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Analysis of the essential oil from the dried leaves of

One of the factors that affect the yield of button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) is the quality of mushroom compost. To provide an optimal growth medium for mushrooms, it is important to understand the typical components of mushroom... more

One of the factors that affect the yield of button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) is the quality of mushroom compost. To provide an optimal growth medium for mushrooms, it is important to understand the typical components of mushroom compost. The aims of this study were to isolate and identify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and investigate patterns of change in selected VOCs during the different phases of the mushroom compost production process.

Lantana camara Linn. (Verbenaceae) is used traditionally for its numerous medicinal properties such as antimalarial, antibacterial, anticancer and anti-inflammatory. In the present study, we investigated the chemical composition of... more

Lantana camara Linn. (Verbenaceae) is used traditionally for its numerous medicinal properties such as antimalarial, antibacterial, anticancer and anti-inflammatory. In the present study, we investigated the chemical composition of essential oil from the leaves of L. camara (LCEO) occurring in the Republic of Benin (West Africa) in comparison with LCEOs from other regions; evaluated its sedative effects in mice via inhalation administration; and identified the compounds responsible for activity. LCEO was extracted by hydrodistillation and chemical analyses of the oil were performed by GC and GC/MS. The oil was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (60.58%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (33.39%), among which sabinene (38.81%) and 1,8-cineole (28.90%) were the most abundant. LCEO administered via inhalation to mice significantly decreased locomotor activity in a dose-dependent manner, mainly at the doses of 0.0004 and 0.04 mg per 400 μL of triethyl citrate (TEC). The oil was fractionated to give two fractions, which were further investigated, and revealed that both sabinene and 1,8-cineole were the principal active compounds. The results of the present study indicated that via inhalation administration, LCEO and its main constituents could be considered as promising candidates for the management of dementia, insomnia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and other central nervous system-associated diseases.

RATIONALE: Pressure ulcers are a major economic and clinical problem in hospitals and intensive care units. Current methods to detect and grade pressure ulcers use subjective measures, and, presently, there are few ways to detect... more

RATIONALE: Pressure ulcers are a major economic and clinical problem in hospitals and intensive care units. Current methods to detect and grade pressure ulcers use subjective measures, and, presently, there are few ways to detect developing pressure ulcers which are not clinically evident. Here we aimed to employ a model to identify if volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from skin could Leporidae be used to biochemically separate intact skin from skin with experimentally-induced ulcers. METHODS: Four New Zealand female white rabbits underwent experimental ulcer formation on their right ear while their left ear was used as a control. Ulcers were created using 7/16 x 1/16-inch neodymium magnets (KJ Magnetic Inc, Pipersvile, PA) for 60 minutes. The goal was to achieve an erythematous ring without causing skin breakage or necrosis (i.e., an early-stage ulcer). Following ulcer formation, 5-mm diameter circular polydimethylsiloxane sorbent patches (PDMS; 0.6-mm thick, Goodfellow, Coraopolis, PA) were placed in close proximity to the ulcer on the experimental ears and in a similar location on the control ears. These were covered with polytetrafluoroethylene patches and affixed with Tegaderm® dressings. Skin VOCs were sampled with the PDMS for 30 minutes, and patches were removed, placed into sterile, nitrogen-purged borosolicate vials, capped, and routed for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. For analysis, the sampled chemicals were desorbed off the patch at 200C, and 500 µL of headspace was aspirated from the vials and injected into a GC/MS instrument. Two rabbits underwent necropsy for ear histology. Data from each group was compared using Student's test for each VOC. t RESULTS: A significant number of emitted VOCs that were clearly different for the background were detected for each category of samples (ulcer vs non-ulcer). We identified two compounds which were unique to the ulcer group, one of which we tentatively identified as benzyl alcohol. A number of compounds were found to differ in abundance between ulcer and non-ulcer samples. Histologic analysis of two rabbits showed 1-1.5 cm erythematous lesions with acute heterophilic dermatitis, edema, and micro-hemorrhage on the ulcerated ears with normal findings on the control ears. CONCLUSIONS: In this small animal model study, we showed that VOCs are released from rabbit skin, VOCs change as a result of induced experimental ulcers, and VOCs likely correlate with histologic evidence of early-stage ulcers. VOCs may be useful for future, non-invasive monitoring of pressure ulcers in humans.

Prediction of relative response factor GC/MS of bio-oil GC/FID of bio-oil HPLC/MS of bio-oil a b s t r a c t A simple procedure was suggested for the chromatographic analyses of bio-oils from pyrolysis of various feedstock employing... more

Prediction of relative response factor GC/MS of bio-oil GC/FID of bio-oil HPLC/MS of bio-oil a b s t r a c t A simple procedure was suggested for the chromatographic analyses of bio-oils from pyrolysis of various feedstock employing different technologies. An acetonitrile solution of each bio-oil was prepared without any extraction or other sample pretreatments. Preliminary thin layer chromatography showed a large number of compounds having a broad range of retention factors (Rfs) among 0–1. Products having a retention factor over 0.9 were mainly detected by GC while some other compounds were only identified by HPLC. GC/MS-FID analysis was used to identify and quantify compounds using peak areas and relative response factors (RRFs). A new equation was proposed to estimate RRFs of compounds identified via their MS spectra when experimental RRFs were not readily available. The novel procedure was employed to characterize bio-oils from pyrolysis of wood of different source or obtained using different pyrolysis procedure. Using this RRF method guaiacol, furfural, butan-2-one, levoglucosan, acetic acid and many other compounds were quantified in bio-oil samples. Different amount of them were found as a function of the type of wood, and pyrolysis conditions adopted. For instance levoglucosan was the main compound using carbon as MW absorber however acetic acid was prevalent when a MW absorber was not employed and both of them were absent in bio-oils from classical heating. The HPLC/MS of bio-oils showed cyclohexan-carboxylic acid, 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene and 2,6-dimethylphenol among the main products present in all bio-oils. On the contrary 4-hydroxyacetophenone and (3,4,5-trimethoxy) acetophenone were present in bio-oil from pyrolysis of wood using MW oven and 2,5-furandiylmethanol when a MW oven without any absorber was employed. Cyclohexanone was present in bio-oils obtained with a thermal heating or a MW oven without any absorber.

Oregano ( Thymbra capitata and Origanum vulgare) essential oils (EOs), cultivated and extracted in the South-East of Spain, were analysed by GC/MS to determine their composition. ( E)-β-Caryophyllene (0.5–4.9%), thymol (0.2–5.8%),... more

Oregano ( Thymbra capitata and Origanum vulgare) essential oils (EOs), cultivated and extracted in the South-East of Spain, were analysed by GC/MS to determine their composition. ( E)-β-Caryophyllene (0.5–4.9%), thymol (0.2–5.8%), p-cymene (3.8–8.2%), γ-terpinene (2.1–10.7%) and carvacrol (58.7–77.4%) were determined as the main molecules. This characterisation was completed with enantioselective gas chromatography, where (-)-( E)-β-caryophyllene, (+)-α-pinene and (+)-β-pinene were determined as the main enantiomers. Antioxidant activity was evaluated positively by several methods, accounting for activity against free radicals and reducing power. Important inhibitory activity on lipoxygenase (LOX) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was observed supporting potential anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer and insecticidal activities, mainly due to carvacrol. These properties support the potential use of oregano EOs as natural cosmetic and natural pharmaceutical ingredients.

Vacuum pyrolysis of pure PVC at various temperatures and under a total pressure of 2 kPa has been performed to identify and quantify the main pyrolysis products obtained during the different stages of thermal degradation. A system... more

Vacuum pyrolysis of pure PVC at various temperatures and under a total pressure of 2 kPa has been performed to identify and quantify the main pyrolysis products obtained during the different stages of thermal degradation. A system consisting of a bench scale batch reactor with a condensation train was used to collect the pyrolysis products. The main gaseous and liquid

Analiza rodzajów pokarmów, które spożywane były przez dawne społeczności, stanowi jeden z istotnych elementów archeologii. Współczesna nauka pozwala na zastosowanie zróżnicowanych badań, które umożliwiają podjęcie rozważań nad dietą... more

Analiza rodzajów pokarmów, które spożywane były przez dawne społeczności, stanowi jeden z istotnych elementów archeologii. Współczesna nauka pozwala na zastosowanie zróżnicowanych badań, które umożliwiają podjęcie rozważań nad dietą badanych społeczności. Obecnie w archeologii stosowane są różnego rodzaju badania fizyko-chemiczne nad materiałem pozyskiwanym w trakcie prac archeologicznych. Jedną z takich metod jest analiza zawartości kwasów tłuszczowych pozyskanych ze ścianek naczyń ceramicznych. W tekście tym zostaną przedstawione możliwości przeprowadzenia powyższych analiz pożywienia przechowywanego i przygotowywanego w naczyniach ceramicznych pochodzących z badań archeologicznych prowadzonych na terenie zamku krzyżackiego w Przezmarku. Na tym obszarze prace wykopaliskowe prowadzi Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie, a kieruje nimi dr Magdalena Żurek. Więcej o wynikach samych prac badawczych można przeczytać w niniejszym tomie. Natomiast poniżej przedstawiono informacje uzyskane po przeprowadzeniu analiz chemicznych masowego materiału zabytkowego.

Los ácidos grasos tienen características únicas que los convierten en buenos indicadores bioarqueológicos. Por un lado, existen en diferentes combinaciones y en proporciones disímiles para cada especie de planta y animal, y por el otro,... more

Los ácidos grasos tienen características únicas que los convierten en buenos indicadores bioarqueológicos. Por un lado, existen en diferentes combinaciones y en proporciones disímiles para cada especie de planta y animal, y por el otro, pueden sobrevivir largos períodos de tiempo. Los lípidos residuales en las superficies carbonizadas y en los poros de las paredes de las vasijas se conservan gracias a la microencapsulación que inhibe la actividad bacteriana y no son contaminados por la materia orgánica del suelo. La identificación de los residuos puede proveernos información acerca de la utilidad de las vasijas en las prácticas culinarias, las estrategias de subsistencia y la dieta. Se procesaron dos fragmentos cerámicos procedentes de cueva Epullán Grande y Rincón Chico 2/87, provincia del Neuquén, y alero Carriqueo, provincia de Río Negro. Estas muestras fueron pasadas por GC y GC-MS. El análisis de las distribuciones de cadenas de carbones de los ácidos grasos –y sus isótopos estables-, los alcanos y esteroles nos permitieron acceder a la historia tafonómica de las muestras y determinar el origen de la materia orgánica. Las adherencias presentes, por los menos en esta pequeña muestra, son el producto de la cocción de alimentos.

The study of flavors and fragrances is a topic of rising interest from both marketing and scientific perspectives. Over the last few years, the cultivation of avocados has accelerated in Greece, with production levels elevated by 300%.... more

The study of flavors and fragrances is a topic of rising interest from both marketing and scientific perspectives. Over the last few years, the cultivation of avocados has accelerated in Greece, with production levels elevated by 300%. There has been increasing attention from a number of growers and consumers on avocado oil, the volatiles of which form a key part of consumers’ purchase decisions. A previously unevaluated Zutano cultivar was chosen for this study. Extraction of the pulp oil was performed during three phases of ripening using Soxhlet and ultrasound techniques. Headspace-solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were utilized in order to analyze the isolated volatile fraction. At least 44 compounds, including mainly terpenoids (61.7%) and non-terpenoid hydrocarbons (35.9%), presented in the Zutano variety, while (1S,6S,7S,8S)-1,3-dimethyl-8-propan 2-yltricyclo[4.4.0.02,7]dec-3-ene (a-copaene) and (1R,9S,Z)-4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylenebicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene ( -caryophyllene) were in higher abundance. The composition of the volatiles was unaffected by the extraction techniques but was influenced by the ripening stage. Thus, during maturation, the volatile fraction fluctuates, with a significantly higher abundance of terpenoids during the fourth day of the ripe stage, whilst it decreases during over-ripening. These findings demonstrate that the Zutano variety can be used to produce an aromatic oil and hence could be used, among others, as an ingredient in cosmetic products.

— Algae are gaining broad consideration as a substitute renewable source of biomass for the manufacture of bioethanol, due to this reason categorized under the " third generation biofuels " .İn this work, GC-MS analysis and FTIR has been... more

— Algae are gaining broad consideration as a substitute renewable source of biomass for the manufacture of bioethanol, due to this reason categorized under the " third generation biofuels " .İn this work, GC-MS analysis and FTIR has been done of bio-oil obtained from fast pyrolysis of Freshwater Algae(Spirogyra) in this paper we have shown a simple process of converting biomass of fresh water algae to bio-oil through pyrolysis and explained it with the help of graphs and tables. Pyrolysis is a thermal process for converting various biomasses , residues and wastes to produce high-energy-density fuels (bio-oil, biochar). The bio-oil was obtained in two step pyrolysis in which temperature of the system kept 25ºC and then increased up to 650ºC time by time. After pyrolysis these fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and FTIR which show different peaks and data of different compounds and functional groups present in this bio-oil

Aims: Mentha spicata medicinal properties are well known. In this study, Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of Mentha spicata were determined as well as evaluation of the cytotoxic... more

Aims: Mentha spicata medicinal properties are well known. In this study, Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of Mentha spicata were determined as well as evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of it. Also, the identification of some bioactive compounds in the plant was analysed. Place and Duration of Study: Extraction and antioxidant at Medicinal Chemistry Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, cytotoxic evaluation and GC-Ms analysis at Al-Azhar University, Egypt. Methodology: The antioxidant activity was determined by two methods, DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2-2՝azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) while, the cytotoxic assay was determined by MTT assay on HepG-2 (Human hepatocellular carcinoma) and MTC-116 (Human colon carcinoma). Regarding to the chemical identification of methanol extract was carried out by GC-MS analysis. Results: The study proved that Mentha spicata has high Total phenolic and flavonoid contents (388.20±2.38mg GAE/gm of extract &204.01±17.93mg RE/gm of extract) respectively. Also, exhibited promising antioxidant activity by DPPH & ABTS (IC 50 =65.13±1.29 µg/ml & 52.31±0.81 Original Research Article Abdel-Hady et al.; EJMP, 26(1): 1-12, 2018; Article no.EJMP.45751 2 µg/ml) respectively. The methanol extract of the plant showed a good cytotoxic effect on HepG2 and HTC-116 (IC 50 =25.2±3.6µg/ml & 62.1±4.9µg/ml) respectively. GC-MS analysis of the methanol extract of Mentha spicata showed 43 oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds. The major ones are Hexadecanoic acid, methylEster (palmitic acid ester) (31.51%) followed by 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid,methyl ester (CAS)(methyl linolenate) (22.10%), 2-Pentadecanone,6,10,14-trimethyl-(CAS)(6.82%), Phytol (6.20%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid(Z,Z)-, methyl ester (6.18%), Hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) (5.95%) and Methyl stearate (4.49%). Conclusion: Mentha spicata is a potential antioxidant and anticancer agents.

— Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) is a small tree shrub of the family Myrtace, grown naturally of the Mediterranean area. Myrtle is very important as an antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic agent. Turkey has great genetic resources... more

— Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) is a small tree shrub of the family Myrtace, grown naturally of the Mediterranean area. Myrtle is very important as an antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic agent. Turkey has great genetic resources for myrtle. Propagation of myrtle genotypes is significant issue. Plant tissue culture techniques offer fast and reliable micropropagation for many plant species. Different media content could be used for micropropagation in in vitro condition. The aim of the present study is to determinate of effects of different media on micropropagation and rooting in myrtle. For this purpose, Murashige and Skoog (MS), Rugini Olive Medium (OM) and Woody Plant Medium (WPM) media were used for micropropagation and rooting experiments. All media were supplemented with 1 mg l-1 BA for micropropagation, 1 mg l-1 IBA for rooting. The rate of micropropagation and plant length, rooting rate, numbers of root and root length were determined. Rooted with well-developed shoots transferred to plastic pots containing autoclaved peat and perlite (1:1, v/v). The potted plants were placed in a greenhouse. Acclimatized plants were compared after eight weeks. Means were separated by analysis of variance and the LSD test was performed to examine significant differences. Based on the result, the best medium was detected WPM on micropropagation rate (6.75 per plant), and then MS (4.20 per plant), OM (3.70 per plant). According to rooting data the highest rooting rate was calculated in WPM with 100%, rooting rate in OM and MS media was detected 70% and 50%, respectively.

The essential oils obtained by water distillation from the aerial parts of two Helichrysum italicum ssp. growing in Corsica (France), Tuscany and Sardinia (Italy) were analysed by GC–RI and GC–MS. The essential oils prepared from Corsican... more

The essential oils obtained by water distillation from the aerial parts of two Helichrysum italicum ssp. growing in Corsica (France), Tuscany and Sardinia (Italy) were analysed by GC–RI and GC–MS. The essential oils prepared from Corsican and Tuscan Helichrysum italicum subsp. italicum exhibited two different compositions. Corsican oils were characterized by the pre-eminence of oxygenated compounds: neryl acetate (major compound), neryl propionate, nerol, acyclic ketones and β-diketones. Conversely, Tuscan oils were found to exhibit higher contents of hydrocarbons (α-pinene, β-caryophyllene, α- and β-selinenes). The comparison of essential oils hydrodistilled from Corsican and Sardinian Helichrysum italicum subsp. microphyllum showed almost similar chemical compositions. The main constituents were: neryl acetate, nerol, neryl propionate, linalool, eudesm-5-en-11-ol and γ-curcumene. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.