Green House Gas (GHG) Emission Research Papers (original) (raw)

Primary aluminium production is energy- and GHG-intensive in which electrolysis is by far the most energy- and GHG-intensive process. This paper’s aim is to study the effects on (1) primary energy use, (2) GHG emissions and (3) energy and CO2 costs when energy end-use efficiency measures are implemented in the electrolysis. Significant savings in final and primary energy use, GHG emissions and energy and CO2 costs can be achieved by implementing the studied measures. Vertical electrode cells and the combination of inert anodes and wettable cathodes are among the measures with the highest savings in all three areas (primary energy use, GHG emissions and energy and CO2 costs). Direct carbothermic reduction is one of the measures with the highest savings in primary energy use and energy and CO2 costs. For GHG emissions, direct carbothermic reduction is the more beneficial choice in regions with a high proportion of coal power, while inert anodes are the more beneficial choice in regions with a high proportion of low-carbon electricity. Although a company potentially can save more money by implementing the direct carbothermic reduction, the company should consider implementing the vertical electrode cells together with other energy-saving technologies since this would yield the largest GHG emission savings while providing similar cost savings as the direct carbothermic reduction. It may be necessary to impose a price on GHG emissions in order to make inert anodes cost-effective on their own, although further evaluations are needed in this regard. There is a potential to achieve carbon-neutrality in the reduction of aluminium oxide to pure aluminium.

- by and +1
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- Energy efficiency, GHG Emissions, Aluminum, Energy Saving

With the advancement in building designs, materials and technologies, nowadays it is not so much a technical challenge to
develop net-zero energy houses; rather it is more of an economic challenge to develop such houses within certain environmental limits. The
concept of green building is not new. Today’s green building movement is mostly fueled by the urgent need to reverse the course of the
deterioration of the natural environment. However, human activities associated with the built environment have long been focused on other
interests such as profit and comfort than the intricate impact of building processes, materials and technologies on the natural environment.
With environmental concerns as another dimension of constraints on the built environment, significant changes will happen to
building designs and construction processes. Such changes are the consequence of reconciliation of the existing paradigm focusing mostly
on cost or profit and the new paradigm with environmental concerns. Thus, will reducing cost and environmental impacts always at odds
with each other? What are the strategies to align the two objectives, when they are in conflict? Answers to those questions will help
researchers and practitioners develop a better understanding on green building.
This paper discusses a pilot study on a net-zero energy house. The house, called “Future House USA” located in Beijing China, is
developed by a team of faculty at Florida International University in collaboration with industry partners, the Future House Real Estate, Inc.
in China and the Learn Green Foundation in the USA. The house contains many green house features such as solar panels, a geothermal
system and a highly insulated building envelop.
The study uses existing life cycle assessment/costing (LCA/LCC) tools to perform an analysis on the house and demonstrated the
feasibility of activity-based environmental impact accounting for a construction project. The activity-based environmental impact
accounting provides a base for studying the relationship between time, cost and environmental impacts.

This paper aimed to study clean development mechanism (CDM) projects in Iran. Greenhouse gas mitigation strategies are generally considered costly with world leaders often engaging in debate concerning the costs of mitigation and the distribution of these costs between different countries. CDM projects are useful tools to reduce these costs. Kyoto Protocol includes three mechanisms, namely: emission trading, joint implementation and CDM. CDM is the only mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in which developing countries can participate. Comprehensive interviews with experts from Iranian oil and energy ministries and Department of Environment (DOE) resulted in detecting the missed opportunities for CDM in Iran. Lack of long term planning for the Kyoto Protocol, limitation of technology and finance, lack of regulation and functionality of a financial system and international sanctions are the most significant obstacles for implementation of CDM projects in Iran. At the end, a comprehensive analysis for utilising CDM to greenhouse gas reduction and climate change mitigation is presented.

This paper aims at contributing to the ongoing effort for progressing on the space-based observing system capability to monitor anthropogenic point source emissions of GHG, by reporting on two separated but complementary studies supported by ESA ([1] and [2]), potentially able to provide new insights concerning three key issues: 1. Characterizing the needs from end-users for operational point-source emission monitoring from space. 2. Defining instrument/mission solutions able to address very demanding requirements in a limited and cost effective budget. 3. Progressing on the capability to accurately derive local-scale GHG emissions from space-based instruments with imaging capabilities.

- by Pascal Prunet
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- Green House Gas (GHG) Emission

This research is aimed at obtaining empirical evidences concerning factors that affect the voluntary or mandatory Carbon Emission Disclosure. Independent variables in this research include media exposure, type of industry, profitability, company size, environmental performance and leverage. The population of this research includes 16 companies registered with Sustainability Reporting Award of 2015. The research analysis outcome concludes that media exposure has a positive and significant effect on Carbon Emission Disclosure, while the type of industry, profitability, company size, environmental performance and leverage bring a negative impact on it.

- by Daniel T H Manurung
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- Green House Gas (GHG) Emission, Sustainability

The purpose of this research is development of know-how about the worldwide techno-environmental effects of telecom/ICT industry and proposal of a strategy to cope with this hazardous issue. Our main focus is to develop a strategy to minimize the pollution-level (Energy-consumption, Waste, Green-House Gases (GHG) emission, including CO2) in the environment produced by telecom/ICT industry of Pakistan. We want to save our environment by introducing not only environment-friendly Green Telecom Technology (GTT), but our main theme is to convert the thinking of our carriers and public from black to green technologies. We shall analyze the socio-economic effects of going green. This research also suggests the concept of green-tax to government, which could be helpful to increase government
equity.

- by Ch. Mahmood Anwar
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- Global Warming, Green Technology, Techno environmental Effects, Telecom/ICT

La medición se realiza en base a los consumos energéticos reportados por las operaciones mineras del cobre en Chile.El trabajo se distribuye de la siguiente forma: En la sección 2 se presenta la metodología utilizada para realizar la cuantificación de los GEI de la minería, tanto para aquellos directos como indirectos. Luego en la sección 3 se presentan los principales resultados de la medición para las emisiones directas, analizando por tipo de combustible, proceso minero y región. En la sección 4 se presentan los resultados para las emisiones indirectas, también desagregando por proceso minero y región. Finalmente, en la sección 5 se entregan las emisiones totales de la minería del cobre y en la sección 6 están los comentarios finales del informe.

Lands of Bangladesh are very fertile. Despite having so many fertile lands, Bangladesh cannot gain its expected output of crops. One of the main reasons is Bangladeshi Farmers are unaware of modern technology of crop cultivation. They apply urea in agricultural land according to assumption and do not know the negative impact of excessive urea application which causes the increment of diseases, attack of insects in crops, leads to huge economic loss and environmental pollution by Green House Gas emission and waste of time, money, fertilizer and crops. Leaf Color Chart (LCC) is an example of modern technology, which is a Nitrogen Parameter used to detect either the soil of green crops like Paddy, Wheat and Maize requires Urea Fertilizer or not and if it requires then, how much Urea is needed to be applied. But it requires many calculation processes and the whole processes are different for different crops which seems difficult for farmers to memorize and calculate. This paper attempts an assessment in proposing the solution and at the same time develops a prototype of a device with IoT features for the use of the farmers on Bangladeshi Agricultural Land to get rid of this problem. Farmers only need to input Crop, the Land Size and match certain numbers of Leaves Color prescribed by the Device with given 6 green color strips of the color chart on the Device and The Device then shows and tells either the land requires Urea or not and if it requires then how much Urea is needed to be applied. Internet of Things (IoT) is implemented in the Device so that important data about these Urea measurement process with exact time and location are stored on the Online Database. The stored data can be analyzed by the online website using bar-chart and Google heat-map to help Bangladesh Agriculture Ministry in monitoring country-wide urea applications efficiently.

Deforestation and forest fires in the Brazilian Amazon are a regional-scale anthropogenic process related to biomass burning, which has a direct impact on global warming due to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Containment of this process requires characterizing its spatial distribution and that of the environmental factors related to its occurrence. The aim of this study is to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of deforested areas and forest fires in the State of Roraima from 2000 to 2010. We mapped deforested areas and forest fires using Landsat images and associated their occurrence with two phytoclimatic zones: Zone with Savanna Influence (ZIS), and Zone without Savanna Influence (ZOS). Total deforested area during the interval was estimated at 3.06 × 103 km² (ZIS=55%; ZOS=45%) while total area affected by forest fires was estimated at 3.02 × 103 km² (ZIS=97.7%; ZOS=2.3%). Magnitude of deforestation in Roraima was not related to the phytoclimatic zones, but small deforested areas (≤17.9 ha) predominated in ZOS while larger deforestation classes (>17.9 ha) predominated in ZIS, which is an area with a longer history of human activities. The largest occurrence of forest fires was observed in the ZIS in years with El Niño events. Our analysis indicates that the areas most affected by forest fires in Roraima during 2000-2010 were associated with strong climatic events and the occurrence these fires was amplified in ZIS, a sensitive phytoclimatic zone with a higher risk of anthropogenic fires given its drier climate and open forest structure.

- by Paulo Barni and +3
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- Land Use Change, Deforestation, Forest Fires, Green House Gas (GHG) Emission

Energy demand is increasing rapidly in the world due to a lot of factors like industrialization, population growth. The
primary energy source that fulfils this demand is conventional energy sources such as petroleum oil and coal. With the burning of
lots of fossil fuels, substantial environmental pollution happens widely in the world, and the consequences of these can be
catastrophic. One of the effects is climate changes that the world is experiencing in the present due to Green Gas Emissions
(GHG). Using Renewable energy(RE) to replace fossil fuel burning is a trending solution for this matter. This paper focuses on
the renewable types, the role of Renewable energy in reducing GHG Emission, how much potential in Sri Lanka as a developing
country to reduce GHG emission and the problems facing when implementing RE in developing countries.

The aim of this paper is to assess the adaptation of Iran's energy policies to the Kyoto Protocol. In the past two decades, Iran has experienced a considerable increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; in 2013 it was the world's ninth largest emitter. Although adapting to this protocol in Iran's energy and climate policies seems vital and urgent, its recent status is not promising. This paper develops a model to critically assess Iran's energy policy performance during the last 15 years after the Protocol. In this regard, a composite index is defined as a proxy of adaptation to the Kyoto Protocol targets. The proposed index is based on several indicators such as energy intensity, energy consumption growth rate, energy consumption per capita, amount of CO 2 emissions, and share of the renewable energies in total primary energy supply. The indicators have been selected by expert judgment. The assessment of this composite index for 16 selected countries is discussed. The results indicate that Iran has the lowest adaptation to the Kyoto Protocol among the selected countries. Also, energy intensity and CO 2 emission indicators are the most important factors in realizing the adaptation to the Kyoto Protocol targets.