Impregnation Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Breast tuberculosis is a rare condition. It poses a differential diagnosis problem with breast cancer because the clinic and imaging are not specific. Breast tuberculosis should be mentioned mainly in endemic countries or in immunocompromised individuals. We report a case of breast tuberculosis in a postmenopausal woman through this case, we describe the particularity clinical and evolving of this entity, and we discuss the diagnostic difficulties.

- by and +1
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- Cancer, Cancer Biology, Tuberculosis, Breast

Impregnated activated carbons (IACs) have been prepared successfully from aqueous solution of copper, zinc, silver and molybdenum for the removal of toxic gases from air. First, the activated carbon was impregnated by imbibing limit method with single metal, then a combination of 2 to 4 metals was used. The aim of this study was to access the adsorption capability of raw activated carbons (RAC) and IACs for SO 2 and NO 2 gases. Different techniques such as XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX mapping, AAS and BET surface area analyzer were used for characterization of materials. Results indicate that IACs provided satisfactory protection against challenge gases. Using the FTIR based gas analyzer, a significant increase in breakthrough time of all IACs was observed as compared to RAC. The maximum breakthrough time was achieved with four metals (Cu, Zn, Ag and Mo) impregnated on activated carbon i.e. 120.5 min for SO 2 and 139.0 min for NO 2 , which were 13 and 25 times high respectively, in comparison with RAC. Adsorption capacity was found to be 320 mg SO 2 /g-C and 380 mg NO 2 /g-C. In comparison with RAC, ASZM2 carbon showed enhanced adsorption capability up to 30 times for SO 2 and 40 times for NO 2 .

- by Dr. Yasir Faiz and +2
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- Environmental Engineering, Environmental Science, FTIR spectroscopy, Air pollution

Heavy metals in human body cause chronic diseases when in excess like Parkinson’s disease and cancer. Techniques are developed to detect small concentrations of heavy metals in water; one of them is stripping voltammetry. It involves current detection against the applied voltage. The resulting voltammograms are used to quantify the heavy metals present in the water body. This research is about manufacturing of
working electrode by impregnation method to increase the detection efficiency and other characteristics.
Vacuum impregnation of antimony over activated carbon was done. Four samples having 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% antimony by weight were prepared. Working electrode was prepared by holding samples over a copper structure with the help of a paraffin binder. “Square-wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry” tests were performed in electrochemical cell with an AUTOLAB potentiostat. Electrode characteristics like repeatability, reproducibility, optimal deposition time and minimum concentration detection were investigated.
Results show that antimony-impregnated activated carbon is potentially the best electrode available. Peak currents obtained for cadmium and lead were 29.2 and 49.4 μA respectively as compared to previous values of 6 and 3 μA respectively in 100 μg/L of both cadmium and lead. The reproducibility, repeatability and minimum concentration values show that the prepared electrode is suitable for the practical applications.

- by Muhammad Omer Farooqi
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- Electrochemistry, Catalysis, Water Treatment, Heavy metals

and 37.3 nm for Co⋅Ru/Al 2 O 3 /R/R, Co⋅Ru/Al 2 O 3 (R/I), and Co⋅Ru/Al 2 O 3 (I/I), respectively, which are nearly consistent with those sizes obtained by TEM images. Using Co⋅Ru/ Al 2 O 3 (R/I), the enhancement in CO conversion, C 5+ selec-tivity, and chain–growth probability were 30, 18, 12.5%, respectively, in compared to those obtained by Co⋅Ru/Al 2 O 3 (I/I) whereas the Co⋅Ru/Al 2 O 3 (R/R) catalyst did not highly improve the FT performance with respect to Co⋅Ru/Al 2 O 3 (I/I). Moreover, the highest CO conversion, C 5+ selectivity, chain–growth probability factor and the lowest C 1 selectiv-ity belonged to the hybrid reduction–impregnation method. The effects of temperature (T = 210–230 °C) and pressure (P = 10–20 bar) were thoroughly investigated while H 2 /CO ratio and GHSV were kept 2 and 1800 per hour, respectively. Using the reaction yield of C 5+ as a criterion, the Co⋅Ru/ Al 2 O 3 (R/I) catalyst was selected to be the most productive catalyst at the optimum operating conditions 230 °C and 10 bars. Abstract Three cobalt catalysts (Co) promoted by ruthe-nium supported on γ-Al 2 O 3 were synthesized by incipient wetness co-impregnation (I/I), successive reduction (R/R), and a novel hybrid reduction–impregnation (R/I) methods. The Co loading in all of the present catalysts was 15.0 wt% and that of Ru was 0.15 wt%. To study the influence of the preparation methods on activity and selectivity of the Fis-cher–Tropsch synthesis, we used the prepared catalysts in a fixed-bed reactor. The different characteristic analysis tools such as X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscopy, Hydrogen temperature–programmed reduction, Brunauer– Emmett–Teller, Inductive Coupled Plasma and Energy– dispersive X-ray were carried out to determine the properties of the present prepared catalysts. The TPR peaks for Co⋅Ru/Al 2 O 3 (R/I) catalyst were presented significantly at lower temperatures than those obtained for the Co⋅Ru/Al 2 O 3 (I/I) and Co⋅Ru/Al 2 O 3 (R/R) catalysts. The average sizes of the cobalt oxide particle were calculated as 7.9, 17.2, Graphical Abstract Keywords Fischer–Tropsch synthesis · Cobalt– ruthenium · γ-Al 2 O 3 · Catalyst · Impregnation · Surface reduction

In this work, ferric oxide nanoparticle decorated carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes (CNF/Fe 2 O 3 and CNT/Fe 2 O 3) were synthesized and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), zeta potential and BET surface area analyzer. The prepared nanocomposites were evaluated or the removal of phenol ions from aqueous solution. The effects of experimental parameters, such as shaking speed, pH, contact time, adsor-bent dosage and initial concentration, were evaluated for the phenol removal efficiency. The adsorp-tion experimental data were represented by both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The Langmuir isotherm model best fitted the data on the adsorption of phenol, with a high correlation coefficient. The adsorption capacities, as determined by the Langmuir isotherm model were

- by Ihsan Khan
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- Water Treatment, Carbon Nanotubes, Carbon Nanofiber, Phenols
- by Meryem Idrissi
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- Environmental Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Nanotechnology, Clay

The efficiency of Fe 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 nanoparticles-loaded activated carbon (AC) for the adsorption of phenol from waters, was investigated. The raw and doped ACs were characterized by using Scanning Electron Microsco-py, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface analysis. Batch adsorption experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of solution pH, agitation speed, contact time, adsorbent dosage and ionic strength on the phenol removal efficiency. Activated carbon impregnated with Fe 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 showed higher adsorption capacity compared to raw AC. The maximum removal of phenol was achieved by iron oxide, aluminum Oxide and titanium oxide doped AC under the optimum conditions of 200 mg dosage, at pH 7, 150 rpm agitation speed, 2 ppm initial phenol concentration and contact time of 2 h. While for raw AC, the maximum removal was achieved for an adsorbent dosage of 300 mg under the same treatment conditions. The Langmuir isotherm model best fitted the data of the adsorption of phenol using AC, AC–TiO 2 , AC–Fe 2 O 3 and AC–Al 2 O 3 , with correlation coefficient of 0.971, 0.96, 0.976 and 0.972. Surface characterization of both the impregnated AC showed an improvement in its surface area of the doped AC. The adsorption capacities, as determined by the Langmuir isotherm model were 1.5106, 3.1530, 3.2875 and 3.5461 mg/g for raw AC, AC–TiO 2, AC–Fe 2 O 3 and AC–Al 2 O 3 .

- by Ihsan Khan and +1
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- Water Treatment, Adsorption, Activated Carbon, Phenols

This work deals with antimony-impregnated activated carbon electrode for the detection of heavy metal ions. Activated carbon is employed to enhance the surface area of the working electrode. Square-wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry is performed to analyze the electrolytic solution. The peak currents for cadmium and lead are 29.2 and 49.4μA respectively, in 100 μg/L of cadmium and lead solution, which are considerably higher when equated with the previous reported values. Results also indicate that antimony-impregnated activated carbon is better when compared with the ratio of antimony amount to minimum detection limit.

- by Muhammad Omer Farooqi and +1
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- Antimony, Anodic Stripping Voltammetry, Impregnation, Working Electrode

Atieh (2016) Adsorption of phenol on aluminum oxide impregnated fly ash, Desalination and Water Treatment, 57:15, 6801-6808, In this work, the potential of fly ash impregnated with aluminum oxide (FA-Al 2 O 3) for adsorption of phenol from aqueous solution was studied. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of the experimental parameters pH, agitation speed, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentration on the phenol removal efficiency. The adsorption of phenol by FA-Al 2 O 3 was found to be pH dependent with the best removal achieved at pH 7. The optimum set of parameters for the removal were, 200 rpm agitation speed, 200 mg adsorbent dosage, 2 h contact time, and 2 ppm initial phenol concentration. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models represented the adsorption experimental data. However, the Langmuir isotherm model best fitted the data on the adsorption of phenol using FA and FA-Al 2 O 3 , with correlation coefficient of 97.7 and 97.9, respectively. The improvement in the adsorption efficiency of FA-Al 2 O 3 over FA could be attributed to the increase in the surface area, which was found to be 11.889 m 2 /g and 7.1 m 2 /g for FA-Al 2 O 3 and FA, respectively.

- by Ihsan Khan
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- Water Treatment, Flyash, Phenols, Impregnation

Granular activated carbon was loaded with 0.5% manganese and 1.0% iron (m/m) for glyphosate removal from aqueous solutions. The adsorbent material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, dispersive energy spectrometry, nitrogen adsorption techniques and zeta potential analyses. Batch studies were performed to investigate the adsorption equilibrium, kinetics mechanisms and to obtain thermodynamic information. Glyphosate adsorption increased with the contact time and achieved equilibrium within 24 h, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 9.19 mg g-1 at 45°C. Batch kinetic experimental data obeyed the pseudo-second-order model with R 2 >0.99. Adsorption isotherm experiments were carried out at 5, 15, 25, 35 and 45°C. The adsorption isotherms presented a better fitting using the Freundlich model (R 2 >0.98), indicating a multilayer adsorption of glyphosate. Thermodynamics studies showed that the adsorption of glyphosate onto granular activated carbon loaded with manganese and iron was spontaneous and feasible with negative values of ΔG°, endothermic with ΔH° of 20.924 kJ mol-1 and ΔS° of-73.250 J mol-1 K-1 , suggesting a decrease in randomness at the solid-liquid interface between glyphosate and the adsorbent. The experimental results demonstrated that activated carbon loaded with manganese and iron may be an alternative for glyphosate removal in water, wastewater treatment and purification processes.

- by Revista Ambiente & Água and +1
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- Water Treatment, Herbicide, Impregnation

In this study, trimetallic catalysts were prepared via the co-precipitation and impregnation methods. In order to investigate the effect of impregnation on the catalytic activity and crystallite size, a trimetallic catalyst, Fe-Ni-Ce, was prepared through the co-precipitation method in one set of experiments, and cerium was impregnated with the Ni-Fe mixture in the final stage of the preparation in another set. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was employed to confirm the formation of trimetallic catalysts and the success of the impregnation method. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller nitrogen adsorption isotherm exhibits a high specific surface area (approximately 39 m2 g−1) for the nanoparticles obtained by the impregnation method. The crystallography and morphology of the trimetallic catalysts thus prepared were characterised by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. UV-VIS spectroscopy and methylene blue dye degradation tests were also performed to investigate the catalytic activity of the synthesised catalysts. The crystalline size was found to be smaller for the catalysts prepared by the impregnation method. In addition, the samples synthesised using the cerium impregnation method showed superior activity in the methylene blue dye degradation test. The effect of the catalyst dosage on dye degradation, as well as the effect of the initial dye concentration on the catalyst activity, was also studied for both methods.

- by Payam Aminayi
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- Dye Degradation, Coprecipitation, Impregnation

Arsenic is one of the most toxic heavy metals to the environment which cause community health
problem due to its high toxic nature. Several physiochemical techniques, such as adsorption, ion exchange, lime
softening, reverse osmosis, coagulation and precipitation are used for arsenic removal but in this study,
adsorption wasused because of its simplicity to use and availability of a wide range of adsorbents. Adsorption is
the process which is used for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. Although there are different
adsorbents methods used to remove different type of heavy metal ions for study, iron impregnated activated
carbon which was derived from sugarcane bagasse, was investigated as potential adsorbent for the removal of
arsenic from aqueous solution. The synthetic wastewater was prepared in the laboratory to conduct the
experiments. Batch experiments were conducted to obtain the optimum conditions for arsenic adsorption. Effect
of experimental parameter such as pH, adsorbent dose, and initial arsenic ion concentration was determined at
constant contact time of 30min and atmospheric temperature. The optimum conditions obtained were, pH 7, 1mg
adsorbent dose and initial concentration of 20mg/L. Adsorption behavior could be described using the Langmuir
and Freundlich isotherm models. Adsorption data was well fitted in Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum
adsorption efficiency was found to be 96.5% a

In this paper, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) impregnated with iron oxide nanoparticles were employed for the removal of benzene from water. The adsorbents were characterized using scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, BET surface area, and thermogravimetric analysis. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to study the adsorptive removal of benzene and the effect of parameters such as pH, contact time, and adsorbent dosage. The maximum removal of benzene was 61% with iron oxide impregnated CNTs at an adsorbent dosage 100 mg, shaking speed 200 rpm, contact time 2 hours, initial concentration 1 ppm, and pH 6. However, raw CNTs showed only 53% removal under same experimental conditions. Pseudo-first-order kinetic model was found well to describe the obtained data on benzene removal from water. Initial concentration was varied from 1 to 200 mg/L for isotherms study. Langmuir isotherm model was observed to best describe the adsorption data. The maximum adsorption capacities were 987.58 mg/g and 517.27 mg/g for iron oxide impregnated CNTs and raw CNTs, respectively. Experimental results revealed that impregnation with iron oxide nanoparticles significantly increased the removal efficiency of CNTs.

- by Ihsan Khan and +1
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- Carbon Nanotubes, Iron Oxide Nanoparticles, Benzene, Impregnation
- by Otto During
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- Civil Engineering, Concrete, Maintenance, LCC

Adsorption isotherms of CO2 are volumetrically measured at temperatures close to ambient (30, 35, 40 and 45 °C) over MgO impregnated NaY zeolites, in order to highlight the effect of MgO impregnation rate on the adsorbed quantities. XRD analysis displays a good preservation of the zeolitic structure after impregnation. Textural parameters are determined by both adsorption-desorption isotherms of N2 at 196 °C and adsorption isotherms of CO2 at 30 °C. The result of the impregnation rate effect shows that 2% of MgO seems to be the better rate for the capture of CO2. This is confirmed by the evolution of isosteric heats, which reveals a high strength interaction and heterogeneity of zeolitic adsorption sites . The modeling of CO2 adsorption isotherms based on various isotherms (single site Langmuir, dual site Langmuir, multi site Langmuir, Sips, Jensen Seaton, Toth, UNILAN and Freundlich) highlights a good correlation with all models based on the hypothesis of heterogeneity of adsorption sites.

- by Hadjer BEKHTI and +1
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- Physical Chemistry, Modeling, Surface Chemistry, Adsorption

s u m m a r y Clay from the Middle Anatolian previously pillared by Al 13-Keggin ions and then calcined at 300 • C (Al-PILC) was impregnated with aqueous solutions of vanadium precursors by impregnation from solution (I), wet impregnation (WI) and washing after wet impregnation (WWI) methods. The crystal and textural properties were evaluated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), nitrogen sorption and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. Vanadium incorporation into the Al-PILC resulted decreases in the basal spacing from 1.75 nm to 1.35 nm with the preserved typical layered structure. The use of sodium meta-vanadate (NaVO 3) as the source and the impregnation from solution as the incorporation method resulted in less structural deformation in the final solid. Loading of the vanadyl sulfate hydrate (VOSO 4 ·H 2 O) resulted in a higher V/Si ratio in the solid since both settling and ion exchange mechanism occured. The vanadium was usually bonded in the +5 oxide form, and the particles were settled between these layers and onto the outer surface of the clay particles. The existence of V–O structural bonds and Bronsted and Lewis acid sites were observed in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results. Up to 300 • C dehydration with high mass loss was observed, followed by the decreases in mass loss, and finally, at around 900 • C, hydroxylation reactions were observed in the TGA/DTA analyses.

- by SUNA BALCI
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- Characterization, Vanadium, Pillared Clays, Structural Properties

The purpose of this study is to determine some mechanical properties such as modulus of rupture (MOR) and some physical properties such as glossiness, color, surface roughness, and water absorption (WA) of adolit-KD 5 (AD-KD 5) impregnated and then heat treated of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood specimens. Heat treatment of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood was carried out by hot air in an oven for 2, 4, and 8 h at 150 and 175°C. Before the heat treatments, wood specimens were impregnated with 3% aqueous solution of AD-KD 5 which is a copper based chemical according to ASTM D 413-76. While MOR, glossiness, and colors of wood specimens impregnated with AD KD 5 were lower than that of the un-impregnated control specimen, WA of Scots pine impregnated with AD KD 5 was higher than that of the un-impregnated control specimen before heat treatments. Also, AD KD 5 impregnation caused an increase in surface roughness of Scots pine before the heat treatments. Results showed that oven heat-treated wood became darker in tone. While, a* coordinate (red component) increased as temperature increased, b* coordinate decreased at temperatures tested. As a result of heat treatment, a decrease was observed in MOR, WA, glossiness, and surface roughness of Scots pine wood specimens. Moreover, increasing treatment temperature and duration, resulted in decreasing values of MOR, WA, glossiness, and surface roughness.

- by Selim DEĞİRMENTEPE
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- Heat Treatment, Mechanical properties, Physical Properties, Impregnation

The role of iron in two modes of integration into alumina catalysts was studied at 0.39 wt% Fe and tested in trichloroethylene combustion. One modified alumina was synthesized using the sol-gel method with Fe added in situ during hydrolysis; another modification was performed using calcined alumina, prepared using the sol-gel method and impregnated with Fe. Several characterization techniques were used to study the level of Fe modification in the γ-Al2O3 phase formed and to correlate the catalytic properties during trichloroethylene (TCE) combustion. The introduction of Fe in situ during the sol-gel process influenced the crystallite size, and three iron species were generated, namely, magnetite, maghemite and hematite. The impregnated Fe-alumina formed hematite and maghemite, which were highly dispersed on the γ-Al2O3 surface. The X-ray photoelectronspectra (XPS), FT-IR and Mössbauer spectroscopy analyses revealed how Fe interacted with the γ-Al2O3 lattice in both catalysts. The impregnated Fe-catalyst showed the best catalytic performance compared to the catalyst that was Fe-doped in situ by the sol-gel method; both had better catalytic activity than pure alumina. This difference in activity was correlated with the accessibility of the reactants to the hematite iron species on the surface. The chlorine poisoning for all three catalysts was less than 1.8%.

- by Javier Rivera De la Rosa
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- Catalysis, NMR Spectroscopy, Doping, Alumina
- by Rajnish Dhiman
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- Materials Engineering, Electron Microscopy, Composites, Silicon
- by Amir Irandoust
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- Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, Catalysis, Heterogeneous Catalysis
- by Nader Mahinpey
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- Catalyst, Phenol, Hydrodeoxygenation, Impregnation

Abstract In this this study, the optimization of the palm shell based activated carbon production using combination of chemical and physical activation for methane adsorption is investigated. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in... more

- by Faisal Abnisa
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- Chemical Engineering, Design, Carbon Dioxide, Activation And Workfare

- by Ihsan Khan
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- Carbon Nanotubes, Nanomaterials, Iron Oxide Nanoparticles, Benzene