant, dodecanoic acid as a model substrate and takes advantage of randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrins for the solubilisation of hydrophobic substrates. In the reaction with 50 mM of dodecanoic acid a total turnover number of 66,700 and substrate conversion of 66.7 % could be reached. The total turnover number of a CYP102A1 mutant in the reaction with 23.4 mM (2R,4R,6R,8R)-tetramethyldecanol 4 was 17,290 and substrate conversion reached 74 %. The reaction on a preparative scale yielded 420 mg of (2R,4R,6S,8S)tetramethyldecane-1,9-diol (3) in 60% de. The major diastereomer 3a has the (2R,4R,6S,8S,9R)-configuration. The configuration of 3a was determined by an X-ray single crystal structure analysis of the corresponding bis-dinitrobenzoate 5a.

- by Steffen Maurer
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- Chemical Engineering, Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Green Chemistry

Benzothiazoles are an important class of pharmaceutical drug with various therapeutic activities. In this work, an efficient and eco-friendly method of synthesizing of benzothiazole derivatives via ultrasonic probe irradiation was described here. Through the improved protocol, the benzothiazole derivatives were prepared with various benzaldehyde and 2-aminothiophenol. The yields were found to be in moderate to good yields, ranging from 65-83%. Among the advantages of this procedure as compared to the conventional methods of synthesizing benzothiazoles include simplicity in the procedure, solvent-, catalyst-free reaction and the improved protocol afforded compounds (4a-4i) within 20 minutes at room temperature. The current improved protocol could be extended for the synthesis of other bioactive heterocyclic compounds in future work.

- by Chia Poh Wai
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- Green Chemistry, Ultrasound, Organic Synthesis

The broad and potent activity of 4-thiazolidinones has established it as one of the biologically important scaffolds. The synthesis of N-(2-aryl-4-oxothiazolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide by a novel method of stirring and sonication is described. The conventional method for synthesis of 4-thiazolidinones involves use of a Dean-Stark water separator for the removal of water from the reaction with long reaction times (12–48 h), and the stirring procedure also involves the use of DCC (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) as a dehydrating agent. We report the synthesis of 4-thiazolidinone analogs of isonicotinic acid hydrazide by novel, green route methods of sonication and stirring using molecular sieves. Results indicate that high yields and shorter reaction times can be achieved by employing novel green route methods of synthesis.

- by Omkar Paradkar
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- Green Chemistry, Molecular Sieve, Reaction Time, CHEMICAL SCIENCES

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full... more

- by Fabio Bellina and +1
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- Green Chemistry, Ionic Liquid, CHEMICAL SCIENCES
- by Mohsin Ali
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- Chemistry, Green Chemistry, Carbon Dioxide, Politics

An efcient and facile synthesis of substituted novel benzimidazoles (3a–3h) mediated by fruit juices viz. Cocos nucifera L.
juice, Citrus limetta juice and Citrus sinensis L. juice, via condensation of substituted aldehydes (1a–1h) and o-phenylenediammine (2a) under solvent-free condition at room temperature is presented in this paper. The purity of compounds was
confrmed by melting point and thin layer chromatography. All synthesized compounds (3a–3h) were fully characterized
via NMR and FTIR spectral data and evaluated for in vitro herbicidal activity against Raphanus sativus L. (Radish) seeds.
The compounds (3a–3h) were also evaluated for their antibacterial activity against Erwinia cartovora and Xanthomonas
citri by inhibition zone method. Antifungal activity was also determined against Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides by poisoned food techniques method. From activity data, it was found that compounds 3d and 3e were most
active against R. sativus L. (root) and R. sativus L. (shoot), respectively. Compound 3g has shown maximum inhibition zone
i.e. 8.00 mm against E. cartovora at 2000 µg/mL concentration. Maximum X. citrii growth was inhibited by compounds 3a
showing inhibition zone 5.20 mm at highest concentration. Compound 3f was found most active against R. solani and C.
gloeosporioides fungus at 2000 µg/mL concentration. In comparison with the conventional methods, the present method
complies with several key requirements of green chemistry principles such as the utilization of renewable feedstock, auxiliary aqueous conditions and reduces waste with the use of nature-derived catalyst. Therefore, the present method ofers an
attractive option because of its ecological safety, environmental acceptance, cost efective and easy workup process.

- by Dr Susheel Gulati
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- Organic Chemistry, Green Chemistry, Synthetic Organic Chemistry

a b s t r a c t 2-Chloro-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)naphthalene-1,4-dione (3a), 2-chloro-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)naphthalene-1,4-dione (3b), 2-chloro-3-(piperidin-1-yl)naphthalene-1,4-dione (3c), 2-chloro-3-morpholinonaphthalene-1,4-dione (3d), 2-chloro-3-(2-phenylhydrazinyl)naphthalene-1,4-dione (3e), 2-(allylamino) ,4]thiazine-5,10-dione (3k) and compounds 3leq have been synthesized by a green methodology approach using water as solvent and evaluated for their antifungal and antibacterial activity. The antifungal profile of 3aen indicated that compounds 3aed, 3j, 3e and 3k have potent antifungal activity. Amongst the most promising antifungal compounds, 3aeg, 3j, 3k showed better antifungal activity than clinically prevalent antifungal drugs Fluconazole and Amphotericin-B against Trichophyton mentagraphytes and compounds 3j and 3k have been found to be lead antifungal bicyclic and tricyclic 1,4-naphthoquinones. Compound 3k also exhibited pronounced antibacterial activity.

- by rohitashw kumar
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- Organic Chemistry, Water, Green Chemistry, Fungi

The condensation of the cyclopentanone or cyclohexanone with aromatic aldehydes catalyzed by KF/Al 2 O 3 in MeOH under ultrasound irradiation, result the corresponding 2,5-bis(substituted benzylidene) cyclopentanones or... more

- by A.F.M Rahman
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- Organic Chemistry, Green Chemistry, CHEMICAL SCIENCES, Tetrahedron

In this study, we describe a green and simple procedure for the synthesis of steroidal 2Hpyrans 4-6 using chitosan as an eco-friendly heterogeneous catalyst. The synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, MS and analytical data. These compounds were tested in vitro against two cancer cell lines [HeLa (cervical) and Jurkat (leukemia)] and one normal cell line (PBMC). The compounds exhibited moderate to good activity against the two human cancer cell lines and were less toxic against the non-cancer cell line. In addition, the synthesized compounds were tested for their in vitro antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl method in which compounds 4 and 6 exhibited good antioxidant activity. This study provided a new molecular scaffold for the further development of anticancer as well as antioxidant agents.

- by Sharad Shelke
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- Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Green Chemistry, Chitosan
- by Mohsin Ali
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- Chemistry, Green Chemistry, Carbon Dioxide, Politics

One-pot simpler multistep reactions involving a new synthetic greener route and novel,
efficient, reusable, cheaper and eco-friendly catalytic procedure have been discovered
for the synthesis of variously substituted benzimidazole. The reaction of 1,2 diamine and
substituted aldehyde in dichloromethane under ultrasonic irradiation at ambient
temperature using Cu-doped ZnO furnish the expected product in excellent yield (87-98
%) in considerably reduced time (15-30 min). Spectral data and Physical constant
confirmed the formation of the preferred product. Synthesized substituted benzimidazoles
were also screened for antimicrobial activity and found significantly active against
various gram positive and gram negative bacteria and some fungus. The main
advantages of this research are mild reaction conditions, short reaction times, high yield,
greener route, cheap, inexpensive, non-toxicity, and reusability of the catalyst.

The advances in studies of trace metal speciation and bioavailability since Mark Florence’s 1982 review of the topic, published in Talanta, have been comprehensively reviewed. While the relative merits of kinetic and equilibrium approaches are still being determined, advances in the applications of stripping voltammetry, including the application of microelectrodes and an appreciation of detection windows in both CSV and ASV, have been matched by the introduction of new dynamic techniques including diffusive gradients in thin films (DGTs), permeation liquid membranes (PLMs), and improved applications of chelating resins. There have also been improvements in equilibrium techniques such as ion-selective electrodes and Donnan dialysis. The ability of geochemical speciation models to predict metal complexation by natural organic matter has greatly improved, yet the models still require validation against field measurements. More reliable and relevant bioassays have been developed using ...

- by Jenny Stauber
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- Analytical Chemistry, Computational Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Crystallography
- by Maria Kubik
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- Analytical Chemistry, Computational Chemistry, Quantum Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry

Photochemical reactions in the solid state can be scaled up from a few milligrams to 10 grams by using colloidal suspensions of a photoactive molecular crystal prepared by the solvent shift method. Pure products are recovered by filtration, and the use of H 2 O as a suspension medium makes this method a very attractive one from a green chemistry perspective. Using the photodecarbonylation of dicumyl ketone (DCK) as a test system, we show that reaction efficiencies in colloidal suspensions rival those observed in solution.

- by Marino Resendiz
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- Green Chemistry, CHEMICAL SCIENCES, Large Scale

Quinoxaline derivatives have been synthesized in high yields in the presence of cellulose sulfuric acid as an inexpensive, recyclable and biodegradable solid acid catalyst in H 2 O or EtOH at room temperature. To cite this article: A.... more

- by Ali Hossein Rezayan
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- Water, Green Chemistry, Heterogeneous Catalysis, Catalyst

Water is one of the most important substances on earth. Safe drinking water is essential to humans and other life forms. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If there was no water, there would be no life on earth. Apart from drinking it to survive, people have many other uses for water. This natural resource is becoming scarcer and its demand exceeds supply in some region rendering its availability a major social and economic concern. Apart of this scarcity is water pollution which is increasing day by day in many parts of the world. Sources of fresh water on land are getting more and more polluted than ever before. As a result, contaminated water became unsuitable for use. Poor water quality is deadly since contaminated water causes hazards to public health through poisoning or the spread of disease. In order to address these issues, the practice of water remediation has been developed.

- by Scientific Research Publishing
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- Water, Green Chemistry, Green Material, Water Pollution

The traditional bioeconomy is still big business. In 2012 the U.N.’s Food and Agriculture Organization valued agricultural products at nearly four trillion U.S. dollars. Forest products contribute an additional quarter of a trillion dollars to the global economy. But the modern bioeconomy is catching up. Advances in biotechnology have improved medicines, crops, food, fuels, and chemicals, broadening the reach of the bioeconomy.

- by Heather Youngs
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- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Green Chemistry, Biotechnology

Salicin is the first phenolic glucoside found in nature and after oral use it is metabolized to a pharmacologically active form, salicylic acid. There are many salicylic acid derivatives, one of which is the most commonly used drug, acetylsalicylic acid or aspirin. Aspirin is a medicine that has antipyretic and anticoagulant properties and acts by inhibiting activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase which is responsible for the production of prostaglandins, substances responsible for inflammation and pain. The most known method of aspirin synthesis is esterification of salicylic acid with acetic anhydride with phosphoric or sulfuric acid. The aim of final thesis was to investigate the possibility of aspirin synthesis by conventional method, but with the use of choline chloride (ChCl) eutectic solvents for which a catalytic role in the esterification reaction can be assumed. The results of the experimental work showed that the eutectic solvents ChCl: levulinic acid and ChCl: citric acid can’t be used as catalyst for the acetylsalicylic acid synthesis. However, with the use of eutectic solvent ChCl: urea, acetylsalicylic acid was obtained and for the first time the possibility of using eutectic solvent in the acetylsalicylic acid synthesis was confirmed.

- by Martina Rajić
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- Organic Chemistry, Green Chemistry, Organic Synthesis, Deep Eutectic Solvents

Silk fibre has received attention in the biomedical sector rather than textile production because of its excellent biocompatibility properties in the past century. Although silk fibre properties are different from area to area, it has created an opportunity in the biomedical sector to develop new silk-based medical textile products. &is research work aimed to study the structural, physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of Ethiopian silkworm cocoon’s filament. Eri and mulberry silk fibre properties such as morphological structure, chemical properties, linear density, filament length, tensile strength, elongation, thermal property, and luster were measured using ES ISO and ASTM standard methods. Statistical analysis result showed that eri silk fibre from Arba Minch had water removal temperature between 100°C and 125°C with a degradation temperature of around 400°C and eri silk fibre from both Addis Ababa and Awassa had an almost similar water removal temperature around 100°C and...

- by Desalegn Atalie
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- Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, Polymer Chemistry, Green Chemistry

Mechanical properties were evaluated for pulp delignified by four deep eutectic solvents (DES). The DES systems were based on choline chloride and lactic acid (1:9), oxalic acid:dihydrate (1:1), malic acid (1:1), and the system alanine:lactic acid (1:9). The results indicated that the type of DES system used influenced the delignified pulp's mechanical properties including tensile, burst and tear indexes, tensile length, and stiffness. The most suitable DES systems were choline chloride:malic acid (1:1) and alanine:lactic acid (1:9), which achieved the best aforementioned mechanical properties compared to the other DES systems. The weakest performance in the process of pulp delignification was the system with choline chloride and oxalic acid dihydrate (1:1).

- by Anand Aswar
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- Green Chemistry, Heterogeneous Catalysis

According to the literature, approximately 41 nutraceutical compounds have been isolated from different types of biomass using green solvents. It is important to collect information on the pharmacokinetic properties of the nutraceutical substances from biomass isolated according to the published papers. The pharmacokinetic properties of the bioactive substances extracted by green solvents, such as the molecular weight, logP, AlogP, H-bond acceptor, H-bond donor, total polar surface area, atom molar refractivity, number of rotatable bonds, number of atoms, rotatable bond count, number of rigid bonds, number of atom rings, and number of H-bonds, were calculated with a drug-likeness tool. In practical terms, the original and most well-known Lipinski's Rule of Five (Ro5) was applied to 28 substances, namely 3-hydroxytyrosol; apigenin; artemisinin; bergapten; bilobalide; biochanin A; caffeic Acid; caffeoylmalic acid; catechins; cinnamic acid; curcumin; daidzei; daidzin; epicatechin; gallic acid; genistein; ginkgolide A; ginkgolide B; levofloxacin; luteolin; naringenin; p-coumaric acid; protocatechuic acid; psoralen; quercetin; trans-ferulic acid; tyrosol, and vanillin.

- by Michal Jablonsky
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- Green Chemistry, Biomass, Biological Activity Of Natural Products

A distillable ionic liquid, N,N-dimethylammonium N¢N¢-dimethylcarbamate (DIMCARB), has been employed at room temperature to extract hydrolysable tannin materials from plant sources such as catechu (Acacia Catechu) and myrobolan (Terminalia Chebula). The extraction efficiencies (85%) were found be significantly higher compared to traditional extraction methods which utilise large quantities of water. Moreover, in the ionic liquid extraction method selectively higher concentrations of ellagic acid have been extracted from these raw materials. The results of hyde powder tests have revealed that the extracted materials have higher content of tannins compared to traditional extraction methods and this will be useful for tanning leather. Microbiological tests have shown that the ionic liquid extracted materials possess good shelf life and resist fungal growth.

- by Dr. Shahana A Chowdhury and +1
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- Green Chemistry, Ionic Liquid, CHEMICAL SCIENCES

DTPA is a very strong metal chelator widely utilized in radiopharmaceutical chemistry for conjugation of chemicals which do not have enough potency for direct metalo-labeling and also to manage toxic radioactive materials such as plutonium, americium, and curium. It is difficult to conjugate DTPA to an amine group in a singular direction and such reactions usually also coincidently produce a mixture of DTPA-bis-amides and DTPA-mono-amide resulting in considerable insufficiencies/difficulties in synthesis and especially yield/separation procedures. In this paper, novel methods for the exclusive synthesis of DTPA-mono-amide have been established which extensively reduce the difficulties otherwise encountered and increase the reaction’s yield considering the green chemistry approaches. This is expected to be of interest to radiopharmaceutical researchers interested in the DTPA (Radio)-metallic-conjugate. Overall, this paper provides a framework to achieve a higher degree of propriety from DTPA as a chelator to conjugate to the chemical compounds.

This review describes how to apply green chemistry principles to transform biomass into several types of molecules. On the basis of selected papers published over the last three to four years, it includes the main reactions used to convert renewable feedstock into chemical products that are potentially applicable as raw materials or synthetic intermediates in fine chemical industries with an emphasis on preparative organic synthesis.

- by Paulo M Donate
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- Green Chemistry, Biomass

Protein fermentation, intended for human consumption, from agricultural residues has been shown to be a potential viable process from a technical, economic and sustainability perspective.

- by Miao Guo
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- Green Chemistry, CHEMICAL SCIENCES

and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.

- by Angelo Albini
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- Green Chemistry, Catalysis, Environmental Assessment, CHEMICAL SCIENCES

Various aliphatic and aromatic dimethyl and diethyl acetals and ketals were found to hydrolyse in essentially quantitative yield when heated to 80 • C in neat water or aqueous medium without a catalyst or any other additive, while cyclic acetals were stable under these conditions. Selective deprotection is possible when both types of acetal are present.

- by Hendrik Henning
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- Green Chemistry, CHEMICAL SCIENCES

Some new 1,4-distyrylbenzene derivatives were synthesized by using immobilized palladium nanoparticles on silica-bonded N-propyl morpholine (PNP-SBNPM) as a heterogeneous catalyst. These one-pot reactions afforded a range of stereoselective, symmetrical (E)-1,4-distyrylbenzene derivatives with high yields (78-90%). The green catalyst system is recyclable and allows facile product isolation. The recycled catalyst could be reused six times without appreciable loss of catalytic activity.

- by Mohammad Taghi Sharbati
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- Organic Chemistry, Green Chemistry, Recycling, Nanoparticle

Poly(ε-caprolactone) has become an important biocompatible and biodegradable polymer. Indeed, due to its multiple biomedical applications, the synthesis of polycaprolactone has received increased attention in the past few decades. Moreover, microwave irradiation is a very clean modern technique widely used for green chemistry. Here, several polymers were synthesized by microwave irradiation, without any solvent, using nontoxic, biologically acceptable lanthanide halides as initiators. Reaction times varied between 2 and 90 min. The molecular weights of the obtained polymer products were between 3,000 and 16,000 g/mol. After polymerization, the polycaprolactone polymers were functionalized by reaction with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. Hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation of the synthesized polymers were compared and discussed.

- by Didier Stuerga
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- Green Chemistry, Biological Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Reaction Time

Abstract: A new approach was investigated for appraising the fastness properties while maintaining/ upgrading the tensile strength of 100% cotton, light weight fabric samples, dyed with natural colourant of Marigold flower (Tagetes erecta). Various dyeing formulas planned with the aid of different dyeing auxiliaries utilized as mordants, cross linkers, finishing agents and UV absorbers were applied by pad-steam (two-bath-two-stage) dyeing procedure. All the recipes were exercised both as pre and post treatments. Pretty yellow fabric samples resulted from the experiments having better colour fastness, enviable K/S value and adequate tensile strength. Some of the mordants (such as FeCl 3 and Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ) produced samples of darker shades, entirely different from the yellow colour. The presence of CuSO 4 in the dyeing recipe produced sample with bright yellow shade. This mordant was excelled by all other dyeing auxiliaries in enhancing not only the colourfastness but also presentin...

- by Dr. Shahnaz Khattak
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- Materials Science, Green Chemistry, Life Science, Natural Dyes

A cheap, non toxic, easy to prepare and easy to use supported CuO material has shown to be a very effective catalyst for the alcoholysis of epoxides giving b-alkoxyalcohols in very good yield without generating any waste. The catalyst is... more

- by Nicoletta Ravasio and +1
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- Green Chemistry, Catalyst, Alcohol, Reuse