Green Building Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Most green retrofitting efforts adopt case-by-case studies to evaluate retrofitting projects and the economic feasibility of greening a given existing building. These case-by-case studies can only be done by well-informed and well-trained architects or practitioners, and do not give a whole image that can help the decision-maker decide which building to green in a set of alternatives, hindering the spread of green retrofitting. A comprehensive framework with a standard reference index that can be easily computed for each building can help create an updatable database for existing buildings in each town/city, allowing owners, investors and decision-makers to evaluate the different alternatives themselves. This paper addresses the problem by presenting the suggested GRI reference index that can be used in the green retrofit decision-making process, and presents the different factors that affect it and how they can be computed.

- by and +1
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- Green architecture, Green Building, Energy Efficient Retrofitting, Retrofitting

This paper analyses the energy and economic performance of roof and/or façades Building Integrated flat-plate PhotoVoltaic and Thermal (BIPVT) collectors for residential applications. Aim of the analysis is to assess the active and passive effects due to the building integration of solar technologies on the building energy consumptions. In particular, a comparison among innovative building-plant system configurations, based on BIPVT collectors for the simultaneous production of electricity, thermal energy, and domestic hot water, is carried out. The simulation models of the proposed system layouts are designed and implemented in TRNSYS simulation environment for the dynamic assessment of their energy and economic performance. By means of the developed simulation model, the occurring summer and winter building passive energy effects due to the PVT building integration are also analysed.
Several case studies are developed by modelling a representative multi-storey residential building and by taking into account different European climates. For such case studies a suitable energy parametric analysis is performed by varying the thermal resistances and capacitances of the building envelope. By the simulation results interesting design and economic feasibility guidelines are obtained. In particular, by varying the weather location and the building-plant configuration, the adoption of BIPVT panels produces a decrease of the primary energy demands from 67 to 89%. The passive effects of the BIPVT system in both the winter and summer season are also assessed for all the investigated climate zones. The calculated economic profitability resulted slightly better for roof BIPVT panels than for roof and façade applications. For the investigated case studies, the pay back periods appear quite long, varying from 11 years for South European weather zones to 20 for North European ones.

- by Adolfo Palombo and +2
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- Renewable Energy, Sustainable Building Design, Energy Efficiency Buildings, Building Energy Simulation

Electric lighting is one of the major energy consuming items in many non-domestic buildings. Using appropriate energy-efficient light fittings with dimming controls and proper daylighting schemes can help reduce the electrical demand and contribute to visual comfort and green building development. This paper presents a study on the energy and lighting performances for energy-efficient fluorescent lamps associated with electronic ballasts and high frequency photoelectric dimming controls installed in a school building. Electricity expenditures and indoor illuminance levels for a workshop and a classroom employing high frequency dimming controls were analyzed. Simple prediction methods were used to illustrate the lighting savings. The findings provide the operational and performance information, which would be applicable to other spaces with similar building layouts and lighting schemes.

- by Sharyl Wong
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- Engineering, Economics, Control system, Green Building
- by Karim El Sady
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- Sustainable Development, Green Building

There is nowadays no single fully satisfactory method for VOC removal from indoor air due to the difficulties linked to the very low concentration (μg m − 3 range), diversity, and variability at which VOCs are typically found in the indoor environment. Although biological methods have shown a certain potential for this purpose, the specific characteristic of indoor air and the indoor air environment brings numerous challenges. In particular, new methods must be developed to inoculate, express, and maintain a suitable and diverse catabolic ability under conditions of trace substrate concentration which might not sustain microbial growth. In addition, the biological treatment of indoor air must be able to purify large amounts of air in confined environments with minimal nuisances and release of microorganisms. This requires technical innovations, the development of specific testing protocols and a deep understanding of microbial activities and the mechanisms of substrate uptake at trace concentrations.

- by M. Ondarts and +3
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- Engineering, Technology, Indoor Air Quality, Biotechnology

I do not hesitate to say that any edition of Sun, Wind & Light: Architectural Design Strategies should be on the shelves of every design student, practitioner, and organization involved in city-building and environmental/energy consulting. And for those interested in updating an older version, the 3rd edition of SWL is a worthwhile investment.

Green roofs present a viable solution for increasing rainwater retention while improving the energy performance of both new and existing buildings. Considering the widespread occurrence of existing buildings, it is worthwhile to conduct an in-depth analysis of green roof feasibility for retrofitting these buildings. In such cases, the first constraint is related to structural compatibility. Therefore, the use of lightweight systems should be prioritized to minimize overloading of the existing roof. Another possible constraint concerns the viability of green roofs. The main advantages of green roofs are their energy savings and environmental benefits. In this study, different green roof solutions were evaluated and their performance was compared against the findings of previous studies. The analysis was carried out in the Mediterranean city of Catania, and the results show that only green roof solutions with a load limit of 1.46 kN/m 2 are suitable for retrofitting existing buildings. As regards the energy savings, energy consumption for cooling was reduced by 31–35%, and during winter, energy consumption for heating decreased by 2–10%. The environmental benefits were quantified during summer and compared to those of non-vegetated roofs. The results show removals of 1.35 kg m-2 ·y −1 of CO 2 and 0.03 kg m-2 ·y −1 of NO 2. Finally, the economic analysis indicates that the discounted payback time of the investment varies from 13 to 18 years depending on the substrates and vegetation used on the green roof.

- by Stefano Cascone
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- Green Infrastructure, Green architecture, Green Construction, Green Building

Thrust of computing was initially on faster analysis and speedier calculations and solving of mare complex problems but in the recent past another focus has got immense importance and that is achievement of energy efficiency, minimization consumption of e-equipment‘s. It has also given utmost attention to minimization of e-waste and use of non-toxic materials in preparation of e-equipment. World leaders have also taken move towards this by following some principles. Now it is the time for the end users community to follow some rules of thumb to achieve partly benefit of ―Green Computing ‖. In India, the implement -ability of principle of ― Green Computing is facing a dilemma due to many socio -economic matters and those are linked to be soughed out to pull India in the mainstream movement of ― Green Computing.

- by rj fahim
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- Green Computing, Green Building, Green Technology

This article reflects upon the impact that technology and innovation has had on urban development. From NASA's Landstat program, to Google maps and GPS, technlogy has had a significant impact on urban planning and land use law. The article begins with a discussion of the impact of the elevator and steel technologies on urban architecture and density, and then moves to changes in transportation such as the automobile and the development of public transportation systems. Green buildings, GIS, satellite data, online mapping, personal computers, the Internet and cell phones are all examined.

- by Patricia Salkin
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- Engineering, Technology, Public Transport, Urban Planning

This paper deals with European TRY weather data processing for climatic indexes generation, useful for HVAC energy and cost simplified evaluation. For nine Italian locations are presented: 99 and 2)5% dry bulb temperatures, 2)5% wet bulb temperatures, heating and cooling degree days, latent enthalpy days, unitary sensible and latent loads. TRY psychrometric data were processed according to a bin method that preserves the correlation between dry bulb temperature and moisture content, and then reduced by an averaging technique. An example is worked out in order to present an engineering shorthand for energy and cost evaluation of HVAC system.

- by Pietro Mazzei
- •
- Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Energy, Energy Efficiency Buildings

Although, the Civil Engineers are relentlessly working with the goal of enhancing the quality of human life by providing the buildings which offer comfortable, carefree and healthy life to its occupants, there are still challenges faced by them. The environmental impact of construction activities, increasing demands for resources like water and energy with their rapid depletion, global warming are the major snags till to be surmount to achieve their goal. 'Green and Energy Efficient Buildings' provide the solution to this by efficient use of the resources, reduce waste, pollution, and protect health of occupants. This paper deals with the challenges faced by the Construction Industry, while constructing the Green and Energy Efficient Buildings and discusses the possible solutions to overcome these challenges.

- by Dr. Manoj Anaokar
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- Energy Efficiency Buildings, Green Building

Natural gas is still the primary input of the Hungarian heating and cooling systems, therefore it still makes most of the overheads. One of the main obstacles of a competitive district heating system is the public opinion which still considers this service more expensive than the traditional heating forms. According to the absolute numbers this assumption might be valid but from a more accurate economic perspective, heat production has more aspects to stress. Most people forget about the simple fact that the maintenance costs of natural gas based systems are rather outsourced to the consumer than in the case of district heating. Furthermore, the uneven rate of the fixed and variable costs of this technology does not prove to be optimal for service developments. Investigating the future tendencies highlight that encouraging the efficiency improvement of district heating and the spread of technological innovation in the sector does not belong to the top priorities. Still, avoiding this problem it could lead serious deadweight losses in the case of the heating sector.

- by J. Sándor Zsarnóczai
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- Engineering, Carbon Management, GHG Emissions, Green Building

For domestic buildings to meet current definitions of zero carbon the building fabric and services must achieve 70% reduction in energy use, taking the carbon emissions down to less than 7 Kg CO2/m2. However, there is a significant... more

- by Ajar Buditama
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- Environmental Law, Construction Law, Green Building, Australian Law

The beneficial effect of vegetation on particle deposition is often stated in arboricultural literature but has rarely been researched in detail. To quantify these filtering effects of faç ade greening, it is necessary to study the accumulation properties of leaf surfaces on particle adsorption. In this paper attention will be given to a measure technique for particle adsorption on vegetation. The presented preliminary study aims to classify the total amount of particles by counting of particles on ESEM photographs. In the PhD research more attention will be given on the relation between particle reduction and the effect of vegetation on air quality improvements. Two locations were investigated, namely: leaves from near a traffic road and from a woodland. A difference in the particle amount was found at the underside and upper side of the leaves. For example, in a sampling at early autumn for the road location roughly 7000 particles (per 1275 × 950 m) were counted for the upper side, and, roughly 3200 particles for the underside. Also a difference in particle amount was found between the two different locations, respectively roughly 7000 particles for the upper side of the leaf at the road location and roughly 3300 for the woodland location. The comparison must give more insight into the sink capacity of vegetation, but also between the environments. In the paper, results of counting particles on leaves from both locations are provided via a factorial design approach with four independent factors at two levels (height, leaf, time and environment). The outcome of the factorial design shows that there is a difference between the collecting capacity of the leaf (upper side/underside) and between the environments (road/woodland). Fine and ultra-fine particles (i.e., the fractions that are potentially the most harmful to human health) were more abundantly found on the leaves than coarser particles. Also some energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) of the adhered particles is provided. As the main conclusion of this research, it can be said that counting particles instead of weighing particles on a specific leaf area seems to be a proper way to classify aerosol deposition on vegetation.

- by M. Ottelé
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- Engineering, Ecological Engineering, Earth Sciences, Environmental Science

This study directs attention towards the New Cairo community, which is one of the new urban settlements that have been developed around Cairo, Egypt. People recently have tended to install or extend mechanical cooling equipment in their dwellings in order to overcome the problem of thermal discomfort from overheating. Although the mechanical cooling significantly raises utilities bills, it is still the preferred choice for the majority of the residents. The lack of awareness about the advantages of Passive Cooling Techniques (PCT), in addition to uncertain about their costs and effectiveness, has made PCT unpopular options for both designers and owners. This study investigates the costs and benefits of two PCT, which include the influence of the thermal transmittance of the walls (U-value), and the attachment of solar shading devices. The Whole Life Cycle Costing (WLCC) evaluation method is used to estimate the payback period of applying the PCT. The PCT were simulated using the dyn...

- by Wael Sheta
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- Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Energy Economics, Environmental Economics

Today, standards can be considered reliable methods to be used in the sustainable design of buildings. The aim of creating building rating systems is to provide a standard in the building exploitation step to evaluate the building with the determined criteria. Nowadays, scoring and rating systems of sustainable buildings have been developed as a method for building environmental evaluation. On the other hand, one of the challenges for developing and using such systems is selecting criteria and prioritizing them, and no ideal instrument can be designed regardless of climatic conditions, geographical conditions, and particular environmental priorities. Hence, regional rating system development has been welcomed significantly more than international systems. In this study, to achieve a rating system consistent with climatic conditions and environmental limitations of dry and cold climates, a comprehensive study is firstly conducted on available rating systems. Then, the indicator portfolio and the classification of the indicators are done based on climate and regional needs and problems. Also, for weighting purposes, indicators and sub-indicators are codified using the Delphi method.

- by Ali Asgari
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- Sustainable Development, Green Building, Climatic Design

RESUMO A adequação do sector da construção aos objectivos de desenvolvimento sustentável resultantes dos indicadores de pressão sobre os ecossistemas requer: por um lado, uma alteração evolutiva dos standards pelos quais são avaliados ambientalmente os edifícios, e por outro, o incremento de acções de reabilitação do edificado existente, em detrimento da prática de prioridade à demolição e construção nova. Face a esta situação, no âmbito da construção sustentável, o design regenerativo propõe objectivos que excedem os parâmetros definidos pelos actuais sistemas de certificação e os padrões zero de impactes, procurando mesmo produzir contribuições positivas, em direcção a uma acção reparadora local, em colaboração com os sistemas vivos e os ciclos naturais. Em contexto português, onde o parque edificado existente excede as necessidades habitacionais da população, a avaliação das possibilidades e dos limites do design regenerativo em intervenções de reabilitação constitui um caminho essencial para atingir uma sustentabilidade forte. O presente trabalho procura definir algumas directrizes elementares de aplicação de estratégias regenerativas em edificado existente, seguindo uma metodologia de investigação suportada por revisão de literatura, análise de casos de estudo e sistematização de critérios de intervenção, como contributo base possível para o desenvolvimento futuro de investigação. Palavras-chave: Arquitectura integrada, Design regenerativo, Ecologia aplicada, Sustentabilidade, Reabilitação do edificado existente INTRODUÇÃO Apesar da presente consciencialização global sobre ambiente e sustentabilidade, verifica-se na realidade o agravamento dos diversos problemas, de origem antrópica, que afectam o equilíbrio do planeta, entre os quais se podem mencionar o fenómeno do aquecimento global, o esgotamento dos recursos naturais, as elevadas concentrações de resíduos sólidos e de poluição bio-acumulativa, a redução da biodiversidade, a desertificação e a crescente degradação dos solos agrícolas. (WWF: 2008) Assumindo a importância significativa do sector da construção sobre estes impactes ambientais, a partir da década de 70 do século XX, é gerado um movimento de esforços de investigação no sentido de ser garantida uma prática de construção mais sustentável. Ao longo dos últimos 30 anos, as evoluções nesta área foram consideráveis e significativas, incluindo o desenvolvimento e aplicação de sistemas de certificação ambiental de edifícios, em diversos países,-tais como GBTool (Green Building Tool), a nível internacional, o LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), nos Estados Unidos da América, e o LiderA (Liderar pelo ambiente a procura da sustentabilidade na construção), em Portugal-, a criação de instrumentos de análise, modelação e base de dados de suporte aos projectistas nos processos de decisão,-como programas de cálculo e análise de ciclo de vida-, e ainda o desenvolvimento de processos e metodologias de design integrado. Simultaneamente, o campo de pesquisa da construção sustentável foi progressivamente objecto de expansão, alargando-se a mais campos disciplinares, e subsistemas teóricos de índole/preocupação ambiental, vindo também a integrar conceitos de pensamento sistémico. Foram também introduzidas transformações no mercado imobiliário, assistindo-se progressivamente a uma maior penetração do marketing verde, e no domínio regulamentar e normativo,-em particular no caso português, em 2006, com a entrada em vigor do Sistema Nacional de Certificação Energética e da Qualidade do Ar Interior nos Edifícios (SCE).

Low energy buildings use less than 50 % of the energy used in typical buildings. Such energy efficient buildings can only be achieved by applying unconventional approaches. However, the applicability of the unconventional strategies and techniques is challenging. This proposal presents an innovative idea that can be applied to overcome barriers to implementation of one of these unconventional techniques that used to maximize the utilization of daylighting within buildings.
Daylight guidance systems (DGS) deliver daylight into windowless and remote parts of buildings via light ducts or fiber optics. DGS that based on light duct to channel daylight are relatively economical, more likely to maintain daylight characteristics, and capable of delivering both direct and diffused daylight. However, they still lack widespread use due to installation difficulty. They use light ducts that occupy significant spaces to distribute daylight. The integration of DGS light ducts and HVAC ducts emerges as a novel and promising solution. The integrated dual ducting system has the potential to maximize the utilization of daylighting, reduce costs and avoid conflicts between building systems.
The widely used HVAC systems uses duct networks already integrated with the other building systems. The HVAC ducts are capable of reaching most spaces, and are of comparable size to light ducts. Thus, they are a prime target for the development of dual ducts; a single duct to transport and distribute both air and light.
The proposed system is very practical and benefit from the available facilities to produce a new product and propose a new design approach. Cooperation between architect/lighting designer and HVAC designer can be made to convert conventional ducts network design and material into the dual ducting system. There is no other product on the market that is used to deliver both air and daylight, and no other system has been designed or developed to provide this service.

Teknolojinin gelişmesi ile birlikte küresel anlamda meydana gelen değişimler, ekonomik dalgalanmalar yeryüzünün kaynak noktasında azalmasına neden olmaktadır. Meydana gelen bu etkiler ile birlikte çevresel tehditler artarak yapılaşma noktasında değişimi de zorlamaktadır. Kütüphanenin oluşumunda etkili olan bina faktörü ile bulunmuş olduğu konum itibariyle yükümlü olduğu belirli işlevler bulunmaktadır. Bu işlevler ile birlikte belirli yöntemler doğrultusunda hareket ederek en iyi şekilde hizmet vermeye çalışmaktadır. Kütüphaneler, belirlenen özel tasarımlar ile inşa edilmiş veya farklı bir amaç için kullanılan binaların tasarımını kütüphane formatına dönüştürülerek faaliyet sürdürmektedir. Kütüphane amacı ile inşa edilen veya onarılan bu yapılar çevre üzerinde doğrudan veya dolaylı etkilere sahiptirler. Bu yapıların kullanılması, yenilenmesi ve yıkılması, yeniden kullanılmaya başlandığı sırada enerji, su kullanımı, atıkların üretimi ve kirli gazların ortaya çıkmasını beraberinde getirmektedir. Ortaya çıkan bu olumsuz etkileri yok etmek çok kolay olmasa da etkilerini minimum düzeye indirgemek mümkün olabilir. Her yaşta herkesin yaşam boyu öğrenme merkezi olan kütüphaneler, bilgi kaynaklarını korumak ve bilgi hizmetlerini sunmak değildir, aynı zamanda çevreye karşı duyarlılığı arttırmak ve Uluslararası Standartlar doğrultusunda uygulamaları kendi bünyesinde gerçekleştirerek bir örnek teşkil etmektir. Çevre dostu binaların bir akımı olan yeşil kütüphane binaları, doğanın dengesini korumaya katkı sağlamakla birlikte emsalleri ile aynı kalitede olabilecek, daha düşük bütçeler ile üretilmesi ve çevre kirliliğinde en az pay sahibi olması gerekmektedir. Sürdürülebilir kavramı ile birlikte yeşil kütüphaneler, üçüncü mekân teknoloji-kütüphane ilişkisi gibi yeni kavramlara eşlik eden çağrışımlar ortaya çıkmaktadır. Yeşil kütüphane olarak nitelendirilen mekânlar çevreci hareketi kapsamında belirli faaliyetler sonucunda yapıları gereği doğa ile uyumlu bir ahenk sağlamaktadır. Çevreci bir bakışla düzenlenen kütüphane binaları bünyesinde barındırmış olduğu koleksiyonlar ve kütüphane uygulamaları dışında, binaların çevresel sürdürülebilirliği açısından katkısı olacağı inkâr edilemez. Yeşil kütüphane hareketi kapsamında inşa edilen kütüphane binalarını, Kaliforniya Atık Yönetim Kurulu, binayı ekolojik açıdan kaynak verimliliği sağlayan ve yeniden kullanılabilir, malzemelerden inşa edilmiş bina türü olarak tanımlanır. Yeşil kütüphane binaları belirtilen tanım doğrultusunda çevrenin yeşil kalması, binanın yapımı veya onarılması ile birlikte bulunduğu konumun dengesini az zarar ile sağlık açısından katkı sunan yapılardır. Yeşil kütüphane binaları belirtilen bazı özellikler doğrultusunda tasarlanmaktadır. Binaların inşası noktasında terk edilmiş bir sanayi bölgesi tercih edilmesi önerilebilir. Bu sanayi noktasının çevreye kazandırılması açısından önemli bir husustur. Bunun için alan seçimi yeşil kütüphane binaları açısından önemli olduğu söylenebilir. Binalar mevcut yapısı korunarak bir onarma işlemine tâbi tutulacak ise binanın bulunduğu konum yeşile elverişli değilse, maliyet-fayda hesabı yapılarak maliyeti hesaplanır ve gerekli iyileştirmeler yapılabilir. Yeşil kütüphaneler ulaşım için alternatif ulaşım seçeneklerini destekleyerek kullanıcılar için bisiklet yolu ve park gibi alanları tasarlayabilirler. Buna yönelik ayrıca toplu taşıma araçlarına, metro istasyonlarına yakın olması da bir diğer seçenek olarak belirlenebilir. Yeşil kütüphane binaları çevreci bakışı ile enerji kullanımı için binalarda yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları(güneş, rüzgâr, jeotermal) kullanılabilir. Binaların çatı kısımları için yeşil renk kullanılması da öngörülmektedir. Yeşil rengin havada bulunan toz ve yağmur sularında ki zararlı maddeleri tutucu özelliğine sahiptir.

- by Miras Kızılkaya
- •
- Green Libraries, Green Building, green library buildings

The construction industry has a negative impact on the environment, due the exploitation of raw materials, transportation of materials and the construction process itself. In Brazil, discussions around the alternatives towards a more sustainable construction have led to the adoption of some foreign systems for the environmental evaluation of buildings – particularly the North American LEED certification. On August 2016, registers indicated 354 certified buildings in the country. Despite the dissemination, LEED's validity to orient the production of sustainable buildings should be discussed. This research has the intent to analyse the contribution of LEED rating system for the improvement of environmental performance in Brazilians' buildings. The research method includes, at first, the assessment of certification map, in order to identify LEED type most widely adopted – which revealed the preference for LEED CS (for Core and Schell). Second, the analyses of the scoreboard for each LEED CS certified building. Results indicate that some relevant environmental targets had been often ignored by certain LEED CS certified buildings. So, it is necessary to review the exaggerated importance given to environmental rating systems, and to enlighten some new possibilities that will lead civil construction industry to the next level towards sustainable development.

Recent researches on building construction and deconstruction seem to suggest that, from a theoretical point of view, the criteria for buildings' connection selection might lead to scenarios of total material recovery and would allow the closing of the material loop cycle.
This paper presents the first step of a research that aims to create a knowledge base about the relation between buildings' connections and material recovery. As in Architecture were building design is often approached with top-down strategies, main literature consulted also presents a top-down thinking in building connections and joining framing were these themes hardly are the central focus. Therefore, as an alternative, a bottom-up or inductive approach to buildings' connections is necessary in order to obtain a more solid knowledge support on the topic. Connections' classifications need to be linked together in order to form a larger view of connections
complexity and related issues.

presented by Oswar Mungkasa (Deputy Governor of DKI Jakarta for Spatial Planning and Environment) in Eco-City Live Project 2018 Symposium/Panel Discussion/Lecture held by University of Indonesia in collaboration with University of Florida... more

presented by Oswar Mungkasa (Deputy Governor of DKI Jakarta for Spatial Planning and Environment) in Eco-City Live Project 2018
Symposium/Panel Discussion/Lecture
held by University of Indonesia in collaboration with University of Florida and Cardiff University
Depok, January 22, 2018

- by oswar mungkasa
- •
- Green Building, Green buildings, Green City

The provision of daylighting in buildings reduces energy consumption required by electric lighting systems and protects the environment. In addition, it improves the visual environment within buildings, which reflects on the productivity and well-being of its users.
In order to maximize the utilization of daylighting, many innovative daylighting systems (IDS) have been developed. All of them depend on optical materials to collect and deliver daylight. As a result, dirt accumulation on the surface of the IDS affects efficiency, especially, in desert regions.
The problem of dirt accumulation has been addressed in the field of solar panels since the 1940s, and many cleaning methods have been developed. However, the application of these methods on the IDS needs further investigation due to the large differences between the solar panels and optical components of the IDS in terms of materials, size, shape, location and many other aspects.
This study investigates dirt accumulation effects on the IDS and possible cleaning methods. It suggests six cleaning mechanisms and twelve cleaning systems that suit different types of IDS in various operating circumstances. The suggested systems can be developed using already available technologies in order to achieve the ultimate in IDS efficiency restoration. However, before this can be done, the economic, environmental, and operational aspects, in addition to potential levels of efficacy and applicability must be assessed.
The study generates parametric tools to predict the economic performances of cleaning systems prior to implementation, considering the most sensitive parameters affecting the cost of cleaning, whether the process is manual or automated. The tool parametrically presents the payback periods of automated cleaning systems in a wide range of configurations. A second tool parametrically presents the annual manual cleaning cost as a percentage of the monetary value of the energy savings gained due to utilization of the IDS.

- by Mohammed Mayhoub
- •
- Environmental Engineering, Architecture, Renewable Energy, Energy

The recent rapid increase in human population over the last two hundred years has raised concerns that humans are beginning to overpopulate our planet, while the available natural resources may not be able to sustain present or larger numbers of humans. However, the industrial revolution has contributed to the development of humans it led to a population shift from rural villages to urban cities and megacities. This population shift has created new problems that didn’t exist before, challenging to maintain a sustainable living. The rapid growth of cities is due to the need to build new homes and provide services for inhabitants of these cities but with much less knowledge of the downsides on the environment, which led to the increase of harmful gas emissions in the air with unprecedented amounts that are now threatening our healthy living. Therefore, the need to develop a new kind of technology that is able to produce less emissions or in fact zero-emissions production is imperative to stop climate change and it became a global challenge to all architects in the past decade, not only to provide more healthy environment to all living beings but also preserve natural resource for future generations. However, the ultimate challenge is to construct buildings that can also restore the damage caused by previous generations and other industries.
This research has a large goal to spur fundamental shifts in thinking and practice in sustainable architecture to improve human life and reduce environmental degradation. This is an ambitious aim that is difficult to achieve yet one reality is evident: Biological Technologies are the key. While the past century was dominated by the flow of information, and advances in physics, electronics and communication, this coming era is considered to be the biological and nanotechnological revolution
Biological NanoArchitecture focuses on biotechnology and nanotechnology use in architecture; mimicking a natural bio system in the building process through the use of nanotechnology, to create a distinctive trend of architecture that is in harmony with the environment and embedded in nature. This new trend of architecture will solve economic issues, provide more human comfort and restores a healthy environment not only for the building users but also for greater society.

- by Maged Elsamny
- •
- Future Studies, Materials Science, Architecture, Biomaterials

Overcoming fear is the test of humanity Civilization, having arrived at a dead end in its "progress," is trying in vain to find the way out, acting on the suggestions of science, religion, politics, economics, and the other usual instruments and means. These ATTEMPTS FAIL not due to the mistakes or inadequate qualifications of those offering remedies, nor to the lack of technical knowledge. The problem is much deeper. It lies in a false materialistic worldview-an incorrect understanding of the nature of Man (even the Chinese information on acupuncture points is incomplete-the possibilities of the impact on the body are wider and constant even without acupuncture) and the surrounding world. Some scientists smash particles in accelerators, trying to "piece together" a picture of reality from fragments; others try to definitively answer why wind blows and rain falls; and the boldest of all try to explain changes taking place without understanding their source; and all of them operate from misconceptions about the purpose of human existence on the Earth. The fundamental worldview of modern science is based on the flawed sequence of solid-> liquid-> gas-> unorganized plasma. But it must be considered in a different order: strictly organized plasma-> material structures (solid, liquid, gaseous), including not only the material ("visible") part, built on the Earth in octaves from 12 to 63 (frequencies-2 8-2 60) but also non-material (2 62-2 512). Atomic structures-found only in the UPPER OCTAVES (frequencies) of PLASMA, have nothing to do with the planetary model of Niels Bohr. The ACCELERATING CHANGES in the surrounding reality-manifesting as changing climate, increasing number of natural disasters, changes in flora and fauna, epidemics of "unknown" diseases, and the increasingly obvious uselessness of strategies for combating diseases, which only yesterday seemed to be effective-are unsuccessfully TRYING TO DRAW PEOPLE'S ATTENTION to the necessity of reconsidering their views and relations with the surrounding world. It is time to stop playing the role of the "Master of Nature" on the Earth, and to find our appropriate place in it.

We survey the growing theoretical literature on the motives for and welfare effects of corporate greening. We show how both market and political forces are making environmental CSR profitable, and we also discuss morally-motivated or altruistic CSR. Welfare effects of CSR are subtle and situation-contingent, and there is no guarantee that CSR enhances social welfare. We identify numerous areas in which additional theoretical work is needed.

Reducing energy consumption is a critical issue for our human civilization. As our population grows, and as our energy consumption increases, more and more natural resources are depleted or destroyed in the process of producing energy to sustain ourselves. Release of carbon dioxide and methane from our current means of energy production is at a dangerous level, one that threatens to plunge the planet into catastrophic climate change. Reducing our energy usage is one critical component of avoiding those outcomes, and one key way of reducing our energy usage is through changing the design of our dwellings: the buildings in which we live, work, and visit. In order to make our buildings more energy-efficient, we can use a tool called life-cycle assessment (LCA). Life-cycle assessment measures the costs associated with the entire process involved in a product's existence, including material acquisition, processing, transportation, construction, usage, maintenance, demolition, and disposal/recycling. This review will examine the scientific literature on the process of LCA, on the results of LCA when applied to energy conservation in buildings, and how to better apply LCA towards the building industry.

- by Leland Wright
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- Green Building, Life Cycle Analysis

Given the tremendous impact of buildings on the ecosystem, the Russian Federation is under pressure to become more ecologically sound in its building construction and operation practices. Under the same pressure, several other countries that have been less explicit about their environmental commitment than the RF have established green building rating systems (GBRSs) like LEED® of the US Green Building Council. This diagnostic pilot study investigated why there is such system in the RF, expecting that there are potent contextual impediments to it. The study was designed as a fluid interaction between archival ethnographic research and in-depth qualitative interviews.

- by Elena Nicki
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- Architecture, Green Building, Building

Strategie per la residenza urbana contemporanea tra tradizione e innovazione

- by Francesco Caparello
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- Architecture, Housing, Green architecture, Green Building

A well established factor across the globe about climate change and Green House Gas (GHG) emissions is a cause of worry. Construction industry contributes one third of energy used and associated emissions across the world. It is necessary to negate impact of major contributor for environment degradation. Efforts are initiated through green buildings, limited to a self driven initiative of engineers, due to lack of awareness among people. Therefore a pedagogical shift from existing normative approach to pro-active approach is necessary to understand, spread awareness and practicality of environment conservation. This paper emphasizes the past, present and the future green building pedagogical practices in India. The present pedagogy of green building talks about the use of cosmetics like glasses, Aluminium Composite Panel (ACP) etc. in the building. The future pedagogy talks about the uses of sensors and nano technology in building industry. Whereas the evident traces of traditional green building is lacking in existing pedagogical practice as the buildings have been standing through time. The improvement in pedagogical practice impacts the results in advanced innovative technological research supporting the construction industry. This paper aims at importance of transferring knowledge through imparting structural approach of conveying the green building, material and construction technology at various level of formal learning. Learning should also involve the concepts, practice, pro and cons of skilled labour, cost, life cycle, re-use, self sustainability, impact on the environment, embodied energy, indoor air quality through orientation, water conservation and management, shape, design, energy consumption, carbon credit. This way of learning Mustakeem R. Khan et al 28 will help in achieving objectives of Kyoto Protocol, Rio and various environmental conferences.

- by Jenny Bai
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- Pedagogy, Green Building, Carbon credit, Formal Learning

Often described as a concrete jungle, the city of Mumbai has seen an alarming rise of vertical architecture in order to meet its housing demand which is on a rise with influx of population in the city. Unable to meet the demand, lack of housing has resulted in huge shanties across the city. The cities demand for housing sees no lull. Every vacant space is viewed as an opportunity for the builders to create housing facility to meet the never ending demand for shelter. Buildings deplete multiple resources like forests, open spaces, water, minerals, producing major pollutants. Thus its contributes majorly to increased carbon footprints in the city. However very little attention is paid to the greening of this sector of economy. Housing construction is seen in isolation to energy and water use efficiency. The construction process also neglects the waste management aspect. This hinders the Green aspirations of the city. The current construction environment needs newer green and sustainable techniques for building this infrastructure. These newer techniques hold the keys to foundation of green buildings.

- by Janki Pandya
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- Global cities, Urban Planning, Green architecture, Green Building

Windows are often considered the weakest point in building envelopes, especially in buildings with high window-to-wall ratios, where the windows exhibit much higher thermal transmittance than the opaque portion of the walls. The poor thermal performance of windows can largely be attributed to their frames which have higher thermal transmittance than the glazing portions. This study investigates the thermal transmittance of 48 commercially-available high-performance aluminium, fibreglass, polyvinylchloride (PVC) and wood-composite window frames. Then, it focuses on the possible improvements of each frame by inserting aerogel in the frame cavities. Several modifications of the frame cavities are assessed through two-dimensional numerical modelling done according to the ISO 10077-2 standard. This research concludes that filling existing empty cavities of window frames with aerogel granules could reduce the frame thermal transmittance by 4-29% depending on the frame type. Moreover, the complete filling of the cavities with aerogel can further reduce the thermal transmittance by 35%. Finally, for each investigated material, window frames with a thermal transmittance as low as 0.5 W/m 2 K are proposed.

- by Umberto Berardi
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- Energy, Sustainable Building Design, Aerogels, Nanotechnology
- by Abbas said
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- Engineering, Green Building, Certification

Green building has become an important issue among architects and urban planners due to the increment in global warming risks and climatic changes which influenced negatively on natural resources. It is also one of measures been put forward to alleviate the significant impacts of the influence of buildings on the environment, society and economy. There have been extensive studies on green buildings, as evidenced in the rapid growing number of papers been published in last decades. These studies have been conducted in both developed countries and developing countries, indicating this is a global issue. However, there is lack of extensive researches on the green buildings in Iraq that is crucial for the future exerts. This paper reports the definition of green building, the environmental, social and economical aspects of green building, and application of green building's principles in traditional housing in Iraq.

- by Mastor Surat
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- Business, Engineering, Green Building

Green building (GB) is part of the concept of promoting sustainability. Although GB and the concept of sustainability are well studied for environmental concerns, their business rationale and related social concerns have not been fully explored or widely accepted by the parties involved in the building sector. In this study, the situation of GB market in relation to the general building market is reviewed and the business rationales of stakeholders to invest in the GB market have been investigated from the perspective of building designers. In addition, the factors that enhance the popularity of GB have been explored and the obstacles that hinder its market have been examined. The data are collected by a questionnaire survey covering building designers in Hong Kong and Singapore, the cities that are categorized as economically developed cities in Asia. After data analysis of the survey, this paper presents the findings of the business reasons for stakeholders to be involved in GB, the most favorable conditions required to promote GB business and the important obstacles that hinder its popularity. Based on the findings, recommendations and policy implications are tendered.

- by Edwin H W Chan
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- Design, Methodology, Data Analysis, Energy Policy

A microclimatic layer of the green façade is proven to have specific temperature and flow conditions on the building envelope. Lower temperatures and wind velocities, and higher relative humidity in the microclimatic layer are the characteristics
of vertical greenery systems, which cause lower energy consumption for the cooling and heating of buildings. Despite innovative
architectural solutions, there are some drawbacks to applying vertical greenery on building envelopes. In this study, a bionic
façade that mimics the positive effects and eliminates the disadvantages of green façades is presented. The bionic façade consists
of bionic leaves, which are made of photovoltaic cells and evaporative matrices. A real scale experiment was carried out in the summer to evaluate the potential of the cooling efficiency of the microclimatic layer and a new photovoltaic cooling technique.
The results show a good agreement of the thermal performance between the bionic and the green façade and up to 20.8 K lower
surface temperatures of photovoltaic cells, which increase the daily electricity yield by 6.6%.

- by Tomaz Suklje
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- Green architecture, Heat and Mass Transfer, Green Building

Today, people beings spend a significant portion of their life in closed spaces.In general, in daily life during daytime; The people is located in buildings such as hospitals, warehouses, schools, industrial facilities or office buildings, while in the evenings it lives in residential buildings. Therefore, one of the three P (people, planet, profit) conception of the design concept in which the human being is kept in the center is dominated by the green building criteria and quality building construction priority is given priority. Starting with the hotels understanding of sound insulation rooms; Similar approaches have been made in office buildings, housing projects and all environments where people are present and the quality of the indoor environment has been systematized and defined in various certification systems. In this study, the Acoustic Performance credit in the Indoor Quality Title of the LEED Certificate issued by the American Green Buildings Association (USGBC) will be investigated.

Hempcrete is a bio-aggregate based composite material used for building envelopes which typically consists of hemp shiv (hurd), lime binder and water. Hempcrete has several distinct advantages including low thermal conductivity, effective moisture buffering, and high sound absorption, while having a high carbon sequestration " index ". This work investigates the impact of mix proportions on hempcrete properties and the hygrothermal performance of two proposed hempcrete wall assemblies for Ontario, Canada. The experimental results highlight the significant influence of the binder on the density and thermal conductivity of the final material. Thermal conductivity measurements ranged from 0.074 to 0.103 W/mK. Finally, hygrothermal analysis demonstrated that when using hempcrete in the Canadian climate a rain screen wall system is more suitable than a mass wall.

- by Umberto Berardi and +1
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- Materials Science, Sustainable Development, Sustainable Building Design, Sustainable Building Materials

Quaderni della didattica 8
Accademia Nazionale di San Luca, Roma 26 maggio - 19 giugno 2014
serie diretta da Francesco Moschini
Arti Visive e Architettura nella Società del Consumismo
Quaderno didattico del corso a cura di Paolo Portoghesi
Primo Volume Antologia Critica a cura di Petra Bernitsa
Questa prima raccolta antologica dal carattere interdisciplinare segna la via nel tentativo di costruire un percorso virtuoso e anticipa una successiva pubblicazione nella quale saranno accolti nuovi suggerimenti, nuovi contributi.
"Non c’è un minuto da perdere. La bellezza della terra è sottoposta a una azione di consumo sempre più rapida. Le decisioni di oggi si proiettano su un avvenire che riguarda tutti, e di tutte le ricchezze quella che è più criminoso dilapidare è proprio quella irrecuperabile dell’equilibrio ambientale".

- by Petra Bernitsa
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- Architecture, Landscape Architecture, Architectural History, Architectural Theory

Sustainability is being adopted into building codes at different levels of government and with varying motivation. The approach taken reflects local societal perceptions, political priorities, national policies and economic factors. One early contributor to this process was the U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program. LEED was setup as a voluntary program intended to transform the industry and can be seen as a success by a trend of including sustainable design practices in building codes around the globe. The International Green Construction Code (IgCC) is the basis for which most U.S. states can include sustainability in their building codes, although there are exceptions. California, for example, has developed its own program (CALGreen). The IgCC contains two options for compliance; the second being the application of ASHRAE Standard 189.1, managed and developed by ASHRAE, USGBC and the Illuminating Engineering Society. The adoption of energy performance standards also varies widely across the U.S., while in contrast the EU is moving towards nearly zero energy buildings at the end of this decade per various directives like EPBD and EED. The next several years will see further modification in this process in the U.S. as the IgCC and Standard 189.1 will be merged. This paper describes and compares the current status and trends of ‘sustainable’ building codes adapted by individual political entities within the U.S. and the EU.

- by Constantinos Balaras
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- Energy Efficiency Buildings, Green Building, Sustainability

This paper will discuss the assembly and construction process of the AIA pavilion, a 180sf lightweight structure in the French Quarter of the historic city of New Orleans. The paper will demonstrate how parametric software, such as Grasshopper can inform fabrication and material systems. It will explain the fabrication process of a pavilion in detail and make an argument for plastic as a material that not only responds to the malleable characteristic of digital tools but also to environmental issues.

- by Gernot Riether
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- Architecture, Green Building, Building

This paper summarizes the results of a large indoor environmental quality survey in office buildings, comparing green with non-green buildings. On average, occupants in green buildings were more satisfied with thermal comfort and air quality in their workspace. However, the average satisfaction scores in green buildings for lighting and acoustic quality were comparable to the non-green average. Comparing complaint profiles of those dissatisfied with lighting and acoustic quality, a higher percentage of occupants were dissatisfied with light levels and sound privacy in green buildings. Our results suggest a need for improvements in controllability of lighting, and innovative strategies to accommodate sound privacy needs in open plan or cubicle office layouts in both comparison groups.

- by Leah Zagreus and +1
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- Engineering, Architecture, Green Building, Indoor environmental quality

Today built heritage conservation should consider constantly changing needs of users. In particular, recent problems related to the economic crisis and to environmental pollution make issues related to consumption reduction and environmental impact particularly important.
Even if historical buildings have many sustainable features in terms of embodied energy and land consumption, they don’t perfectly meet current standards and impose many restraints from a constructive and typological/functional point of view.
In recent years a new approach to preservation has been derived from the theory of “care of monuments” by Ruskin: a preventive and constant maintenance, interpreted as less destructive and cheaper intervention and management of the continual becoming. Besides a lifecycle approach leads to reconsider management and to rethink the intervention putting in place a balance between positive and negative contributions in the long term.
The LCA mantra “from cradle to grave” is usually applied to new products taking into account all components, from the extraction/production of raw materials to the disposal of constructive elements. Since the main goal of historical buildings' conservation is to shift to infinity their dismissal time, this study aims to lay the foundations for an innovative approach for sustainability assessment of existing buildings that should consider the resources savings and doesn’t set a time limit for the building’s life.
The paper focuses on “minor” built heritage, the most exposed to abandonment and decay.

- by Emanuele Zamperini and +1
- •
- Architecture, Cultural Heritage, Historic Preservation, Sustainable Development

This 1992 paper reports on work in progress in 'Design for Energy Efficiency,' one of fifteen task areas of the U.S. Department of Energy sponsored Energy Efficient Industrialized Housing research program. In this task, design studies establish visions of energy efficient housing systems and technologies for the year 2030 from which shorter term research activities can be defined. One study for a 'Multifamily Concrete Panel House in a Hot-Arid Climate,' a primarily passive solar design, responds to trends anticipating demand for small, minimum cost multi-family houses in sun-belt suburbs, diversifying household composition, declining wood resources, advancing concrete technology, increasing site density, and competition for cooling energy. Task background and progress is presented with an emphasis on passive solar systems and goals.