Insect Repellent Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Analysis of the essential oil from the dried leaves of

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- Asthma, Essential Oil, GC-MS, Insect Repellent

Azadirachta indica is a fast growing, evergreen tree
found commonly in India, Africa and America. Neem is one of
the most useful traditional medicinal plant in India. It is a highly
esteemed tree with several beneficial properties and applications,
especially known for its incredible therapeutic and
ethnomedicinal values for mankind. It has been used in different
medicinal systems: Ayurveda, unani, homeopathic medicine,
therefore considered as cynosure of modern medicine. Neem has
been used as the traditional medicine since a long time. The main
focus of research on Neem has been on the insecticidal properties
but in recent years investigations have expanded to the medicinal
utilizations as well. A large number of studies have been
published on the medicinal properties of Neem and Neem
extracts, covering a wide range of indications and ailments. The
present paper reviews the medicinal and therapeutical aspects of
Neem.

- by IJSRP Journal
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- Insect Repellent, Antifertility, Anti-bacterial activity, Isoprenoids

This study was conducted to determine the response of dengue vectors to ovitraps treated with temephos and Bacillus thuringensis israelensis (Bti) compared with untreated ovitraps which only contained seasoned tap water. The study was conducted at two sites: the natural breeding habitats where the ovitraps were exposed directly to sunshine and rain, and under shelter beneath a cabin without direct exposure. The ovitraps were placed for a period of five days at six different sites each in both conditions. The experiments were replicated three times. The results indicated that all mosquitoes breeding in the ovitraps were Aedes albopictus. There was no significant difference in the ovipositioning behaviour in the natural habitat, but there was a significant difference in the number of eggs laid in the ovitraps placed under the cabins. Though the mean number of eggs laid in traps in response to each treatment varied among the sites, the overall ovipositioning activity was not significantly different between sites when egg densities in the test ovitraps were averaged over the six-week ovitrapping period (site versus treatment effect) at p<0.05. The study also indicated that there was no ovicidal effect of both control agents since hatching of eggs occurred. Although eggs hatched, all larvae died eventually. The male to female ratio was 1:1 for both the sites. The study also showed that larval index is as effective as pupal index and can be used as a surveillance tool for the dengue vectors. It is concluded that containers treated with larvicide are not repellent to Aedes.

- by Chen Chee Dhang
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- Bacillus thuringiensis, Insect Repellent, Aedes albopictus, Egg Laying

Objective: Aedes aegypti (L.) is a well-known widely spread disease vector transmitting several diseases of concern. Current investigations were undertaken to discover the larvicidal and repellent potential of essential oil from the basil plant, Ocimum basilicum leaves against Ae. aegypti as a suitable and eco-safe alternate to chemical insecticides.

- by Roopa Samal
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- Essential Oil, Insect Repellent, Protection, Basil
- by opotu lawal
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- Pharmacology, Pharmacy, Toxicology, Malaria
- by Budimir S. Ilic
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- Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, Natural Products Chemistry, Medicinal Plants

& Key message Spruce trees emit significant amounts of trans-4-thujanol, but the amount of this compound in bark decreases with tree age. Trans-4-thujanol acts as an efficient repellent for the bark beetle Ips typographus. & Context The spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, is an economically significant pest of Norway spruce (Picea abies) that preferentially infests and kills old trees. & Aims We looked for spruce volatiles that were perceivable by I. typographus and that differed as the host tree aged. & Methods Bark beetles were collected in the wild. Bark samples from spruce trees of different age were hydrodistilled. Gas chromatography–electroantennogram detection (GC-EAD) was used to identify which compounds induced beetle olfactory responses. These were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Behavioural responses of bark beetles were tested using a Y-tube olfactometer. & Results Several EAD peaks were recorded, of which trans-4-thujanol was consistently active and could be identified chemically unequivocally. The antennae of I. typographus females responded to a lower dosage of the compound than males, but both sexes were repelled by it. The bark of 10-year-old spruce trees contained 3 times more trans-4-thujanol than that of 35-40-year-old trees, 27 times more than that of 70-to 80-year-old trees, and 200 times more than that of 120-year-old trees. & Conclusions Trans-4-thujanol is a bioactive compound in Norway spruce bark that varies in amount with tree age and affects spruce bark beetle behaviour under laboratory conditions. It is suggested that trans-4-thujanol might play a role in both spruce tree defence and tree choice by beetles.

- by Vincas Buda
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- Insect-Plant Interactions, Insect Repellent, Picea abies, Norway Spruce

Vespid wasps are ecologically beneficial, but they can be a nuisance and dangerous to people due to their tendency to sting. Here, the aim was to screen samples of volatiles (i.e., essential oils and pure chemicals) for their repellency against wasps. The number of wasps (mainly Vespula vulgaris) present in a glass box with attractant and 5 µL sample was compared to the number of wasps in a similar box with attractant only. Both boxes were connected to a large glass container harboring 18-35 wasps. Among 66 tested samples, some essential oils from Lamiaceae and Asteraceae, as well as some pure natural compounds such as the monoterpenes (−)-terpinen-4-ol and isopulegol showed a significant repellency against vespids. Our results corroborate the potential of (mixtures of) volatiles in repelling these insects.

- by Bart Rossel
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- Ecology, Essential oils, Insect Repellent, Vespidae

Analysis of the essential oil from the dried leaves of

- by Wesley Okiei
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- Asthma, Essential Oil, GC-MS, Insect Repellent
- by Roberto Lindig-Cisneros and +1
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- Zoology, Agronomy, Ecology, Agriculture

Semut api Solepnosis sp merupakan insekta yang sangat mengganggu dan dapat mengakibatkan alergi akibat toxin yang dilepaskan sewaktu gigitannya. Salah satu upaya pencegahan terhadap gigitannya adalah dengan menggunakan repellent. Penggunaan repellent kimia menyebabkan beberapa masalah seperti iritasi dan keracunan pada manusia. Ekstrak daun sirih (Piper betle) yang mengandung zat aktif minyak atsiri, riboflavin,dan alkanoid arekolin yang diperkirakan dapat berpotensi sebagai repellent alami. Penelitian ini untuk membuktikan potensi ekstrak daun sirih sebagai repellent terhadap semut api Solepnosis sp. Penelitian eksperimental laboratorium ini menggunakan semut api Solepnosis sp sebagai model dengan 4 kali pengulangan pada 12 interval waktu yaitu jam ke 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 dan 24. Konsentrasi yang digunakan adalah 0.5%, 0.75% dan 1.0%. Hasil rerata potensi repellent menunjukkan semakin tinggi konsentrasi ekstrak daun sirih maka semakin tinggi potensi repellentnya. Hasil tukey test pada jam ke 12 menunjukkan p > 0.05 yang berarti ada perbedaan tidak signifikan dengan kontrol positif. Hasil uji korelasi menunjukkan p = 0.000 (<0.05) yang berarti ada korelasi yang signifikan antara lama waktu kontak dan besar konsentrasi ekstrak dengan besarnya potensi repellent. Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil adalah ekstrak daun sirih (Piper betle) memiliki potensi sebagai repellent terhadap semut api Solepnosis sp.

- by Oktaviyanti Abdullah
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- Insect Repellent

Abstract Essential oil (EO) from the weedy shrub Eupatorium glabratum was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and then evaluated as insecticide and repellent against Sitophilus zeamais and as fungicide against Fusarium commune, F. graminaearum, F. sporotrichum, Penicillium expansum, and Phoma herbarum. The EO was composed mainly by monoterpenes, with α-pinene (29.5%) and α-phellandrene (19.6%) as the most abundant. S. zeamais showed similar susceptibility to pure vapors of α-pinene and α-phellandrene, and to whole EO of Eupatorium glabratum. The EO killed insects exposed to its vapors for 1 week (LC50=18.0 μLmL−1 air). The LC50 for daily female insect mortality was 16.0 μL-mL−1 air, and for males 20 μL-mL−1 air). The EO was repellent in olfactometry tests for females and males at 0.4 μL oil cm-2, but attractive for males at 0.1 μLoil cm-2. The EO also was differentially antagonistic to fungi, inhibiting at various degrees spore germination, germinal tube elongation and mycelium growth.

- by Yolanda Magdalena García-Rodríguez
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- Zoology, Analytical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Agronomy

Plant secondary metabolites play a key role in plant-insect interactions, whether constitutive or induced, C-or N-based. Anti-herbivore defences against insects can act as repellents, deterrents, growth inhibitors or cause direct mortality. In turn, insects have evolved a variety of strategies to act against plant toxins, e.g., avoidance, excretion, sequestration and degradation of the toxin, eventually leading to a co-evolutionary arms race between insects and plants and to co-diversification. Anti-herbivore defences also negatively impact mutualistic partners, possibly leading to an ecological cost of toxin production. However, in other cases toxins can also be used by plants involved in mutualistic interactions to exclude inadequate partners and to modify the cost/benefit ratio of mutualism to their advantage. When considering the whole community, toxins have an effect at many trophic levels. Aposematic insects sequester toxins to defend themselves against predators. Depending on the ecological context, toxins can either increase insects' vulnerability to parasitoids and entomopathogens or protect them, eventually leading to self-medication. We conclude that studying the community-level impacts of plant toxins can provide new insights into the synthesis between community and evolutionary ecology.

- by Laurence Despres
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- Evolutionary Biology, Coevolution, Ecology, Evolution

The aim of this study is to compare the use of plant-based insect repellents that are environment friendly with the use of insect repellents based on chemical substances which can be harmful to the environment and human health. The plant studied here is " tea tree " ; its scientific name is Melaleuca alternifolia. Essential oil from this plant is extracted by steam distillation method. Based on the previous research, tea tree oil has antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and insect repellent properties. Some experiments were done on tea tree oil to determine its insect repellent properties and the suitable concentration that can be used to make sure its repelling effect is optimum. The purpose of this determination is to avoid its harmful effect on humans because it can be toxic if it is used at high concentration. The results showed that tea tree oil repelled Tribolium castaneum. Furthermore, the toxicity assays also gave positive result where the tea tree oil has toxic properties against Solenopsis invicta. The lethal dose (LD) of tea tree oil to kill 50% of a group of S. invicta is 23.52 μL/mL. This LD 50 is determined by using the arithmetic method of Karber. Broadly, the results showed that M. alternifolia has insect repellent properties and shows toxicity against certain insects.

- by Muhammad Shahzad Aslam
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- Toxicology, Pharmacognosy, Essential oils, Insect Repellent

The main aim of this study is to screen the phytochemicals and compare the mosquito repellent activities of essential oils from Hyptis spicigera, Striga hermonthica and Ocimum basilicum (Basil) against Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus under laboratory conditions. The global threat of malaria to human race and the need to control its advances is on the focus. Mosquito is the target being the primary host in the spread of malaria. Alkaloids,saponnins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids were present in all the 3 oils. Cardiac glycosides were detected in both H. spicigera and Striga hermonthica, while anthraquinone and phlobatin were present in Striga hermonthica and Hyptis spicigera, respectively. The FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of C = O, C-l, CO -C, OH, C-N, S = O and NO 2. These correlate with the functional groups in the identified phytochemicals. At 50% concentration, O. basilicum and Hyptis spicigera oil exhibited higher repellant potential on Anopheles gambiae with protection time of 183 and 120 min, respectively, while H. spicigera and S. hermonthica had protection time of 180 and 175 min, respectively against Anopheles gambiae. At 100% concentration, O. basilicum oil exhibited the highest protection time against the two species of mosquito tested and at all the concentrations. O. basilicum was equally potent against Culex quinquefasciatus with 180 min protection time. S. hermonthica had more repellent potential against Culex quinquefasciatus. The essential oils of Striga hermontica, Ocimum basilicum and Hyptis spicigera leaf extracts have been confirmed to have potentials as mosquito repellent agents against Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus.

- by Dr. BABA GABI
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- Pharmacology, Pharmacy, Toxicology, Malaria

Essential oils, when used as bio-insecticides in the control of insect pests of stored grains have shown specificity and variation in the potentiality of their mode of action. In the present study, three essential oils extracted from three aromatic plants of different families, white wormwood (Artemisia herba alba, Asteraceae), oregano (Origanum vulgare, Lamiaceae) and rue (Ruta montana, Rutaceae), were evaluated for their repellent and fumigant toxic potential against the flour moth larvae, Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), under laboratory conditions. The essential oils extraction was done by the hydrodistillation method. The repellent activity was carried out in Petri dishes using a filter paper treated with different oil dilutions (25, 75, 100, 120, 130, 150 µL/mL). The fumigant toxicity was determined on three concentrations (50, 130, 150 µL/L air). Two plants were shown to be repellent against the E. kuehniella larvae. Origanum oil was the most repellent with 67% of repellency rate followed by Artemisia oil (46%) at 120µL/mL after 2 hours of exposure. The oil of R. montana had an attractant activity against the larvae and was the most toxic with 56.7% of larval mortality in the first 24 hours. The median lethal concentrations (LC 50) recorded were 11.6, 175.4 and 1100.0 µL/L air for the plant oils R. montana, O. vulgare and A. herba alba, respectively. R. montana and O. vulgare essential oil are shown to be efficient with high toxic and repellent properties against E. kuehniella larvae. Their specific potential could be integrated in the selection of the best bioinsecticides for the optimum protection of stored grain.

Analysis of the essential oil from the dried leaves of

- by Edith Ofor
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- Asthma, Essential Oil, GC-MS, Insect Repellent

- by Laurence Després
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- Evolutionary Biology, Coevolution, Ecology, Evolution

A simple preparation of functional nanoscale graphene oxide (GO) via synthetic route was done using modified Hummer's Method whilst cellulose nanofiber from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber was prepared using acid hydrolysis method. An active polylactide based nanocomposite film was prepared by incorporation of cellulose nanofiber (CNF), graphene oxide (GO) and essential oil (EO). In determining of factor influences the mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation percentage and Young's modulus), the response surface methodology (RSM) Box Behnken Design (BBD) were used. The factors considered were the ratio (wt.%) of GO and CNF as an additive and 5 wt.% of EO was set as minimum. The mechanical properties that interpreted as tensile strength, percent elongation and Young's modulus were the response variables investigated. The ratio of EO wt.% (C) is found to be the most significant factor that influences the tensile strength of the nanocomposite. In the case of elongation percentage (%E) the percentage of cellulose nanofiber CNF (A) gave the most significant effect, where in Young's modulus, EO wt.% (C) is the most significant effect, followed by wt.% of GO (B). Validation of optimization by carrying out the confirmation run high degree of prognostic ability of response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimized formulation provided a mechanical strength (tensile strength, percentage elongation and Young's Modulus) pattern that is similar to the predicted curve, which indicated that the optimal formulation could be obtained using RSM.

- by MOHD HARFIZ SALEHUDIN
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- Graphene, Nanocomposites, Essential oils, Food Packaging

· Planta Med · Mihajilov-Krstev T et al.

Insect odorant binding proteins (OBPs) are the first components of the olfactory system to encounter and bind attractant and repellent odors emanating from various sources for presentation to olfactory receptors, which trigger relevant signal transduction cascades culminating in specific physiological and behavioral responses. For disease vectors, particularly hematophagous mosquitoes, repellents represent important defenses against parasitic diseases because they effect a reduction in the rate of contact between the vectors and humans. OBPs are targets Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

- by Konstantinos Koussis
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- Insect Repellent, Anopheles gambiae